Prospects for the development of protection of the population in the field of social security. Prospects for the development of the system of social protection of the population Prospects for the development of social protection of the population

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

Higher professional education

"Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin"

Department of Economics

Specialty "National Economics"

COURSE WORK

By discipline: "Economics of the social sphere"

on the topic: "Assessment of the mechanisms of social protection of the population during periods economic instability»

Introduction

Chapter 1. The concept of social protection of the population

1.1 The concept and essence of social protection of the population

1.2 Principles and functions of social protection of the population

Chapter 2. Social protection of the population in a crisis period

2.1 Social protection of the population during the crisis period

2.2 Anti-crisis measures of the Russian government in the field of social protection of the population

Chapter 3. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection of the population

3.1 Problems of the system of social protection of the population

3.2 Prospects for the development of the system of social protection of the population

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The system of social protection of the population is currently understood as a set of legally established economic, social, legal guarantees and the rights of social institutions and institutions that ensure their implementation and create conditions for maintaining the livelihood and active existence of various social strata and groups of the population, primarily socially vulnerable.

In the context of the economic downturn and emerging crisis phenomena, the increased importance of the social consequences of these processes becomes obvious. The transformation of the structure of society, industrial relations, political activity organically merge with problems in social sphere, on the solution of which the position and activity of human resources and intellectual capital directly depend.

At present, in Russian society there is such social situation, in connection with which there is an urgent need for a purposeful search for new approaches to the formation of the social policy of the state, which could direct the activities of all institutions and services of the social sphere to eliminate emerging social problems.

Features of social protection of the population of Russia in the conditions economic crisis necessitate the development of anti-crisis measures of social protection and support for citizens, taking into account the emerging social economic situation in the country, with the involvement of theoretical ideas and practical experience countries with developed market economies, while maintaining existing forms social guarantees, updating the mechanism for their provision, the gradual formation of new effective means and methods for solving social problems.

The relevance of this topic arises from the need to implement social protection of the population through the implementation of economic, financial, legal and other measures, methods and ways of influencing negative economic and social trends in order to prevent and eliminate them, as well as to solve such economic, organizational and social problems as scientific substantiation of the essence and significance of social protection of the population, including during a crisis period, the development of anti-crisis measures for social protection of the population.

The relevance of the problems posed in the study increases due to the consequences of the crisis in the global economy and the ongoing process of market reform in Russia. The effectiveness of the ongoing social policy in a crisis is determined by the level of functioning of the mechanism of social protection of society aimed at resolving social problems. Modern society is interested in mitigating social differentiation, in creating a middle class as the basis of stability and prosperity, which requires the purposeful creation of conditions and opportunities for the development of the abilities of different social groups, which can be implemented through the optimal organization of state and regional systems of social protection of the population. In this regard, the formation and active application of the mechanism of social protection of the population, taking into account the peculiarities of overcoming the consequences of the economic crisis and the transition of the national economy to an innovative type of development, are relevant.

Social protection of the population as an object of research attracts considerable attention of scientists and specialists. However, to date, there is no unambiguous understanding of the category of "social protection". This circumstance gives grounds to consider the essence of this category in modern conditions.

A reasonable approach is presented, in which the category of "social protection" is considered in a broad and narrow sense.

Social protection in a broad sense is a system of measures to respect social rights and guarantees, create the conditions necessary for normal life for all citizens of the country:

· able-bodied citizens - by creating conditions for maintaining well-being through their work and enterprise;

Disabled (socially vulnerable segments of the population) - guaranteeing social protection and support.

In a narrow sense, social protection of the population is defined as a system of state measures that ensures social protection of the predominantly disabled population. Or as an institution, a target integrated system, formed by society to solve socio-economic problems caused by the need for society to support the elderly, the disabled, the sick, the unemployed, families who have lost their breadwinner, as well as families with children.

Chapter 1. The concept of social protection of the population

1.1 The concept and essence of social protection of the population

Integral factors of any normally functioning social system is social protection and socio-economic support of the population.

The formation and development of a market economy led to the allocation of social protection of the population as an independent type of activity, which has acquired new meaning and value, first of all, as protection against adverse effects of market relations. The system of social protection, as practice shows, is involved in the market system and is its integral element. Social support for those who objectively do not have the opportunity to secure a decent standard of living is, in essence, the necessary payment for the opportunity entrepreneurial activity and earning income in a stable society.

The objective reality, determined by the logic of the development of market relations, highlights the formation of a scientifically based system of social protection and social support for the population, its most vulnerable strata. The need to create this system is due to a number of factors.

One of the fundamental factors operating within society and determining the content of social support for the population is a certain system of property and right relations. It is private property that determines the independence of civil society from the state, makes a person a full-fledged subject and guarantees the necessary conditions for his social life. However, in every society there is a certain part of the population that does not have property and is unable to work due to objective reasons: illness, disability due to old age or age that does not allow a person to enter the sphere of industrial relations (children), the consequences of environmental, economic, and military conflicts, natural disasters, etc. These categories of the population will not survive without the protection and social assistance of the state, when capital is increasingly becoming the main factor of production and distribution. The state is objectively interested in supporting socially vulnerable segments of the population for several reasons:

A state that has proclaimed itself civilized is obliged to provide the population with a decent standard of living;

Every state is interested in the expanded reproduction of qualified work force;

Socio-economic support for the poor levels the economic condition of various groups and strata of the population.

Social protection is a system of legislative, socio-economic and moral-psychological guarantees, means and measures, thanks to which equal conditions are created for members of society, preventing the adverse effects of the environment on a person, providing decent and social acceptable quality their lives. .

Characteristic of the current stage is the rapid development of the methodology and methods of social protection of the population, which is of great practical and theoretical importance. It should be noted that the methodology of social protection is understood as a system of principles and methods for organizing and building a theoretical and practical activities against risk situations in normal life citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others, and under the methodology - a set of techniques, methods of research and operations of practical and theoretical development of the social protection of the population as a system.

The system of social protection of the population on present stage includes:

- social Security;

- social insurance;

- social support (help).

The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection.

The objects of social protection are social institutions represented by specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).

The main forms of social protection are legally defined social guarantees and their satisfaction on the basis of basic standards and programs; regulation of incomes and expenses of the population; social insurance; social assistance; social services; target social programs.

The term "social protection" has various meanings. In the new economic conditions, he replaced the term "social security" used in the Soviet economy, where he characterized the specific organizational and legal form of social protection carried out directly by the state.

In modern conditions, it was necessary to develop other organizational and legal forms social support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. The term "social protection" was introduced, which has long been used in world practice.

Social protection as social institution, which is a collection legal regulations, designed to solve certain social and economic problems, in the international context usually deals with categories of citizens established by law who, due to disability, lack of work, or for other reasons, do not have sufficient funds to meet their vital needs and the needs of disabled family members. Within the framework of social protection systems, such citizens are provided with compensatory assistance in cash and in kind, as well as in the form of various types of services, in the event of adverse events established by law. In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures aimed at preventing adverse events.

Social protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including such as the individual responsibility of employers, insurance, social insurance, targeted social assistance, state social security, etc. The use of certain organizational and legal forms of social protection can have various social and economic consequences which must be taken into account in the management of this industry.

At the same time, social protection, being in its functional nature, is quite complete system, which is an independent social institution, has specific features associated with the technologies of the services it provides. The technology of providing pensions differs significantly from the technology of providing medical care, social rehabilitation technologies or technologies for providing unemployed citizens.

Social protection is also provided for families with low per capita incomes that do not provide the socially necessary subsistence level, which usually results in a lack of means of subsistence or funds to pay for vital goods and services (means of rehabilitation, payment for housing, treatment).

Social protection can be provided in cash in the form of pensions and benefits, in kind, as well as by providing various kinds of services to persons who are the object of social protection. It can be both compensatory and preventive.

One of the state-legal forms of social protection is directly state provision disabled persons. The main features of direct state support are the financing of expenses from the state budget and the establishment of categories of persons provided for and the level of their provision in accordance with the priorities determined by state authorities. Direct state provision in countries with market economies has a rather limited scope of application.

Another organizational and legal form of social protection is social insurance, which is widely used in the vast majority of countries with a market economy in relation to many types of social protection. It is based on the concept of social risks and the requirement for their mandatory and voluntary insurance. Financing of social insurance payments is carried out at the expense of insurance premiums of working citizens and their employers, paid, as a rule, in equal shares. The state sometimes also participates in the financing of social insurance systems.

In countries with market economies, such an organizational and legal form of social protection as social assistance is also actively used. It is targeted and is provided to individuals after checking their need, if they do not have other sources of livelihood.

Other organizational and legal forms of social protection can be funds - mandatory (compulsory) accumulation of funds in case of certain circumstances. These funds exist in selected countries of Asia and Africa (which were colonies) and are nationwide organizations designed to implement mandatory savings for all working citizens. The foundations aim to ensure that each worker is individually responsible for their future well-being. They are savings bank type institutions. You can use these deposits in case of temporary disability, on condition of termination of work, in case of unemployment.

A characteristic feature of private forms of social protection is that they are not necessarily created due to the adoption of relevant legislation, but due to the private initiative of individual subjects of relations in this environment, who assume obligations to implement social protection of a limited circle of persons representing for them a certain interest. Private forms can be used in such types of social protection as temporary disability, medical care, pensions and others.

Thus, social protection in any state is a complex system of socio-economic relations designed to provide comprehensive assistance to disabled or partially able-bodied persons, as well as families whose able-bodied members' incomes do not provide a socially necessary standard of living for the family.

Effective social protection presupposes the implementation of a policy that adequately responds to the social well-being of people, capable of capturing the growth of social discontent and social tension, and preventing possible conflicts and radical forms of protest.

1.2 Principles and functions of social protection of the population

economics social protection crisis

The system of social protection is based on the principles of consistency and complexity. It is created as an ordered set of interacting components, as an integral formation made up of parts, as a complex of interconnected structural elements, which in the process of integration form a certain integrity. The most important elements of the social protection system are subjects and objects, the content of which is revealed in terms of goals, objectives, functions, and means. When forming a system, it is important to ensure that its objects are a hierarchically organized, integral social system so that the subjects carrying out activities reflect this integrity, and the link connecting the object and the subject - the forms, methods, systems, technologies of social work - is an interconnected process of providing assistance and support to a person in need.

Comprehensiveness, that is, ensuring the close unity of the entire set of measures of an economical, social, legal and other nature to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of social protection, is closely related to consistency in the organization and content of social protection.

Complexity is ensured by:

1) unity of goals, principles and activities;

2) a combination of historical experience and traditions with modern practice of helping people;

3) a comprehensive study of the object of social protection (individual, social group, territorial community, labor collective);

4) coordination and consistency of actions of subjects of social protection;

5) control over the implementation of measures to provide assistance and support to people.

Of great importance is the principle of preventive measures for social protection, which means that the causes of social ill-being should be prevented, revealed at the very initial stage of formation and eliminated. Prevention is not only and not so much proactive compensation in cash and in kind to low-income groups of the population in case of price increases or other social upheavals, but, first of all, the creation of such conditions when people themselves can cope with a difficult life situation, use personal resources in case of social risks: old age, illness, unemployment. Prevention of social risks is carried out through:

Assistance in finding work for a pensioner, a disabled person;

Development of home work;

Support for non-state social insurance systems;

Formation of the private sector on the basis of voluntary contributions from citizens and other means;

Development of various forms of public participation in financing social programs, for example, on the basis of the development of mortgage lending, support for the activities of medical insurance companies (assistance to a family or an individual in choosing a medical institution, doctor, necessary types of medical services);

The combination of paid and free services, which contributes to ensuring the reproductive opportunities of the subjects of social protection, creates additional systems for the accumulation of monetary savings by the population. And this means the emergence of new opportunities for the implementation of self-defense methods and meeting social needs in the education and upbringing of children, strengthening their health, improving living conditions, and more;

Maintaining the amount of cash income at a level not lower than the subsistence level, which is ensured by a combination of various forms of social assistance, participation in the formation of the labor market, the use of public works, and more.

In this regard, it is important that every decision on the social protection of the population, every project be examined and evaluated from the point of view of the possibility of socially protecting people in the process of future implementation, from the standpoint of counteracting the development of negative social phenomena.

The most important principle of social protection is its targeting, that is, the implementation of a set of measures to support decent living conditions for specifically needy people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, taking into account their individual needs and the possibilities of satisfying them in accordance with established criteria. It should be noted that in modern conditions, the provision of livelihoods to old, sick people, as well as people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, is not always targeted and fair: benefits are often paid not to those to whom they should be allocated in the first place; assigned pensions do not fully take into account the length of service of citizens, the list is narrow social services and other.

The targeting of social protection, based on scientific methods and calculations and taking into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person, is a means of ensuring social justice and a factor in activating its internal potential. Thanks to the principle, it is possible to achieve the most important thing - to help people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, to encourage and support their social initiative and activity, their desire to independently resolve the problems that have arisen.

In the context of the deteriorating economic situation, there was a need for criteria for assessing the need for material assistance and mechanisms to ensure targeting.

The most optimal criteria for providing targeted social assistance are:

The size of the total family or average per capita income - it must be lower than the sum of the subsistence minimums established at the regional level for all family members by socio-demographic groups or according to the corresponding value of the regional subsistence minimum (below the minimum wage, minimum pension and others). However, it should be noted that the use of average per capita income as the only criterion, without taking into account the potential opportunities for clients to have additional income (for example, through secondary employment, renting out an apartment, car, garage, etc.), may encourage dependency and does not contribute to development of initiative and social activity of those in need;

Lack of livelihood;

Loneliness and inability to self-care;

Material damage or physical damage (due to natural disasters, catastrophes, as a result of the execution official duties and others).

The targeting of social protection makes it possible to better use the resources of society to help a person, given that it is in society that the whole set of conditions and factors that surround a person, which make up the field of his life and affect his social well-being, lifestyle, is manifested.

The principle of adaptability of the system of social protection of the population means that it should provide for a proactive review of social standards in the face of inflation and economic instability, a decrease in employment; timely development of the legal base of organizational structures; updating methods of implementation and others. The adaptability of the system of social protection of the population means its ability to self-improve, the development of self-protective activity and the initiative of the social actors themselves, their ability to self-help, the manifestation of their own means of social protection. This is especially important when it comes to social-democratic, professional and other groups of the population, regional communities.

The principle of social protection is its multisubjectivity. The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state. It develops and implements social policy in the field of social protection, strives to make it strong and effective, takes into account regional factors in its implementation. Realizing its most important functions - goal-setting and organizational impact on social processes in society, effective regulation and control of the social sphere - the state provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates socially guaranteed conditions for people's life, maintains optimal relations between the incomes of the active part of the population and disabled citizens, minimum wages, pensions, scholarships, social benefits and the subsistence minimum, creates conditions for strengthening the health of the population, increasing its education and culture, and solving housing problems. The state influences the functioning of the system of social protection of the population by approving the state budget, as well as the budgets of other state-owned sources of funding (in Russia, these include extra-budgetary social funds - pension, social insurance, compulsory medical insurance and employment).

An effective element of their impact on the solution of issues of social protection of the population are collective agreements, which in the conditions of market relations become the main document of management. By implementing social protection functions, trade unions provide the necessary production and social conditions for the life of members of their social protection team. The practice of social partnership of the state with trade union organizations, entrepreneurs become important condition activating their role in social assistance and support to needy members.

The subject of social protection of the population are public associations providing public support and interested participation of millions of citizens in the creation and functioning of a modern model of social protection.

Another subject of social protection is employers. They provide mandatory conditions social assistance and support for employees (minimum wages, mandatory insurance according to established standards, pension, social, medical, unemployment, social payments and compensations attributable to the wage fund, and others). The possibilities of employers as active subjects of social protection are far from being used to the full extent. With significant financial resources, many of them can create jobs at their enterprises, develop social benefits - free vouchers, issuance of long-term interest-free loans, and so on.

These principles express the objective patterns of the development of society, its socio-economic life, but they also have a subjective side. They are implemented in the process of creating and developing the social protection system, in the process of implementing the functions of social protection and enriching them with new content. Functions are relatively independent, but closely related types of activities for the social protection of a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation. The most important of them are:

Economic;

Household;

Psychological and pedagogical;

Socio-medical;

Legal;

Cultural and leisure;

labor organizations and others.

In the process of developing the system of social protection of the population, the functions change, are filled with new content due to innovative technological methods, the complexity of the services provided and the expansion of their scope, and the improvement of the professionalism of specialists.

This reflects the process of mastering the new content of social protection activities, its increasingly clear orientation towards providing multilateral support to a person in need, ensuring his personal participation in resolving problems and difficulties that have arisen, improving relations between people within the framework of various systems assistance to the population.

Chapter 2. Social protection of the population in a crisis period

2.1 Social protection of the population during the crisis period

After ten years of uninterrupted economic growth and improvement in the well-being of the people, Russia is facing major economic challenges. The global economic crisis leads in all countries of the world to a drop in production, an increase in unemployment, and a decrease in incomes of the population.

World GDP fell in 2009 by almost half a percent. In almost all countries, the income of the population has decreased significantly.

The impact of the global economic crisis on Russia has its own characteristics associated with the accumulated deformations of the economic structure, the underdevelopment of a number of market institutions, including the financial system.

The Russian government has developed and is implementing a comprehensive program to stimulate business activity and social support for citizens in the context of the global financial crisis. However, in general, transformations in the social sphere are held back due to insufficient resources and the merger of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, while the focus and scale of national projects, federal target programs, international projects social profile do not yet fully correspond to the list and severity of problems related to the social protection of vulnerable groups of the population, the reduction of poverty in the country.

In 2009 and subsequent years, the Government of the Russian Federation intends to significantly intensify the use of all available tools of economic and social policy in order to prevent irreversible destructive processes in the economy that undermine the country's long-term development prospects, while ensuring the solution of strategic tasks.

To increase resilience to crises in the economy, it is important to strengthen national systems social protection. Social safety nets can be combined with human capacity building programs. In assessing and designing social protection systems, countries and their development partners should use the following methods: mapping - identifying and monitoring population groups and their respective levels of vulnerability; precisely regulated targeted assistance within the framework of assistance programs for socially vulnerable groups of the population; equal treatment of beneficiaries - programs must be fair in terms of providing the same level of assistance to households at the same level of poverty (horizontal equity) and can provide more generous assistance to the poorest beneficiaries (vertical equity) . At the same time, social protection systems should be inextricably linked with risk management tools in order to jointly mitigate the impact of emerging crises and disasters. The system should be indexed and provide a mechanism to adjust benefit levels to food price and inflation trends. They should include the most effective means of delivering assistance to reach vulnerable populations and improve links with other basic social services. In this regard, it is necessary to increase the capacity to develop and implement social protection policies and programs in order to create the basis for the introduction and/or scaling up of existing targeted assistance programs. A shift to more efficient programs is needed as beneficiary selection mechanisms and tools for effective program implementation are established and improved, in line with the level of national capacity. There is a need to ensure accountability and transparency in the use of resources by preventing and reducing relevant real and potential threats and eliminating possible causes unfair relations between different actors in order to increase civic responsibility and confidence in the fairness and effectiveness of social protection systems.

In a crisis situation, rising unemployment and inflation, it is extremely important to strengthen measures of social support for families with children, who first of all fall into the "risk zone" of poverty - low-income and large families, families with one parent, pregnant women, etc. It is necessary to adopt a package of anti-crisis measures for the social protection of families with children in federal level, including: grant the right in case of liquidation of the enterprise or termination of employment contract a mother (father) who is entitled to a monthly allowance for child care, receive at the same time unemployment allowance in case of recognition of her (his) unemployed (unemployed), as well as a pregnant woman receive both maternity allowance, as well as unemployment allowance (for a single pregnant woman - in an increased amount) if she is recognized as unemployed; establish a special allowance for a man recognized as unemployed up to the maximum amount of unemployment benefit for the period of its validity, if his wife is on maternity leave or leave to care for a child; establish for unemployed parents with children under the age of 16, a supplement to unemployment benefits in the amount of 10% of the assigned benefit for the period of its validity; double the standard income tax deduction individuals for a taxpayer who provides for the child (children) in the event that the other parent is recognized as unemployed or is on parental leave, or the spouse is on maternity leave. To cover the costs of implementing anti-crisis measures to support families with children, it is necessary to: increase the rate of contributions to the Social Insurance Fund by 0.5% in favor of the children of employees (now 3%), make non-insurance payments from the budget; restore unemployment insurance instead of modern budgeting, as a method of regulating labor and income more typical of the market; to use for the proposed unemployment benefits the planned funds of the federal budget for the implementation of regional employment programs in 2009; create in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation funds to support families with children in difficult life situations, by analogy with the federal fund for the support of children in difficult life situations; introduce a two-stage (13% and 15%) tax scale for personal income; increase excise taxes on tobacco products and alcohol in favor of measures to support families with children; use the savings in the payment of maternity capital from the federal budget currently provided for (70 billion in 2010 and 100 billion in 2011); introduce tax preferences for organizations implementing social programs (accounting for social costs in prime cost, etc.).

The crisis, which spread to all territories, affected the standard of living of all segments of the population in different ways. If during the period of economic growth, when part of the able-bodied population employed in the sphere of wage labor had the opportunity to realize their labor potential, and successful private business through the mechanism of redistribution of income in the form of taxes and directly in the form of charity supported the poorest segments of the population, the state provided targeted assistance to the most needy social groups. During the same economic recession social function the state comes to the fore, and state paternalism is forced to spread to the whole society. It is this approach that makes it possible to preserve human and labor resources, the social and territorial integrity of the country, avoid group and national confrontation, increase manageability and control over the development of the situation, and ultimately create the prerequisites for overcoming the crisis.

2.2 Anti-crisis measures of the Russian government in the field of social protection of the population

The anti-crisis measures of the Russian government were formulated at the beginning of 2009, when the main trends in the economic downturn were already recorded in the statistical data.

The set of planned actions in the social sphere was aimed at:

· provide a lower limit of consumption for the disabled, as well as temporarily lost their jobs;

· to stabilize the financial situation of participants in the system of minimum social guarantees;

· prevent an increase in the number of people living below the subsistence level;

· contribute to slowing down the rate of growth of unemployment;

· mitigate the decline in incomes of the working population.

The above list of areas shows that the main task was to prevent the growth of poverty, especially among the elderly population. In addition to the two indexations of the insurance part of the pension in February and April 2008, in August, when the crisis had already begun, a significant increase in the basic part of the pension by 15%, and the insurance part - by 8% was added (Table 1) .

Despite the reduction in budget revenues, additional measures were taken in 2010 to improve the living standards of pensioners. The pension capital earned by a person before the beginning of the pension reform, i.e. before January 1, 2002, is revalued with an increase of 10%, and for each year of work in the Soviet period (until 1991) the increase will be 1%. The recalculation of pensions will affect 36.5 million people.

Table 1

Stages of increasing the basic and insurance part of pensions

The second task of implementing anti-crisis actions in the social sphere is aimed at eliminating the situation in which some pensioners live below the poverty line - for this, special social supplements are introduced for non-working pensioners. As a result, the pension with all social payments and additional payments will not be less than the subsistence level of a pensioner in the region of his residence. 4.4 trillion were allocated for increasing pensions and social supplements. rub. budget funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

Since January 1, 2010, almost 5.7 million non-working pensioners, including 3.2 million - from the federal budget, and 2.470 million people. established regional social surcharge. Such a division is associated with a spread in the value of the regional subsistence minimum for a pensioner around the average for the Russian Federation. If a pensioner lives in a region where the cost of living is lower than the national average, he receives a federal supplement.

In the context of the deteriorating economic situation, the state, having included social protection of the population among the priority areas of the anti-crisis program, with a general reduction in budget expenditures, not only fulfilled its previously taken social obligations, but also additionally increased funding for the social sphere.

All social payments and benefits financed from the federal budget, primarily the package of state benefits for children, maternity (family) capital, as well as payments made under the legislation on social support for certain categories of citizens, were indexed taking into account the inflation forecast. 12.7 billion rubles were allocated for these purposes. From January 1, 2009, all social payments were indexed by 8.5%, from April 1, 2009 - by 13%. As a result, the allowance for the care of the first child amounted to 1873 rubles, for the second and subsequent children - 3746 rubles, the allowance for the birth of a child reached 9989 rubles. Maternal capital as a result of indexation since April 1, 2009 amounted to 312.16 thousand rubles.

Payments for pregnancy and childbirth, a one-time allowance for the birth of a child, as well as maternity capital have been increased: all of them have been indexed since January 1, 2010 by 11%. The upper limit of benefits for pregnancy and childbirth will be about 35 thousand rubles. (in 2009 - 25.39 thousand rubles), based on the maximum (415 thousand rubles) wages from which insurance premiums will be charged. With lower wages, the maternity allowance will be set at 100% of the amount of earnings (previously - 40%). The maximum allowance for child care will be 13,833 thousand rubles. (in 2009 - 7.492 thousand rubles). The amount of maternity capital will reach 343.378 thousand rubles.

Thus, the results achieved in maintaining the standard of living of the disabled population are preserved and the implementation of the previously outlined areas of social policy in the field of developing the pension system and helping families with children will continue. In 2010, it is planned to increase the budget expenditures for the protection of motherhood and childhood by 3.1%.

However, the working-age population employed in the economy, faced with the fact of an absolute reduction in income and the threat of their complete loss, suffered mainly from the crisis. Since mid-2008, there has been an increase in the number of unemployed, an increase in overdue wage arrears and a decrease in real terms of accrued wages (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Dynamics of employment and wages.

This process affected the middle-income strata in two directions. On the one hand, managerial personnel are losing their jobs: managers of middle and top management, faces creative professions, designers, advertising specialists, public relations specialists, employed in the publishing business, etc. These are people who had a level of material prosperity above the average, high life aspirations and a certain social status, an age close to average, not ready for radical change.

The other part of the middle class is engineers and highly qualified workers who worked in the real sector of the economy, of middle and older age, and a low level of professional and territorial mobility. White-collar problems are concentrated mainly in major cities where there are sufficient jobs in many types of economic activity, and the unemployment rate was initially below average. The troubles of the second category are widespread throughout the territory, as shown above, especially in regions with a predominance of the manufacturing industry, concentrating in industrial centers with city-forming enterprises.

To reduce social tension in connection with the situation on the labor market, the Government of the Russian Federation has developed a set of special measures acting simultaneously in several areas.

In operational mode, control over the state of the labor market is carried out through weekly monitoring of layoffs of employees due to the liquidation of organizations or staff reductions, as well as the transfer of a number of enterprises to a reduced working day.

To inform employees in all regions of the Russian Federation, consultation centers and telephone hotlines have been organized, as well as a special informational portal"Work in Russia" with a weekly update of the list of vacancies, which combines official information from 85 regional employment services and 2450 municipal employment centers. This work is designed to promote the employment of the unemployed, unemployed citizens and citizens at risk of dismissal.

To ensure the priority right of Russian citizens to employment, a number of organizational measures are provided:

· in 2009, quotas for attracting foreign workers to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were reduced by 2 times compared to the proposals;

· it is planned to organize 982 thousand temporary jobs and jobs in public works;

· provision of financial support for entrepreneurial initiative of 55.8 thousand people;

· it is planned to provide targeted assistance when moving to another area for 15 thousand people;

· It is planned to send 173 thousand people to advanced training, vocational training, retraining and advanced training.

Ensuring the employment of graduates of schools, universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, who find it most difficult to find a job in a crisis, is a special task that requires a legislative solution that allows educational and scientific organizations to create small businesses, which in turn contributes to the employment of graduates of vocational education institutions. It is also expected to spread the practice of targeted contract training of senior students on the basis of contracts with enterprises. (In August 2009, the unemployment rate among young people aged 20-24 was 16.6%, and its share in total strength unemployed - 23.5%.

But the main direction of employment support is financial. Since the beginning of 2009, the maximum amount of unemployment benefit has been increased by 1.5 times: the minimum amount of unemployment benefit is 850 rubles, the maximum is 4.9 thousand rubles.

The volume of budget allocations provided in the form of subventions to the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation for the implementation of active programs to promote the employment of the unemployed, increased by 33.95 billion rubles, of which 29.8 billion rubles. allocated for social support of citizens officially recognized as unemployed. The payroll fund for federal state employees has increased by 30% since December 1, 2008. The main effect of the implementation of this measure fell on 2009. In order to maintain the level of income of employees budget organizations the inclusion of the cost of their wages in the list of expenses protected from reduction is envisaged.

In general, the efforts made, if not to reduce the unemployment rate to the level of the pre-crisis period, then at least stopped its growth. In 2010, subventions to the subjects of the Federation for carrying out measures to increase the level of employment increased by 15%.

It should also be borne in mind that the set of measures listed above is not only aimed at stabilizing the labor market, it should contribute to the restructuring of the economy, the development of small business, in particular on the basis of scientific institutions and higher educational institutions, and self-employment of citizens.

Providing the population with housing is one of those promising areas of social protection, the implementation of which is expected to be continued within the framework of the anti-crisis program in order to mitigate social and territorial differences.

Against the backdrop of the crisis, a positive trend emerged in the field of state housing policy. Since the beginning of the housing reform, the state has chosen a market approach to solving the housing issue, combined with special programs and projects aimed at protecting and targeted support of the interests of certain categories of the population. In the context of the crisis, the government had to pay closer attention to the problem of housing construction, not only as a way to meet certain needs of the population, but also as an economic activity that contributes to the development of related industries: industry building materials, production construction equipment, creation of engineering and household infrastructure. A number of measures aimed at supporting the industry are of the nature of administrative management and inspection and control. These include the improvement of urban planning activities and constant monitoring of the dynamics of the state of the construction industry (including the industry of building materials) and housing and communal services. Support for the construction complex will also be provided by providing funds to the regions from the Housing and Utilities Reform Assistance Fund for the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock. Under the program for the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock, 253 emergency houses were resettled, in which 5,922 people lived.

As anti-crisis measures, support is provided for the building materials industry and individual construction companies. An impressive package of measures, addressed directly to the population, continues the directions of housing policy that have been initiated. These include: the implementation of the federal target program"Housing" (total - 61.4 billion rubles), namely the fulfillment of state obligations to certain categories of citizens: the implementation of state housing certificates (for military personnel dismissed from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; leaving the Far North), providing housing for young families , all veterans of the Great Patriotic War (subventions to the subjects of the Russian Federation - 35.0 billion rubles).

It is planned to stimulate the demand of the population for housing, in addition to the implementation of temporary anti-crisis measures to maintain mortgage lending, tax breaks. The amount of the property deduction when calculating personal income tax when buying a home has been increased from 1 to 2 million rubles. In addition, organizations are allowed to include in expenses the amounts contributed to reimburse employees for the payment of interest on loans (credits) for the purchase and (or) construction of residential premises in an amount not exceeding 3% of the amount of labor costs.

Maintenance of the life support system of the population, which is covered by the concept of social infrastructure, is also one of the comprehensive social guarantees.

The growth of tariffs for housing and communal services, constantly outperforming the general consumer price index, entails a continuous increase in government spending to help families who are not able to fully pay for these services from their current income.

The general deterioration of the economic situation further aggravated the state of housing and communal services as an industry and the position of the population as the most important consumer of its services. For 10 months In 2009, tariffs for housing and communal services increased by an average of 19.1%, including for cold water supply and sanitation - by 23%, hot water supply - 24.4%, gas supply - 24.2%, electricity supply - by 25.1 %.

The anti-crisis support program for housing and communal services involves both the further development and continuation of previously selected areas (development of a set of measures to reform the housing and communal services for 2009-2011 and the formation of a system of targeted subsidies for the population), and new measures, in particular, budgetary subsidies for capital repairs of the housing stock.

The direct use of budget funds as anti-crisis measures is already yielding positive results. The total amount of funds provided for the provision of financial support to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the implementation of regional targeted programs for major repairs apartment buildings and resettlement of citizens from dilapidated housing stock at the expense of the Housing and Public Utilities Reform Assistance Fund from 2008 to 2011 amounted to 240 billion rubles. Part of these funds is expected, according to the adopted decision on the implementation of anti-crisis measures, to be allocated for the overhaul of apartment buildings and the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing on 124 applications from 78 regions for a total of 55.02 billion rubles. The total volume of mastered financial resources taking into account the equity financing of the regions is 116.0 billion rubles. The implementation of regional targeted programs financed with the participation of the Fund provides employment for 1.5 million people.

Despite the cumulative reduction in demand, the satisfaction of such basic needs of the population as the education of children and maintaining health also remained among the priorities of the state's social policy even in times of crisis.

The degree of social protection of the population has always served, on the one hand, as evidence of the political orientation of state power, and on the other, as an indicator of the level of economic development. In the context of the crisis, the state not only fulfilled its earlier obligations to maintain the standard of living of certain groups of the population, primarily the low-income, but also extended its protection to the entire population, maintaining the previously identified social policy priorities and continuing, and in some areas even strengthening, budget financing . The accelerated growth of poverty and its transition to a stagnant form was prevented. This made it possible to avoid the growth of social tension, restrained manifestations of social apathy and escape from reality.

The authorities' efforts to preserve the social sphere, which is seen as the main positive result of 2009, and their intention to continue the planned measures, instilled confidence in the population in its ability to organize and lead the emerging turnaround in the economic situation and a gradual transition to growth.

Chapter 3. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection of the population

3.1 Problems of the system of social protection of the population

Social policy during the crisis period should be based on three main principles: the priority of the problems of social security of the population; increasing the role of personal labor income in meeting the socio-cultural and everyday needs of the population and the elimination of dependency on this basis; organization of a new mechanism for financing the social sphere, i.е. transition from state paternalism to social partnership.

Social security of the population in a crisis requires the differentiation of social support in terms of income, degree of ability to work, and in some cases - according to the principle of employment in social production. Almost all segments of the population need special social programs.

Financing of social programs is carried out not only at the expense of state funds, but also at the expense of local budgets, funds of enterprises, organizations, and the population. A certain role in the social protection of the population can be played by charitable foundations social assistance. The policy of social protection of the population in the conditions of transition to the market includes a system of social insurance and public assistance.

In today's crisis conditions, the problems of unemployment and inflation have acquired a special aspect. Social protection from unemployment is realized through training of personnel, organization of a fund to help the unemployed with the establishment of the amount of benefits. Protection against rising inflation, which significantly reduces the standard of living of the population, is indexation reaching, i.e. an increase in their nominal value to prevent a decrease in their real level.

Indexation is carried out by regulating nominal wages, incomes, and interest rates. Indexation may follow or precede a price increase. In the first case, it is carried out at certain intervals. In the second, salary increases are made in advance, taking into account the expected price increase. But preliminary indexation directs enterprises to include the growth of wages in contract prices, thereby increasing inflation.

The decline in the well-being of the population is unacceptable not only for humane reasons, but also for economic ones, as it undermines incentives for effective activity. Therefore, social guarantees from the state are the most important factors in Russia's successful transition to market relations.

The conditions of the financial crisis necessitated the adjustment of the ongoing social policy. Such an adjustment will be effective only if it takes into account not only the negative, but also the positive results of the reforms.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that Russia is a social state. The construction of a state that could, with good reason, be called social is a task that cannot be solved in one day. The transition from a country of "developed socialism" with a low standard of living of the population to a rich and prosperous welfare state is very difficult.

Among the particular problems of improving social protection, the main ones are the following:

1. stabilization of the financial position of state non-budgetary social funds;

2. repayment of wage arrears to employees;

3. expansion of sources of financing of social services;

4. improvement of the targeted system of social support for the population;

5. introduction of a unified procedure for adjusting the scale and rates of income taxation.

3.2 Prospects for the development of the system of social protection of the population

The main tasks of the new social policy, built taking into account the provision of social support for the population in the conditions of the economic crisis, should be: consistent solution of complex problems covering issues of safe and sustainable social development; improving the level and quality of life of citizens; overcoming the excessive property stratification of society and the formation of a mass middle class; strengthening the institution of the family as the most stable form of self-organization and socialization of the individual; preservation and strengthening of the moral traditions and values ​​of the peoples inhabiting Russia; creating conditions for a decent life and work for future generations; enhancing the image of Russia in the world. A social policy built on the principles of social security should consist of the consistent implementation of two key tasks: the development of legislative support and the implementation of standards for the quality and standard of living of Russians, guaranteeing the quality and safety of life and health, education, life of all segments of the population, each family and each citizen Russia; creation and development of infrastructure of wide opportunities for self-realization, self-development, own investments of society and each citizen in their future and the future of their families

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households.

In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

To this end, governments at the regional and local levels will have to make greater use of procedures for mandatory testing of the needs of recipients of social assistance. It also provides for the establishment of restrictions on the total number of types of social assistance and benefits that can be provided simultaneously to the same family.

Improving the targeting of assistance can significantly improve the situation of poor families. However, for a limited number of recipients, such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, Heroes Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits are preserved regardless of their financial situation.

2) Redistribution of powers for the implementation of the federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection.

In general, it is planned to transfer more powers to determine the amount and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure the targeting of state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary possibilities of the territories, living standards, employment characteristics, and local traditions.

The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the level of poverty and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. New system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and model regulations.

3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

Taking into account international practice, as well as domestic experience, the following can be proposed as the main principles of social protection of the working population:

Social responsibility of the state and society for careful attitude to the individual and the protection of his many rights;

Social justice, i.e. ensuring equal working conditions, its protection, health protection and obtaining compensation of a sufficient level in case of loss of health and disability, various types of rehabilitation assistance;

The universality and mandatory nature of the social protection of workers from social and professional risks, minimizing their level, openness and accessibility of information;

Multisubjectivity of social protection. Its subjects are the state, entrepreneurs, social insurance associations, professional organizations workers and other organizational structures of society interested in the social protection of the population;

Solidarity of the subjects of social protection in order to ensure its greatest effectiveness, its multidimensionality and multidirectionality, minimization of social and professional risks, optimal distribution of the corresponding financial burden among the participants on the basis of the conclusion of social contracts;

Diversity of social protection, a wide range of its forms and the degree of coverage, ranging from guarantees for all workers and ending with the provision of certain categories of the population, including specific individuals;

Economic and social freedom of workers combined with their personal responsibility for maintaining health, ability to work, with the right to form unions to ensure their own protection.

A high degree of social protection includes not only financial measures, but also medical, social and professional rehabilitation. Solving these problems today is not easy, but necessary. In order to increase protection, it is required to "combine the institution of compensation for damage, state social insurance and social security", the latter includes pensions, sanatorium treatment, etc., and "transform them into a single institution of social insurance against industrial accidents."

For this reason, it is undoubtedly difficult to count on significant success in the implementation of social policy and on achieving a high level of social protection of the population - until the country's economic situation is stabilized. But achieving economic stability is a very laborious task. Moreover, the stage of price liberalization turned out to be very painful for the population, the period of pursuing a tough financial policy, without which the transition to the market was impossible, it was impossible to stop the so-called inflationary spiral.

Conclusion

Considered in the course work, the problems of the social protection system in a crisis require an immediate solution. It is precisely because of social well-being that the efficiency of production and the welfare of the state depend. The social care of the state about its citizens requires large financial investments. At first glance, an invisible return on these investments will increase the welfare of not only the population, but also the state itself. How the state conducts social programs can be judged on the standard of living of the least well-off strata of society and what part this group of the population occupies in general population country.

Transformations in the political, economic and social fields carried out in the state provide for an active social policy, which should be based on a properly built system of priorities, a phased solution of a range of social problems, the development of mechanisms for the effective use of resources allocated for social purposes, the harmonization of state obligations and real opportunities for their financing. The most important aspect of state social policy is the social protection of the population. In modern conditions, a number of laws have been adopted declaring that the needy categories of the population are granted equal rights and freedoms with other citizens, as provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However, due to the difficult financial situation at the federal and regional levels, their implementation is often limited.

In the current economic environment, measures are being taken to mitigate negative consequences a sharp drop in living standards and partial compensation for the losses of the most needy groups of the population. Social support mechanisms are being created for families with children, veterans, disabled people, citizens who have lost their jobs and other categories of the population. However, many benefits, compensations, social payments and allowances are often introduced without taking into account the financial situation of families and the real possibilities of people to ensure their own well-being. As a result, the opportunity to provide assistance to those who really need it is limited.

State plays essential role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, medical and social expertise, rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the basics of social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, ensuring foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population, etc. As for the subjects of the Russian Federation, they must ensure and solve production and economic tasks, develop planned and financial activities, create various social assistance funds, solve economic problems, etc. The role of social protection agencies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is great, since it is they who are called upon to pursue state policy aimed personal levels of the organizational system that establishes social relations in society, provides people with potential life benefits to meet their needs, develops economic independence in management.

At the present stage, four priority areas are identified in the social protection of the population of the Russian Federation, which are based on the relevant legal acts. Firstly, this is the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence, secondly, this is the social protection of the able-bodied population, thirdly, this is the social protection of disabled citizens, and fourthly, this is the social protection of the family. However, each subject of the Russian Federation, based not only on the socio-economic situation in the country, but also on its own socio-economic problems, builds its own system of social protection of the population, giving more or less preference to one or another category of citizens in need of assistance, which are unique. and legal and financial framework for the organization of social protection of the population, due to the specifics of a particular region or municipality.

Therefore, an effective social policy of the state is one of the top priorities for the Russian economy to emerge from the crisis.

Bibliography

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) / RG. December 25, 1993

2. Aizinova I.M. Social protection of the population during periods of economic growth and recession // Scientific works INP RAS. Moscow: MAKS Press, 2009.

3. Kirikov A.S. The main directions of the implementation of the strategy of social protection in a crisis // Journal of Legal and economic research. - 2009. – № 2

4. Official website of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation www.minzdravsoc.ru

5. Program of anti-crisis measures of the Government of the Russian Federation for 2009 www.economy gov.ru

6. Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2009: R32 Stat. Sat. / Rosstat. - M., 2009. - 990 p.

7. Seleznev A.Z. Limitations of economic growth in Russia. // Forecasting problems. - 2002. - No. 6. pp. 29-43

8. Dictionary-reference book on social work / Ed. E.I. Single. - M.: Lawyer, 2000. - 424 p.

9. Smirnov S. N. Regional aspects of social policy / S.N. Smirnov. - M.: Helios ARV, 1999. - 320 p.

10. Social policy: Textbook / Ed. ed. ON THE. Volgin. – M.: Exam, 2003. 737 p.

11. Social work: theory and practice: Proc. Allowance / Rep. ed. d.h.s., prof. E.I. Kholostova, Doctor of History A.S. Sorvin. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004.

The purpose of the course work is to study the problems of social protection in Russia.
The object of study is the problems of social protection in Russia.
Subject - theoretical foundations and features, state of the art, problems of social protection in Russia and prospects for their solution.

Introduction …………………………………………………………….….. 3
1. Theoretical basis social protection of the population……….. 5
1.1. The concept and essence of social protection of the population………….5
1.2. Methods of social protection of the population…………………………8
2. Analysis of the practice of social protection in Russia………………..13
2.1. The system of social protection of the population of Russia………..……..13
2.2. Problems of social protection in Russia……………………....18
3. Prospects for the development of the social protection system
population in Russia ……………………………………………………..25
Conclusion ………………………………………………….………..….30
Bibliography…………………

Files: 1 file

2.2. Problems of social protection in Russia

In Russia, to date, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions. In recent years, the social protection of the population of Russia has focused on the targeted operational solution of the most acute, crisis, life problems of certain categories of citizens on a declarative basis. At a certain stage, this path was the most realistic for practical solution tasks in this area and seemed successful. However, time has shown that this approach does not give a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at preventing the recurrence of crises, at the long-term social protection of each individual and the population as a whole.

We single out the following main areas of social protection and approaches to reforming them:

1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should be focused on the creation of conditions for the life and development of children, allowing all children, regardless of which family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities for maintaining their health, material well-being, free accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one's abilities

Particular attention should be paid to orphans, as well as children from dysfunctional families. We must learn to take care of these children so that they do not feel superfluous, alienated from society, and the state would not seem to them something abstract, useless, and even hostile.

It is necessary to streamline the process of commercialization of services for children in the areas of education, health care, children's creativity, physical education and sports, and identify institutions where this is appropriate.

Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks:

• causing:
• stillbirth and pathological childbirth;
• congenital and birth defects, injuries and diseases;
• starvation and irrational nutrition for children;
• neglect and vagrancy, economic and sexual exploitation;
• predilection for bad habits(alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc.);
• negative psychological impact, discrimination based on nationality, gender, property or any other criteria;
• involvement in political activity and military operations;
• living in an ecologically unfavorable environment, involvement in inhumane religious and cult organizations and movements.
• hindering:
• health care;
• stay of the child in the family;
• education and spiritual and moral education;
• the formation of a comfortable psychological climate for each child in the family, children's groups, in the region of residence, in the country;
• development of potential professional, creative and other socially useful abilities;
• familiarization with cultural values;
• classes physical culture and sports;
• creating conditions for games, other forms of reasonable entertainment and safe recreation;
• choice of religion;
• purposeful use of allowances and cash savings intended for children, property interests of children.

At the state level, one should unequivocally decide on the issue of the ideology of child benefits: either give these benefits unambiguously status as poverty benefits, and then the family income will become the criterion for their payment, or such benefits should be considered as a manifestation of the state policy of supporting the domestic gene pool and fertility, and therefore payment allowances should not depend on which family the child belongs to in terms of income.

2. Social protection of the able-bodied population should provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability for economic independence, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance to people in need. Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, monetary savings, acquired securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person, and no one has the right to encroach on them.

3. Social protection of disabled citizens should be aimed at the humanization of all spheres of life of these people.

It is unacceptable that any of them feel like an extra person, burdening loved ones, society. Everyone should preserve the desire and ability to live in a family for as long as possible, actively participate in the economic, political, cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, increase them. The leading role in solving the problems of these citizens belongs to social services and pensions, which require reform.

Social protection of disabled citizens should include mechanisms to ensure:

• all persons permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation, full social security, regardless of race and nationality, gender, language, place of residence, type and nature of activity in a variety of forms of ownership and other circumstances;
• full pension provision in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, in other cases provided for by law, regardless of the territory of which state the right to pension provision was acquired, as well as the payment of state benefits to families with children;
• strict enforcement of the legislative regulation of pension provision, avoiding under any circumstances delays in the payment of pensions, both state and other;
• implementation of measures for preferential pension provision of disabled people, as well as measures aimed at preventing disability, ensuring social protection of disabled people, creating the conditions necessary for them to exercise their rights and legitimate interests, develop their creative abilities, unhindered access to social infrastructure, medical, professional and social rehabilitation;
• homestay;
• saving money and valuable papers;
• property interests;
• decent provision of funeral services.

4. Social protection of the family as a fundamental pillar of society and the state provides for the need to fully support the institution of the family. It is the family that is able to preserve society and its values. Therefore, family policy, focused on providing people with decent conditions for creating, maintaining and developing a family, is an integral part of the social protection of the population.

Forms and methods of social protection of a person must be differentiated, but necessarily accessible, full-fledged, not degrading to human dignity, maximally focused on prevention and ways of positively resolving complex critical situations by an individual

The development of a mechanism for the functioning of a system of multi-profile targeted social protection of the population should be carried out in the following areas:

• determination of the role and place of social protection of the population in the social development of the country and regions;
• legal support of social protection, clearly defining social risks, the consequences of which are subject to correction, guaranteed by the state;
• development of state standards for services in healthcare, education, culture and social services for the population (taking into account regional and local conditions for the reproduction of the labor force and the population) for their targeted use in planning social spending and their gradual increase;
• normative-legal regulation of social risks prevention;
• development of strategic scenarios for the development of the social complex;
• delimitation of powers between federal bodies and authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on social issues;
• development of a structural reform of the public administration of the social complex, including legal support for its development;
• institutional and organizational transformations of the social complex:
• demonopolization;
• infrastructure development;
• privatization of social facilities;
• regulation of paid social services.
• investment policy in the social sphere;
• determination of priorities for the development of the social sphere;
• innovative policy of social technologies;
• formation of federal social programs focused on the management of social processes;
• formation of federal-regional, interregional and regional programs of social development, including social protection of the population;
• creation of a system of information support for the population on the legal, labor and other regulation of society, with a focus on the active independent solution of their problems by people, as well as a reliable, simple and accessible definition of the role of the state in this process.

Particular importance should be given to the development of state social standards. The question of minimum standards becomes a cornerstone. In legal terms, minimizing assistance to a person who needs it is abstract, and in moral and ethical terms, in many cases it is absurd. It is necessary to introduce a different concept into the legal field - minimum state social guarantees, to clearly formulate their interpretation and implementation mechanism.

The adequacy of the financial resources allocated for these purposes to the needs of people will be of decisive importance in the success of solving the problems of social protection. The current state centralized financial support has led to an exorbitant burden on the state budget and failure to fulfill state obligations for the social protection of the population, which causes dissatisfaction among citizens and social tension in society.

Solving the problems of social protection of the population of Russia, ensuring the above priorities, will require a serious analysis of the state of the social sphere, the existing forms and methods of social assistance to the population, an assessment of the existing health services, education, social protection, employment, migration and other responsible structures.

There is an obvious need to search for fundamentally different approaches to the management of social processes. Such management should be based on reliable dynamically monitored information about people's needs for social assistance and services and about the resources available for this (financial, material and technical, instrumental, institutional, organizational).

In different territories of Russia, there are striking differences in the financial situation of workers in the non-productive sphere. This situation requires the most careful study and the search for an adequate solution.

The state's obligations under its social guarantees must be fulfilled at all levels. In those situations where this cannot be done, it is necessary to clearly explain to people the causes and possible solutions to the problem.

3. Prospects for the development of the social protection system

population in Russia

The head of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia said at a meeting of the Federation Council to discuss the main parameters of the federal budget for 2010 and for the period of 2011 and 2012: "The total amount of federal budget expenditures in 2010 for social payments will amount to 582 billion rubles"

According to the Minister, the Government has identified several areas that will be provided in full. "These are social payments, the Health national project, drug policy, pension payments, as well as maintaining the labor market," Tatyana Golikova said.

According to her, the total volume of demographic benefits in 2010 will amount to 154.6 billion rubles, and 16.8 million people in the whole country will receive monthly cash payments, of which the majority - almost 13 million - are disabled people.

Tatyana Golikova noted that in 2010 the total amount of payments for maternity and family capital will amount to 102 billion rubles.

"We assume that 70% of this amount will go to repay mortgage loans and purchase housing by citizens, and 30% will go to education and the formation of the funded part of the mother's pension," she said.

The Minister also noted that funding for the national project "Health" will not be reduced in 2010, and 142 billion rubles will be allocated from the federal budget for its implementation.

Particular attention will be paid to projects related to the formation of a healthy lifestyle, and the main event in this area will be the development of a network of health and prevention centers throughout the country.

According to her, payments to district doctors and a number of other categories of doctors providing primary medical care to the population will continue. "All this will take place within the framework of the Health national project, and funds will be allocated to increase the availability and quality of high-tech medical care provided to the population in the regions, including for patients with cardiovascular diseases," the Minister said.

Tatyana Golikova reported that due to the implementation of the national project "Health" natural population decline for 7 months of 2009 compared to the same period last year decreased by 32%, mortality from cardiovascular diseases decreased by 5%, and mortality from traffic accidents.

Regarding preferential provision of medicines, the Minister said that 5 million people fall under this category, and about 4 billion rubles from the federal budget will be allocated additionally for these purposes.

“It should be noted that the number of citizens who receive expensive medicines is growing significantly. There are 70.6 thousand of them in the country as a whole, and on average 613 thousand rubles are spent on the treatment of one person per year from the federal budget,” she stressed. .

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Introduction

1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Art. 22 proclaimed that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material possibilities available to society, a worthy existence of a person in the event of such life situations when he is unable to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living, not only during the period when a person is working, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the control of the citizen.

According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of ​​interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal methods and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. It is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values ​​as equality, social justice, humanism, the moral foundations of society. The intended purpose of social security is, first of all, that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood for the elderly and the disabled.

The constitutive signs of social security include: objective grounds that cause the need for a special mechanism of social protection of citizens aimed at maintaining or providing a certain level of life support (illness, old age, disability, unemployment, etc.); special funds, sources of social security; special ways providing livelihoods; fixing the rules for the provision of social security in law.

The objective foundations of social security, for all their differences, affect a person's ability to work in the direction of its temporary or permanent limitation or complete loss. It is they who predetermine the need of a certain number of people to receive a source of livelihood from society in exchange for new labor expended; the need for preventive and health-improving measures for able-bodied members of society with the aim of normal reproduction of the labor force and protection of their health, etc.

Any of these needs can be realized if it is recognized by society as socially significant, that is, enshrined in law. Ignoring these needs by society will not be slow to affect its normal functioning. Another thing is that both the degree of recognition and the degree of ignoring the listed needs is connected with the economic basis of society. This is due to the fact that, by its economic nature, social security is directly or indirectly connected with the distribution and redistribution relations of society.

It should be noted that in modern society, social security has ceased to act in the form of goodwill, beneficence provided by the more affluent strata of society to its less affluent categories of citizens. It also cannot be considered as a right-privilege. individual layers society.

Social protection as a special social institution of the modern state is an indicator of social confidence, a social guarantee for the worthy development of each member of society and the preservation of a source of livelihood in the event of social risks.

The main directions of social policy in

Russian Federation

Social protection is considered one of the most important directions of state policy. It supports the material and social position of each person in society. In other words, it helps those strata of the population who, due to some circumstances, cannot independently provide for their existence. The right of citizens of the Russian Federation to social protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which declared that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. The Constitution also says that every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

Speaking more specifically about the very definition of social protection, we can say that social protection is a special type of socio-economic activity that focuses on different segments of the population. Social protection is a state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of his gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.

Social protection should provide a guaranteed intermediate minimum, the purchasing power of citizens, the protection of health, life and property. The need for social protection comes from the existence of a social need to have a system of laws in the state that will compensate for the social imperfection in the organization of the production of material goods and their distribution.

Social security is the main part of the social protection of the population. The law establishes state pensions and social pensions, encourages voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security and charity.

Social protection and social security is the sphere of such universal values ​​as equality, social justice, humanism and the moral foundations of society. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. The role of social security is that it is a special form of meeting certain needs in the sources of livelihood of disabled citizens and the elderly. In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum size wages, state support for the family, motherhood, paternity and childhood is provided, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established.

Forms of social protection of the population can be classified on various grounds: depending on the subject-addressee of social protection:

General, aimed at the entire population.

Exceptional, provided in special cases, on the basis of special regulations, support for persons affected by natural disasters, natural and man-made disasters, and so on.

The main forms of social protection of the population are pensions, social benefits, benefits for especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance and social services.

Social protection measures can be expressed in the form of cash payments or social services. Cash payments are pensions, allowances, scholarships, subsidies, grants and compensations. Services should include both natural types of content, for example, medicines, and the beneficial effect that arose as a result of labor, as a purposeful human activity, for example, the delivery of medicines. Among the means of social protection are also advantages and benefits.

The benefits are expressed in granting citizens a primary or extraordinary right to receive a social benefit, and benefits facilitate the conditions for meeting social needs and make it free or at a reduced cost, more precisely, they release the recipient entity from the performance of any obligations. Benefits and benefits can also be extended to able-bodied citizens as an incentive.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation, this is, first of all, state insurance for workers, the creation of other funds that are sources of financing social protection of the population, as well as the adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the implementation of these rights , these are the law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” and the law “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation”.

According to the method of implementation, one can distinguish between active and passive social policy. Passive social policy involves artificial containment of prices, stabilization or growth due to this standard of living, and an increase in subsidies in all areas of social protection. But an active policy is most preferable. The main thing in it is the creation of conditions for the manifestation of initiative and an increase in the role of the state in supporting the standard of living of pensioners and children.

The provision of state social assistance is carried out in two types:

1) cash payments, that is, social benefits, subsidies, compensations and other payments;

2) in-kind assistance, and these are fuel, food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other types of in-kind assistance.

The essence of social protection is manifested in its functions such as economic, political, demographic and social rehabilitation.

The economic function is to replace earnings, income or maintenance lost due to age, disability, loss of a breadwinner; partial reimbursement of additional expenses in the event of certain life circumstances; providing minimal monetary or in-kind assistance to poor citizens.

The political function contributes to the maintenance of social stability in a society in which there are significant differences in the standard of living of various segments of the population.

The demographic function is designed to stimulate the reproduction of the population, which is necessary for the normal development of the country.

The social rehabilitation function is aimed at restoring the social status of disabled citizens and other socially weak groups of the population, allowing them to feel like full members of society.

Social protection has been and will continue to play the most important role in the development and support of society. After all, if there is no social protection, then the low-income level of the population will be on the verge of poverty. Of course, someone will be able to survive, but someone will not, these people will simply become lost to society. You can give an example, a pensioner who lives alone or a person who has fallen ill and cannot take care of himself, how will they survive without social assistance? They won't be able to survive.

The state plays an important role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the basics of social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, ensuring foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population.

Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social assistance, consistent with the social policy of the state, which, according to the Constitution, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Problems of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation

Social protection of the population is always assigned a huge role. In order to develop and prosper, the state must embody law and justice, the support of its population. The stability of society, its sustainable development, and, as a result, its national security depend on the state of the social sphere, the effectiveness of the policy pursued by the state in the field of social support for citizens. The article highlights the existing problems of social support for the population in Russia at the present stage, as well as measures to improve its effectiveness. Keywords: social support population, social policy, problems of social support, measures to improve the effectiveness of social assistance, priority goals of social protection.

Social support of the population is all kinds of activities that are carried out by social protection authorities as part of social policy in Russia. Such events are focused on providing assistance to certain categories of citizens who need support. They are carried out in accordance with the legislative and legal acts of the country. In the Russian Federation, there is a program called: "Social support for citizens."

It outlines the main milestones and tasks to be completed by 2020. First of all, it is the fulfillment of the obligations of our country for the social support of citizens. The second task is to meet the needs of citizens in social services. The next task is to create favorable conditions for the functioning of the institution of the family. And the last task that stands in this program is to increase the importance of non-governmental non-profit organizations in the provision of social services to the population. To date, the Russian Federation has not seen the formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection. It should be noted that in the system that has developed in Russia, there is an extremely high role of the state. At the moment, the main problem of state social support for the population in Russia is the lack of a single federal law that could fully regulate state support for Russian families.

At present, there is only a draft of such a Federal Law: “On the Fundamentals state support families in the Russian Federation”, which establishes legal framework state support for the family, determines the goals, principles and priorities of state support for the family as an important area of ​​state social policy. Despite the fact that our state has recently taken a whole range of measures that could improve the financial situation of pensioners, families with children, the unemployed and the disabled, there are still a number of acute painful problems in the field of social security.

We should especially note the problem associated with the state and prospects for the development of the pension system. These problems are by no means limited to questions about retirement age. Various proposals are put forward for the development of the pension system by abolishing mandatory pension savings, switching to voluntary savings, which will be stimulated by the state, and so on.

The solution of these problems depends not only on the state of the country's economy, but also on the new concept of pension provision. The next urgent problem is the provision of social support to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions. These people include the homeless, refugees, migrants and IDPs. To solve this problem, it is necessary, through joint efforts of the territorial bodies of social protection with other interested services, to resolve the issues of organizing overnight stays, as well as social shelters and hotels. It is necessary to minimize cases of denial of assistance to people who are in an emergency situation. In addition, there is a problem in Russia that is associated with the provision of a number of measures of social support to the population on a categorical basis. That is, in accordance with the existing status of a citizen, which is defined by both federal and regional legislation.

For example, with this approach, social support measures are provided to labor veterans, home front workers, victims of political repression, as well as certain categories of rural specialists and others. The provision of other measures of social support is carried out taking into account the need, which is based on an assessment of income, property or housing needs. Most social support measures are financed from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. There is a regional differentiation specific gravity social support measures provided at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the total number of social support measures provided.

Also, one of the problems of social support for the population is the presence of a dependent attitude among the population, as well as the lack of interest among some citizens in improving their own well-being. The Government of the Russian Federation plans to introduce some measures to improve the effectiveness of social assistance to the population until 2020:

First, it is the modernization of the labor market. Our country has relatively low unemployment. This requires more effective measures to use the available labor resources, their distribution in points of economic growth. To achieve this, it is necessary to reduce the cost of moving to new places of work, as well as to ensure the availability of infrastructure throughout the country.

Secondly, the creation of new opportunities for the development of human capital sectors, namely education and healthcare.

Third, providing families with children with intensive support. For example, maternity capital, which has become an important tool of social policy. The government has expanded the scope of its application and is extending the implementation of this program.

Fourth, continued payments of monthly allowances to large families, including subsidies for housing and communal services.

Fifth, the elimination of the queue for land for large families or providing them with housing. This goal The government plans to complete in three years.

Sixth, the development of a comprehensive program of assistance to the elderly. Such a program will be aimed at obtaining adequate medical care. It is necessary to update the system of support for the elderly, which must meet the needs of modern society. Structure modern life should also provide structure for the lives of the elderly. Seventh, the modernization of the healthcare system, since the level of its development determines the quality of life of any citizen.

This task is quite difficult to perform. At the very least, this comes at a cost. For example, cash, which were invested for last years into state-of-the-art medical equipment, on a scale larger than anything that has been done before.

Eighth, clear wording of state guarantees of free medical care. The priority is the development of primary health care, telemedicine, the introduction of a unified electronic card patient.

Ninth, ensuring the availability and quality of medicines. This task is the most significant for the state. Even low-income patients need to be able to benefit from medicines. It is also necessary to increase the effectiveness of the quality control system for manufactured drugs, medicines and medical technology. In addition, on June 6, 2016, the “Action Plan of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2016 and the planning period until 2021” was released, which identified five priority goals aimed at solving the tasks set for the state. Decent work, fair pay. Decent pension for long conscientious work. Improvement of the demographic situation. Social protection will come closer to the person. The state civil service should become open and professional.

Thus, we can conclude that in our state there are a sufficient number of problems associated with social support for the population. However, ways to solve these problems have already been outlined. State on this moment focuses on the social sphere of our country, because this sphere is the most important for the population. It gives a person confidence in his state, a sense of calmness and a desire to develop and help his country "move forward."

Conclusion

The most important attribute of the democratic model of social protection of the population is its multisubjectivity and polyformity of economic foundations, which are provided by the institutions of civil society, voluntary, informal efforts, corporate structures, and religious denominations. Non-state actors of social protection with their economic fundamentals, creative potential should be fully integrated into the system of social protection of Russia.

The activity of the "third sector" limits the monopoly of the government bodies of social protection, so its initiatives are often met with resistance. At the same time, many types and forms of social protection, especially at the local level, can be implemented by non-state actors more efficiently and with significant cost savings, for example, on a competitive basis in the execution of state, municipal social orders, etc.

The system of social protection of the population has a decisive dependence on the economy. It is in this area that resources are formed that are redistributed to social policy. In this regard, it is very important to significantly reduce the volume shadow economy, including the shadow labor market. “Optimization”, or even just tax evasion, unofficial and unaccounted wage payments significantly reduce the level of social guarantees for workers and worsen the economic opportunities for financing state off-budget social funds.

In the sphere of economics, the self-realization of the individual as an economically independent, self-supporting subject takes place. Therefore, effective employment, the growth of national production, the restoration of the reproductive and stimulating function of wages, and the growth of real incomes are the best shock absorbers for the negative effects of social risks on workers. Undoubtedly, only as the real incomes of the entire population grow significantly, the mechanisms and institutions of social insurance stabilize, the participation and responsibility of non-state actors in the social protection system expands, the volume of functions performed by civil society structures increases, and the self-realization of the individual is ensured, we will be able to build our own system of social protection. of the population is quite effective and meets the Russian socio-culture and traditions.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12/12/1993 (as amended on 07/21/2014).

Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly in 2016.

Article “On the results of the analysis of the socio-economic consequences of the implementation of social support measures for the population by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ (“Law on the monetization of benefits”)” of the analytical center under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article by D. A. Medvedev from 2016 "Socio-economic development - the acquisition of new dynamics." Official website of the State Social Support of Citizens: [ Electronic resource]. Access mode: - "http://www.socialnaya-podderzhka.ru/formy_socialnoj_podderzhki/".

Official site of the journal "Economic Issues": [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: - http://www.vopreco.ru/ (date of access: 03.03.2017). Official website of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection: [Electronic resource]. — Access mode: — http://www.rosmintrud.ru/ministry/programms/3/2.

Official website of the Government of Russia: [Electronic resource]. — Access mode: — http://government.ru/.

The purpose of the course work is to study the problems of social protection in Russia.
The object of study is the problems of social protection in Russia.
The subject is the theoretical foundations and features, the current state, the problems of social protection in Russia and the prospects for their solution.

Introduction …………………………………………………………….….. 3
1. Theoretical foundations of social protection of the population……….. 5
1.1. The concept and essence of social protection of the population………….5
1.2. Methods of social protection of the population…………………………8
2. Analysis of the practice of social protection in Russia………………..13
2.1. The system of social protection of the population of Russia………..……..13
2.2. Problems of social protection in Russia……………………....18
3. Prospects for the development of the social protection system
population in Russia ……………………………………………………..25
Conclusion ………………………………………………….………..….30
Bibliography…………………

Files: 1 file

social services – state, municipal and non-state governing bodies, structures and specialized institutions and enterprises engaged in social work.

State social services include governing bodies, institutions and social service enterprises of the system of social protection of the population, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes social assistance to the population.

Municipal social services include institutions and enterprises of social services that are under the jurisdiction of local governments.

Non-state social services include institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other organizations and individuals.

For the implementation of specialized forms of social services in Russia, the following social services operate:

• pensions, including relevant structural units in federal and regional social protection services, as well as state and non-state pension funds;
• social services;
• financial assistance; social services at home;
• specialized stationary social services;
• prosthetics, orthotics and prosthetics;
• technical means of rehabilitation;
• special transport service;
• medical and social expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled;
• medical-social, socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical services to various groups of the population;
• children's specialized medical, preschool and school institutions;
• special professional educational institutions;
• family, women and children support;
• rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior;
• on social issues of military personnel and members of their families, refugees and migrants, the unemployed, crisis centers (for persons suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, subjected to sexual and physical violence), regulating humanitarian and technical assistance to Russia and its individual regions;
• on interaction with non-governmental organizations of disabled people, veterans, families with children, etc.;
• other.

Social services function both in the system of an independent social sector - social protection of the population, subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, and in the structure of healthcare, education, culture, justice, law enforcement agencies, etc., as well as at various enterprises and organizations .

Output: The system of social protection of the population currently being created is largely based on the experience of the most developed foreign countries with market economies. However, if in Russia its main elements are created one-time, on a legislative basis and mainly on the state economic basis, then in most other countries the social protection system was the result of a fairly long development and is distinguished by many forms and economic sources. At the same time, social support systems also have common characteristics determined by the main features of the socialized economy, which makes it possible to creatively borrow the experience of other countries.

2. Analysis of the practice of social protection in Russia

2.1. The system of social protection of the population of Russia

A special place in the system of social protection of the population of Russia is occupied by people directly involved in relations regarding the social protection of the population.

Among citizens in need of social protection, there are five main groups:

- first group- able-bodied citizens of working age, including: persons dismissed from the Armed Forces; unemployed and unemployed citizens; refugees and forced migrants of working age; women on maternity leave, parental leave, as well as pregnant women;

- second group- disabled citizens of working age, including: disabled people; persons with an occupational disease;

- third group- citizens under the age of working age, including: disabled children; children from large and single-parent families; orphans, neglected children and teenagers; other categories of children in need of social protection;

- fourth group- persons older than working age, including: lonely elderly citizens; pensioners by age; invalids and participants of the Great Patriotic War; blockade; other persons older than working age;

- fifth group- other citizens in need of social assistance, including: low-income, i.e. those whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level; young families with children and family experience up to three years; other families in difficult situations.

Another participant in relations in the field of social protection are social workers, professionally engaged in social work. The most important component of social protection are the bodies of social protection of the population. Under the body of social protection of the population is understood as an education created in the prescribed manner, characterized by certain tasks, functions, structural features and relevant competence.

The following groups of bodies of social protection of the population are distinguished:

In accordance with the current legislation in Russia, there is a system of social services based on various forms of ownership, which includes:

a) State social services, which are the property of the Russian Federation or subjects of the Russian Federation and are under their jurisdiction. These services are not subject to privatization and cannot be re-profiled into other types of activities. They are also not entitled to lease or pledge the property assigned to them. Types of social protection institutions are defined as in federal laws, for example, in the Federal Law "On social services for the population of the Russian Federation", and in the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

b) Municipal organizations of social protection and social services for the population, administered by local governments and representing the municipal sector of social protection of the population. At the same time, it should be noted that the bodies of social protection of the population have been transferred to the jurisdiction of state authorities.

In this regard, for example, in January 2006, the Republic of Dagestan adopted a decree of the Government of the Republic of Dagestan dated December 30, 2005 No. No. 242 "On the creation of territorial bodies of social protection of the population and subordinate institutions of social services for the population of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Republic of Dagestan."

c) Non-state social protection and social services based on forms of ownership that are not related to the state and municipal. Non-state social services of various organizational and legal forms, as well as private individuals carrying out activities in the field of social services in accordance with the established procedure, represent the non-state sector of social protection and social services. The non-state sector also includes social service organizations formed on the basis of the property of public associations, including professional associations, religious and public organizations, whose activities are related to social services.

Social service institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, enjoy preferential taxation, and organizations and legal entities(banks, enterprises, institutions) directing property, financial and intellectual values ​​to the development of social services and providing them with support, enjoy the benefits provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the social protection system is extensive and includes the following components: social security, social insurance, social assistance, social work, social support, rehabilitation and adaptation, social benefits and guarantees, self-defense and self-help, a system of social control over the functioning of social protection.

A feature of the structure of social protection is that its elements are both social institutions and the main functions of this system.

The central element and function of the social protection system is social security as a system created and regulated by the state and bearing the main burden of social protection.

Social security is an institution that has historically developed in society, through which the vital needs of people who need support from society are met.

Since the concepts of "social assistance" and "social support" are new to Russian science and practice, special attention should be paid to them.

Social assistance is a system of social relations that develops between citizens (families) with an average per capita income below the subsistence level, and state bodies regarding the provision of cash payments, natural assistance and services to citizens (families) in excess of their earnings, scholarships, pensions, benefits and others in order to ensure a living wage and meet their basic needs.

Social support, on the other hand, includes measures to provide assistance to persons (families) who have an income not lower than the subsistence level, but who need additional support due to a difficult life situation.

The presence of stable links and interaction of the structural components of the social protection system is important for its relatively independent sustainable functioning.

Social needs, which are primarily aimed at social policy, have a unifying value. Their satisfaction must be guaranteed by society, the state to every person.

Three rows of minimum can be distinguished: physiological, the level of income of which is intended only for the physical survival of a person, the second minimum - the level of income of which ensures the survival of a person in society as a social being; the third, necessary in order to fully live. However, the minimum guarantee is an important component in the system of social protection of the population.

An important role in the system of social protection belongs to the system of social standards and regulations, the creation and practical implementation of mechanisms for the introduction of social standardization and regulation at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

Social needs are not reduced to the minimum, guaranteed by the state, the society of the individual, are not exhausted by them. They involve the development of all forms of vigorous activity of a person and social groups, including: self-defense, self-help, a person’s concern for himself, etc. For Russian society the problem of overcoming a dependent attitude to life and social status is relevant.

There are two types of social protection: limited and absolute.

Limited social protection- providing all members of society with a guaranteed minimum standard of living, that is, a certain minimum in food, housing and clothing, sufficient to maintain health and performance. This type of security should not be considered as a privilege. This is a legitimate requirement of every member of society and a natural addition to the market system.

Absolute protection- represents the provision by the state of guaranteed relative well-being to some person or category of citizens in order to insure individual members of society from what is the norm for the market - from a possible decrease in their income level.

Social security is a complex of real rights and freedoms of citizens, providing a level of security and comfort of their life guaranteed by society. The degree of social protection is determined by the level of socio-economic development of the country and the established mechanisms to ensure security.

Output: social protection of the population covers a wide range of measures for state and public support of the population, including measures related to social security, understood as the activities of the state to provide material support for citizens in old age, in case of disability, in connection with the birth and upbringing of children, medical care and treatment.

Prospects for the development of social protection of the population

O.V. Zanina,

Lecturer of the department "Taxes, taxation and financial management", Kursk State Agricultural Academy named after V.I. prof. I. I. Ivanova (305040, Russia, Kursk, K. Marksa st. 70; email: [email protected])

Annotation. The article presents the prospects for the development of social protection of the population, substantiates the need for rationalization of social guarantees. The analysis of the structure of the Russian society was carried out, on its basis the levels of social protection of the population were developed. According to the levels presented, recommendations have been developed to improve existing benefits and payments.

abstract. The paper presents the perspectives of development of social protection, the necessity of rationalization of social guarantees. The analysis of the structure of Russian society, on its basis the levels of social protection. According to the reported levels of recommendations on improvement of existing benefits and payments.

Key words: social protection of the population, social guarantees, income level of the population.

Keywords: social protection, social security, in

Over the past twenty years, in fact, there has been no revision and improvement of social guarantees, the values ​​​​established back in the 1990s. even taking into account the annual indexation, they do not take into account changes in the development of the economy. In our country, most of the existing mechanisms for social protection of the population do not belong to the concept of "welfare state". The principles enshrined at the state level are not actually implemented, which causes social tension among society. Foreign experience has shown that equality before the law and social equality have opposite meanings. In modern conditions, the main principles are the adaptation and targeting of social guarantees. That is why it is so important to help the population, which is below the poverty line and needs support from the state. And also take into account the fact that there is no need to provide for those whose incomes are ten times higher than the subsistence level. Conventionally, by providing a part of the wealthy population with an insignificant payment for them, it is more efficient to provide the population whose income is below the subsistence level, for whom this amount will serve as a real social assistance. That is why the most important direction today is not only increasing the effectiveness of the social guarantees provided, but also rationalizing their application.

Rationalization is not only a reduction in the areas of social protection, to a greater extent, it is the effective and targeted use of the elements of social protection provided for by law.

Today, in the Russian Federation, unlike European countries, there is no model of social protection of the population as such. The 1970s and 1980s marked the end of the current “Soviet model”, which the “new” model never came to replace in our country. Figure 1 shows the protection system.

In our opinion, it is necessary to develop a completely new approach to establishing minimum social guarantees based on the subsistence level. It is the subsistence

the minimum should be the basis for establishing social guarantees, since the minimum wage can be higher than the subsistence minimum, and it, in turn, must ensure a decent standard of living for an employee (citizen). Due to the fact that the minimum wage in the region can significantly exceed the PM, then, for example, it is necessary to pay benefits to the unemployed not on the basis of the minimum wage, but on the basis of the PM. This will encourage this category to look for work and at the same time, from the position of the social state, provide a minimum social guarantee.

The study showed an acceptable level of social guarantees for temporary disability benefits, as well as for unemployment benefits for citizens in the first year of job loss, therefore, we consider it acceptable to leave the indicated benefits at the same level. The state certificate for maternity capital also corresponds to an acceptable level; in addition, it is indexed annually. With regard to other types of benefits, it is proposed to make changes, the basis of which will be the subsistence minimum.

Particular attention should be paid to beneficiaries. Scientists distinguish up to six levels depending on the income received by the population. The All-Russian Center for Living Standards under the leadership of V. N. Bobkov presented a system of normative consumer budgets, focused on Russian society.

According to the data obtained, we see that in the Russian Federation and the Kursk region, the largest share among the population is occupied by groups - low-income (39.8% and 54%) and those who are below the average (36.85 and 33.1%).

Thus, the ongoing changes in improving the provision of social guarantees for the population must be carried out, firstly, on the basis of a living wage, this will restore the principles of social protection of the population, take into account the recommendations of the international labor organization,

O.V. Zanina Prospects for the development of social protection

solve the problem of annual indexation. Secondly, based on the structure of society by income levels, which will make it possible to adjust the targeting of recipients of benefits and payments.

Depending on the considered income groups of the population, it is proposed to differentiate

categorize benefits for presented beneficiaries at several levels. Based on the structure of the income level, it is proposed to distinguish three levels of social protection of the population (Table 2).

Social security system

> subsistence

> labor

> allowances

> tax

> compensation

payments

Non-state

(corporate) system of social protection of employees

Social security Social insurance

> material

help: indexing

wages.

bonuses

food, housing.

> compensation

> provision of conditions

labor: training

> in-kind help:

food, housing.

> corporate

e pension

insurance

> corporate

medical

insurance

> insurance

from the unfortunate

Social guarantees

Corporate social guarantees

Rice. 1. The system of social protection of the population and workers.

Table 1

Structure of Russian society by income level__

Population groups Income level Number, in %

Relative to the subsistence minimum (PM) per month per capita, rub. Russian Federation Kursk region

Russian Federation Kursk region

The most needy Below PM less than 7326 less than 5925 9.8 5.3

Low-income From PM to 3PM from 7326 to 21978 from 5925 to 17775 39.8 54.0

Provided below the average level From 3RM to 7RM from 21978 to 51282 from 17775 to 41475 36.8 33.1

Average income From 7RM to 11RM from 51282 to 80586 from 41475 to 65175 10.4 6.2

Highly wealthy More than 11 SM more than 80586 more than 65175 3.2 1.4

A source:

table 2

Proposed levels of social protection of the population__

No. Level name Characteristic Population groups

I Poor population Provision of all elements of social protection of the population 1. The most needy. 2. Low income

II Average income of the population Provision of all elements of social protection of the population, except for all types of benefits for pregnancy 3. Provided below the average level. 4. Average income

III High-income population Provision of elements that involve state support in case of: - job loss; - burial; - the birth of a child; - being in maternity leave(child benefit); - full-time education. 5. Highly wealthy

The practice of foreign experience shows that benefits and payments should be targeted. Targeted nature is the main direction of rationalization of the elements of social protection of the population.

In our opinion, it is necessary to single out three main levels: the poor population, the population with an average income, and the well-to-do population. Depending on the level, the set of elements to provide will vary.

Table 3

Proposed changes to minimum social guarantees_

Type of benefit Amount of benefit Differentiation of benefits by levels

actual proposed

Unemployment benefit

citizens looking for work for the first time (previously unemployed) 1 minimum wage 1 PM 1-111 levels

seeking to resume work after a long (more than 1 year) break 1 minimum wage 1 PM 1-111 levels

fired for violating labor discipline or other guilty actions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation 1 minimum wage 1 PM 1-111 levels

dismissed for any reason during the 12 months preceding the onset of unemployment, and who had less than 26 calendar weeks of paid work during this period 1 minimum wage 1 PM 1-111 levels

The minimum amount of scholarships for students (students) studying full-time in:

federal state higher educational institutions having state accreditation 1100 1 PM child 1-111 levels

federal state educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education with state accreditation 400 1 PM child 1-111 levels

Community support

Social allowance for burial 4764 2 PM 1-111 levels

It is proposed, instead of the actual size of benefits, to establish benefits at the subsistence level. It is not advisable to receive unemployment benefits in the amount of 1 minimum wage, so a person who is looking for a job must maintain a minimum level of life, which means that his income should not be less than Pm. In Russia, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that PM = minimum wage, but studies have shown that this condition is not met.

Most full-time students live on their own, therefore, to ensure them, it is advisable to set the amount of the scholarship at the level of the subsistence level of the child. During the years of the USSR, a student's scholarship allowed full support, its size was 30-50 rubles, with a worker's salary of 60-100 rubles. For today

BIT-SHABO INESSA VITALIEVNA - 2013