Small business and farming social science. Entrepreneurship material for preparing for the exam (GIA) in social studies (Grade 9) on the topic

A synopsis for students in grades 8-9 is presented. The material can be used in the final repetition, in preparation for the intermediate certification, for the OGE. A textbook for grade 8 was used, author Bogolyubov L.N., reference books of the authors Sinova I.V., Baranova P.A.

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Entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship – independent, initiative activity of people aimed at making a profit.

Profit - excess of proceeds from the sale of goods over the total cost of their manufacture and sale.

economic freedom,i.e. certain rights that guarantee the independence of decision-making on the search and choice of type, form and scope economic activity, methods of its implementation, the use of the produced product and the income received.

Business entities:

Individual - a person registered as an individual entrepreneur;

Legal entity - firms, enterprises, organizations.

Business objects:

1. Industrial activity (baking bread, sewing clothes, etc.);

2. Provision of services (hairdressing, electronics repair, dry cleaning, Passenger Transportation and etc.);

3. Trading activity(trade in food, clothing, furniture, household appliances and etc.);

4. Operations with securities (sale and purchase of shares of enterprises).

Business types : industrial, trade, financial, insurance, intermediary.

Business Forms

Entrepreneurship carried out without the involvement of hired labor is registered as an individual labor activity.

Individual entrepreneurs- entrepreneurs who independently, at their own peril and risk, carry out economic activity without establishing a business. For example, they are the owners of small shops, shoe repair shops, cafes, etc.

Entrepreneurship involving employees must be registered as an enterprise (firm).

Firm – commercial organization acquiring factors of production in order to create and sell goods and receive profit on this basis.

The purpose of the company is to make a profit and maximize it by meeting the needs of society in the necessary goods and services.

Under Russian law, firms are created on a voluntary basis, at the request of citizens, but entrepreneurial activity without registration (an official institution) is prohibited.

Situations: 1. Citizen K., owning a car, decided to use it to provide services to the population for the transportation of goods, passengers, delivery of products and other types of transport services. To register his activities, he submitted an application to the local administration and information about passport data. Having received permission to engage in entrepreneurial activities, he registered with tax office at the place of residence - entrepreneurship is registered as an individual labor activity

2. Citizen V. decided to become the owner of a company providing services related to the repair of apartments. He prepared the charter of the company, registered it with the authorized government agency- The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, opened a bank account and made a company seal, got registered with the tax office. To provide services to the population, he hired workers of various specialties (carpenter, electrician, plumber, etc.). Now you can start doing business on your own: plan work, set prices for various services, determine the amount and form of remuneration for employees, calculate costs and profits remaining after taxes, possible ways to use profits - as an individual enterprise, i.e. an independent economic subject.

For countries with a market economy, three organizational forms of entrepreneurship are characteristic: individual (private), partnership ( business partnership) and a corporation (joint stock company).

Individual enterprise- an enterprise owned and operated by one person (he is the sole owner, but has the right to hire other workers). He independently decides what, how and for whom to produce, single-handedly manages the profit and bears the full liability on the debts of the enterprise (in case of failure or ruin, it may lose not only the funds invested in the business, but also personal property - a house, a car, etc.). business people attracted by a simple and cheap way of organizing a business, relatively complete freedom of action and independence in decision-making. Due to the ease of creation and management, this is the most common form of business. However, the entrepreneur is limited in the possibilities of increasing Money.

Partnership is a voluntary association of two or more people to organize their own business and joint work. Participants combine their money, abilities and, managing the enterprise, bear collective responsibility for the results of its activities (Each contributes an amount of money (contribution, share) to authorized capital(fund) of the firm, has rights and is liable depending on this share). Such a firm has more funds and, accordingly, more opportunities to increase the size of production than an individual enterprise. It has greater flexibility due to the combination of different abilities and talents of partners.

Joint-stock company- an enterprise owned by shareholders (shareholders) who bear the risk of losses only within the value of their shares. Financial opportunities of a joint-stock company is higher than that of other forms of business. In terms of the number of participants and the size of the pooled financial resources, this is the most large enterprise. It is the most expensive and difficult to organize, but it has great opportunities to increase funds and expand the scope of activities. It was this form of entrepreneurship that made it possible to pool the funds of many people on a voluntary basis and make it possible to implement such large projects as construction railways, construction of large factories.

Stock - this is security, indicating the investment of capital in a joint-stock company and confirming the right to receive part of its profits.

DIVIDEND - part of the profit of a joint-stock company, annually distributed among shareholders in accordance with the number (amount) and type of shares they own.

Small business – an enterprise of any form of ownership, characterized by a limited number of employees and a small volume of output.

Maximum number of employees: in industry, construction and transport - 100 people; in agriculture and scientific and technical sphere - 60; in wholesale trade- fifty; in retail and consumer services for the population - 30; in the implementation of other activities - 50 people.

Small business as a small business entityis a commercial organization authorized capital which the share of participation of the state, public and religious organizations, charitable foundations should not exceed 25%.

According to Russian legislation, small enterprises can be created in all sectors of the economy, in any form of ownership and engage in all types of economic activity.Small businesses also include individual entrepreneurs.

Farming- an association of citizens who jointly own property and carry out agricultural activities.

cooperative -unification of citizens for joint production activities, based on their personal labor participation and association by its participants of property share contributions.

Workshop : 1. What type of business do the following activities belong to: transporting goods, providing a loan, purchasing a batch of computers, publishing newspapers and magazines, delivering fruit to a store, warranty repair washing machine, sale of vegetables grown on their own plot.

2. Imagine that your friend creates an enterprise and personally invests 200 thousand rubles, and his friend - 50 thousand rubles. This means that a friend owns 80% of the authorized capital, and his friend - 20%. Having successfully sold their products and paid taxes, they received a profit of 400 thousand rubles. How and in what amount will the profits be distributed among them?

3. Define the form of entrepreneurship: A) In terms of the number of participants and the size of the combined financial resources, this is the largest enterprise. It is the most expensive and difficult to organize, but it has great opportunities to increase funds and expand the scope of activities. B) Voluntary association of two or more people to organize their own business and work together. Participants pool their money, abilities and, managing the enterprise, are collectively responsible for the results of its activities. C) An enterprise owned and operated by one person (he is the only owner, but has the right to hire other workers).

4) Insert blanks:Types of business:

...-one person owns and manages the business - the owner;

... - an association of two or more owners who contribute their funds to the enterprise, jointly conduct business and share profits;

…- the owners are the owners of the shares of the enterprise, who are liable for the obligations of the JSC only to the extent of the value of their shares; shareholders have the right to part of the income of the JSC, and some - to participate in the management of the JSC;

PLAN
1. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BUSINESS
A) CONCEPT
B) FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
PRODUCTION,
COMMERCIAL,
FINANCIAL,
INTERMEDIARY,
INSURANCE
AT)
FACTORS,
INFLUENCING
ON THE
SUCCESS
ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
PRIVATIZATION,
NATIONALIZATION,
REQUISITION,
GLOBALIZATION,
MODERNIZATION,
DIVERSIFICATION,
CONVERGENCE
D) FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
RESOURCE,
GENERAL ECONOMIC,
INNOVATIVE,
SOCIAL,
ORGANIZING
E) ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS:
CLASSIFICATION:
COMMERCIAL:
ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS
(FULL, LIMITED), JOINT STOCK COMPANY
SOCIETY:
OPEN,
CLOSED),
PRODUCTION
COOPERATIVES,
STATE AND MUNICIPAL UNITARY
ENTERPRISES (ON THE RIGHT OF ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT,
ON THE RIGHT OF OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT),
NON-PROFIT: CONSUMER COOPERATIVE,
FUNDS,
PUBLIC
And
RELIGIOUS
ORGANIZATIONS
INSTITUTIONS,
ASSOCIATIONS
YL
(ASSOCIATIONS, UNIONS)
COMPARISON (PLUS AND MINUS)
2. STEP INSTRUCTION AND DOCUMENTS
TO OPEN A BUSINESS IN 2017:
COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS FOR REGISTRATION IN
FTS;
CHOICE OF THE TAX AUTHORITY WHICH
CLOSE TO THE LOCATION
RESIDENCE OF THE APPLICANT;

3. FINANCING
A) CONCEPT
B) CLASSIFICATION
SOURCES
BUSINESS FINANCING:
SELF-FINANCING:
OWN
CAPITAL,
ACCUMULATED
PURE
PROFIT(CONCEPT, CLASSIFICATION);
INVESTMENT
RESOURCES:
MARKET
CAPITAL,
BUDGET
FUNDS
(SUBSIDIES,
DONATIONS,
SUBVENTIONS)
,
INVESTMENT
THIRD
PERSONS
(FRANCHISING);
LOAN FINANCIAL RESOURCES (LEASING,
FACTORING, FORFEITING, CONSIGNMENT)
4. SUPPORT FOR SMALL BUSINESSES:
STATE:
SUBSIDIES,
EDUCATION,
PREFERENTIAL LOANS,
FREE PARTICIPATION IN EXHIBITIONS AND
FAIRS
FREE CONSULTATION
RENT OF PREMISES AND LAND
MARKET METHODS:
LEASING
FACTORING
FRANCHISING
MARKETING
3. FARMING:
A) CONCEPT
B) DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITY:
PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING;
TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE,
IMPLEMENTATION
C) BASIS of KFH:
PROPERTY COMPLEX,
LAND PLOT,
SLAVE. STRENGTH
D) KFH and LPH
E) TYPES OF KFH (livestock:
POULTRY;
BEEKEEPING;
FISH FARMING;
FARMING
PLANT PRODUCTION:
VEGETABLE;
GARDENING;
VITICULTURE;
GRAIN GROWING;
MUSHROOM
E) TYPES OF KFH:
KHUTORSKOYE,
bran,
BULK COMMODITY,
SELENCHESKOE
G) POWERS AND BENEFITS OF THE HEAD
KFH
(personal income tax,
TAX
ON THE
PROPERTY, VAT)
H) DOCUMENTS FOR REGISTRATION
KFH

"Economics: science and economy" - Exercise. Economy: science and economy. Skill. Performance. Economics is art. Why study economics. Economic science. Economy. Supermacroeconomics. GDP is used as an indicator that determines the level of income. Volume of production. Gross domestic product.

"Economics and production" - Percent. The main types of resources of the economy. Income from factors of production. Exchange. What is the economy made of. Needs. Profit. Non-reproducible resources. The main types of resources of the economy. Firms. Production. Relationships of people. Informational resources. Labor ( human resources). Citizens. What is economic science?

"Economic culture" - An important manifestation of economic culture. Determination. Consumer. What is the place and role of the economy in the life of society? The level of economic culture of the individual. Motives. They include: property relations, exchange of activities, distribution of goods and services. Personality qualities. Communication of economic culture and activity.

"Main Problems of Economics" - Introduction to Economics. Assumptions of the CPV model. Curve production possibilities. Fundamental problems of economics. Quantity. Need. Economic science. Good. The subject is the relations that arise in the production process. KPV model. An increase in opportunity costs. Opportunity cost estimation.

"Principles of Economics" - The economic process. The production possibilities frontier. Production. Relative limited resources. Economics is a science that studies ways to meet needs. Limited resources. Friedrich von Wieser. Alternative cost. Economic problem. factors of production. Principles of Economics.

"Relations in the economy" - Let's see what is created by people. Capital market: Securities, currency act as a commodity. distribution relationships. The economic laws of supply and demand operate in the market mechanism. If there are few specialists in the required profession, then the salary increases several times.

There are 25 presentations in total in the topic

Entrepreneurship- initiative activity of citizens and organizations within the framework of the law, based on independence, responsibility and risk and aimed at systematic profit.

Business entities– individuals, various associations ( joint-stock companies, rental collectives, cooperatives, the state).

Business objects– any types of economic activity, commercial mediation, trade and procurement, innovative activity and etc.

Firm- a commercial organization that acquires factors of production in order to create and sell goods and receive profit on this basis.

Firm types:

Individual private enterprise;

Partnership;

Joint-stock company.

Small business- an enterprise of any form of ownership, characterized by a limited number of employees and an insignificant volume of output (service sector, agriculture, etc.).

Farming- view entrepreneurial activity directly related to agriculture.

Profit- the excess of income from the sale of goods and services over the costs of their production and sale.

Costs- the cost of production and sale of products.

Costs:

Permanent;

variables;

Accounting;

Economic.

Money

Money is a special commodity that acts as a universal equivalent in the exchange of goods.

Types of money:

1) Commodity. Gold and silver in bars and coins, as well as any goods in barter transactions.

2) Symbolic. Coins from inexpensive metals, paper money.

3) Credit. Checks and credit cards.

Electronic money.

Money functions:

The measure of value;

means of circulation;

Instrument of payment;

means of accumulation;

World money.

Inflation- depreciation of money, manifested in the form of an increase in prices for goods and services, not due to an increase in their quality.

Causes of inflation:

1) Growth in government spending; 2) expansion of the money supply through mass lending; 3) reduction in the real volume of national production.

Types of inflation:

Moderate (price growth of at least 10% per year);

Galloping (annual price increase from 10 to 50%);

Hyperinflation (annual price increase of 100% or more).

Wages and work incentives

Wage- this is the amount of monetary remuneration that the employer pays to the employee for the performance of a certain amount of work or the performance of his official duties within a certain time.

Forms of wages:

1) Time-based. The wage rate is set for a certain unit of working time: hour, day, week or month.

2) Piecework. The wage rate is set for a certain amount of work.

Also distinguish the following types salary:

1) Rated. Her employee receives in the form of a certain amount of money.

2) Real. This is the amount of goods and services that a worker can buy with a nominal wages after paying taxes and other deductions.

Stimulation of labor:

1) Material and monetary (premium);

2) Social (valuable gift);

3) Moral (encouragement, reward).

Income inequality and economic measures social support

income inequality- difference in size financial resources received by citizens at their disposal from various sources.

Living wage- the cost of the minimum funds necessary to maintain human life.

Consumer basket- a list of necessary food and non-food items and services.

Redistribution of income- withdrawal of part of income from some persons for the purpose of their transfer to other persons or voluntary transfer of income by some persons to others who need them more.

Economic measures of social support in Russia:

1) social payments;

2) social service;

3) ensuring equal opportunities;

4) increase in employment, etc.

Learn more about economic measures of social support in Russia in additional materials.

Pension– regular cash allowance (for old age, for disability, in case of loss of a breadwinner).

Information about state benefits and their types in additional materials.

You already know that a market economic system is distinguished by free enterprise - an independent, initiative activity of people aimed at making a profit. Entrepreneurial activity is carried out by citizens who have reached age 18, at your own risk and property liability. Constant changes in the market situation, price fluctuations, competition inevitably give rise to risk and the threat of loss.

The focus of economic activity on making a profit makes it very attractive to the widest segments of the population. This allows you to highlight several significant functions for society entrepreneurial activity.

Firstly, Entrepreneurship contributes to attracting large amounts of money to various sectors of the national economy, which contributes to the development of the national economy as a whole.

Secondly, the emergence of a wide network of small and medium-sized enterprises contributes to the creation of numerous jobs.

Thirdly, active participants in entrepreneurial activity are the largest and main taxpayers (taxes are the main source of government revenue).

The goals of the company and its main organizational and legal forms.

Entrepreneurs operate in various organizational forms, but the main one is the firm (enterprise). It is here that work is carried out, goods are created, services are provided to the population. A firm is a commercial organization that acquires factors of production in order to create and sell goods and receive profit on this basis.

Under Russian law, firms are created on a voluntary basis, at the request of citizens, but entrepreneurial activity without registration (an official institution) is prohibited. Entrepreneurship carried out without the involvement of hired labor is registered as individual labor activity. Entrepreneurship involving employees must be registered as an enterprise (firm).

Purpose of the firm - profit and its maximization through meeting the needs of society in the necessary goods and services.

Entrepreneurial activities can be carried out alone or jointly with other people. The difference between the forms of commercial organizations lies in the possible circle of participants, their rights and obligations.

Individual private (sole) enterprise A: All funds are owned by one owner. He independently decides what, how and for whom to produce, solely manages the profit and bears full financial responsibility for the debts of the enterprise.

Partnership- association of two or more persons for the organization and joint conduct of business. Each participant contributes an amount of money (contribution, share) to the authorized capital (fund) of the company, has rights and bears responsibility depending on this share. Such a firm has more funds and, accordingly, more opportunities to increase the size of production than an individual enterprise.

Joint-stock company - economic organization created by pooling cash through the sale of shares. Recall that stock- this is a security that testifies to the investment of capital in a joint-stock company and confirms the right to receive part of its profits. The co-owners of this organization are the shareholders (shareholders), who bear the risk of losses due to the activities of the company only within the value of the shares they own. In the event of the ruin of this company, its co-owners may lose only the amount spent on the purchase of shares. The financial capacity of a joint stock company is higher than that of other forms of business.

Small business.

Small business - an enterprise of any form of ownership, characterized by a limited number of employees and a small amount of output. The maximum number of employees at such enterprises: in industry, construction and transport - 100 people; in agriculture and the scientific and technical sphere - 60; in wholesale trade - 50; in retail trade and consumer services - 30; in the implementation of other activities - 50 people. A small enterprise as a small business entity is a commercial organization, in the authorized capital of which the share of participation of the state, public and religious organizations, charitable foundations should not exceed 25%. Small businesses also include individual entrepreneurs.

This form of organization does not require large financial investments, is not afraid of risk and quickly responds to changes in market demand (for example, it quickly masters the release of new types of products, introduces technical innovations), has low costs for the management apparatus, and the possibility of a quick return on investment. And most importantly, it has independence in carrying out its economic activities, disposes of its products and profits, independently determines the forms and amounts of wages, enters into associations with other enterprises, can issue shares, etc.