Electronic government. National identification system

Structure of e-government

E-government is a communication environment where power structures and civil society interact. It reflects the objective processes of political management of modern society in various areas.

The following modules are distinguished in the structure of e-government:

· interaction government agencies with citizens (G2C);

Interaction of state bodies with private business (G2B);

Interaction of government agencies with public organizations and local governments (G2G);

interaction of state bodies with partners and providers of necessary services (G2B);

interaction between state bodies (between legislative, executive and judicial authorities; between ministries and departments of the central government; between central and local authorities; between individual civil servants (politicians) (G2G);

Interaction of state bodies of a certain country with foreign entities (foreign citizens, businesses, governments of other countries and international organizations) (G2G).

In the very general view e-government structure can be represented in Figure 1:

Figure 1. e-government modules.

So, the first component is the Government-to-Government module - the interaction between various branches of government. In general, the functions of the “government to government” service can be described as reducing the cost of government work, speeding up the passage of documents through its structures, increasing the ability to control the activities of individual bodies and employees, increasing competition between employees and improving their qualifications, and most importantly, preventing corruption.

E-government transforms not only the relations between citizens and power structures, but also relations within the government - between its individual branches, levels, divisions. Moreover, not only the network infrastructure of the executive branch is subject to change, but in general the entire infrastructure of state power and administration. That is, from this point of view, it would be more accurate to call e-government an electronic state, an electronic state apparatus, an electronic infrastructure of a state, a state of the Information Society.

The electronicization of government activity in the field of communication between departments and agencies, between central and local governments, between individual politicians provides a number of benefits, such as increasing the reliability of data and the efficiency of their application, reducing the cost of transactions, improving the use of knowledge bases and improving the state structure.

Speaking about e-government and, in particular, about the introduction of the G2G module, it should be understood that, first of all, we are talking about the informatization of all management processes in public authorities at all levels, on the informatization of interdepartmental relations, on the creation of computer systems capable of supporting all the functions of interaction between these bodies with the population and business structures. It is impossible to talk about the fact that an intragovernmental transaction is implemented in an electronic, paperless mode, if the corresponding process is not automated in the departments or not. electronic document management. Separate operations, say, sending by e-mail a document that is printed again by the addressee for submission to another official for signature, in no way characterize the government as electronic. For example, the "Elektronische Akt" (ELAK) project is one of the central elements of the "electronic government" program in Austria throughout the federal administration and is used in 12 federal ministries.

When implementing e-government in this module, there is a shift in emphasis from vertical to horizontal links within the government, between its various departments and branches of government. By creating an intragovernmental information network and transferring to it the main and specific databases with which different parts of the government structure work, the forced duplication of functions and information, the parallel exercise of control and supervision over the work of individual bodies and the performance of individual works are eliminated.

Open, publicly accessible information resources for each member of the intragovernmental network make it possible to avoid situations where, at a certain stage in the passage of information through the levels of the government hierarchy, it is deliberately distorted, some facts are concealed and others are falsified. The possibility of such falsification today is often the reason for the spread of corruption - due to the desire of some officials to hide certain facts or to achieve a favorable decision for them.

Another immediate consequence of the introduction of the G2G service is the complete transition to electronic document management of all government structures, which provides significant savings. Supplies and the time of junior staff still spent on transmission, reproduction, retrieval and distribution of documents.

The second module of e-government is the Government-to-Business (G2B) relationship, which describes the relationship between the state and the private economy based on the use of modern information and communication technologies. The state has a large number of various connections not only with individual citizens, but also with legal entities representing the economy, entrepreneurship and business. Usage electronic means and technology facilitates the design and implementation of a variety of business processes. Examples of such relationships may be the holding of open tenders or tenders via the Internet or electronic filing applications for various changes.

At the G2B/B2G level, the introduction of e-government makes it possible to reduce the costs of government agencies through the optimal use of outsourcing technologies and create a more transparent public procurement system (eProcurement) .

The unified system of electronic public procurement involves the creation of a portal where government agencies must announce tenders and the conditions for their conduct, which has already been successfully implemented in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This will solve the problem of free competition in public procurement and avoid market distortion resulting from preference for certain producers.

For business organizations that spend an unacceptable amount of time reporting to regulatory government agencies, e-government will allow the following operations to be transferred online: payments to social insurance funds for employees; payment of VAT (declaration, notification of the results of verification of declarations); registration of new companies; providing information to statistical authorities; submission of customs declarations, etc.

The third module is Government-to-Citizen, interaction between the state and citizens. The functioning of G2B and G2C services means, first of all, the creation of appropriate network resources, on the basis of which the services themselves are already being built.

Now bringing information to citizens is mainly carried out through the media and is irregular. People do not have the opportunity to get acquainted with the necessary documents as needed. The e-government system provides citizens with the following opportunities:

Reducing the time to apply for services and the time for the provision of services by government agencies. Citizens will be able to access government websites and fill out forms, make an appointment, purchase licenses and permits, file tax returns and applications for social benefits (apply for unemployment benefits, child benefits, etc.), search for work through services employment, draw up personal documents (passport, driver's license), register vehicles, certificates (birth, marriage), apply for admission to higher educational institutions, inform about a change of residence, etc. Thus, in the Republic of Belarus, the service of electronic tax declaration is already available using the website of the certification center of the Republican unitary enterprise"Information and publishing center for taxes and fees".

Delivering services through better collaboration across government agencies. Citizens will not need to carry certificates from one department to another - an online application will be enough, in which all further exchange of documents and information will take place within the electronic government within a fixed time frame.

The public will be better informed about government laws, regulations, policies and services. Access to a variety of information will be simplified: bills, materials of hearings in committees and documents on the budget. It will be possible to monitor the actions of their elected representatives, create groups of influence and express their opinions in real time. The vast majority of sites offer departmental phone numbers (70%) and postal addresses (67%). Nearly 71% of government websites worldwide offer various publications of documents to citizens, and 41% provide databases. Almost 42% have links to external non-governmental sites where a citizen can apply for additional information.

E-government implements the concept of transparent government, or the so-called e-democracy (e-democracy). The increase in the degree of transparency of the work of state bodies should improve public control over the work of the government and reduce the level of corruption. Citizens will be able to influence the adoption more effectively management decisions in the state. Government projects will be based more on priorities set by citizens rather than solely by the government.

People living abroad will be able to participate in the affairs of their fatherland. The introduction of e-government will contribute to the development of existing online citizens' forums (online citizens "forums) and the practice of electronic petitions (e-petitions). The Internet will be more widely used for organizing elections (online voter registration, publication of results, use of the Internet to simplify the voting process). Online Elections will allow people to vote virtually anywhere, using the device of their choice, a service provided by the Irish government's website.

Thus, the G2B and G2C services are aimed at a wide audience, at representatives of all social groups that in one way or another are in the sphere of influence of these services. The professional elite of the information technology industry only coordinates and corrects the process of forming the information society and implementing the e-government project. All social groups are gradually becoming users of e-government services, since the goal of creating e-government is to optimize social, political and economic processes associated with power.

Based on the considered aspects, we can say that the organic interaction of the government, business and citizens within the framework of the e-government creation project makes it possible to accelerate the development of the economy, reduce the costs of bureaucratic procedures, increase the efficiency and productivity of government departments, expand the population's opportunities in the formation of civil society through improving access to various kinds of information, creating a more transparent work of public services, weakening bureaucratic barriers.

The development of modern information technologies (the introduction of electronic document management, the creation of portals) led to the setting of the task of improving the quality of the provision of public services to public authorities through the introduction of these technologies into the practice of their own activities.

Today there are many different definitions of the term "e-government". In short, e-government can be described as the automation of the process of providing public services. Gartner Group under e-government understands the continuous optimization of the process of service delivery, political participation of citizens and governance by changing internal and external relations with the help of technical means, the Internet and modern media.

Electronic government (e-Government) is a system of interactive interaction between the state and citizens using the Internet, a new model of public administration that transforms the traditional relationship between citizens and power structures.

Government equipped with an electronic interface (online government, government on-line, GOL) should be distinguished from e-government. It is clear that e-government is always connected with citizens through an online interface. But not always online government is e-government. The latter requires a deeper restructuring of traditional forms of activity.

Electronic government is a way of providing information and providing an already formed set of public services to citizens, businesses, other branches of government and government officials, in which personal interaction between the state and the applicant is minimized and information technologies are used as much as possible.

This whole system public administration, based on the automation of the entire set of administrative processes throughout the country and serving the purpose of significantly increasing the efficiency of public administration and reducing the costs of social communications for each member of society. The creation of e-government involves the construction of a nationwide distributed public administration system that implements the solution of a full range of tasks related to the management of documents and their processing processes.

There are four distinct areas of relationship in the e-government model:

• between public services and citizens (G2C - government-to-citizen),
• the state and private companies (G2B - government-to-business),
• government organizations and their employees (G2E - government-to-employee)
• between different government bodies and levels of government (G2G-government-to-government).

E-government has the following main objectives:

• optimization of the provision of government services to the population and business;
• increasing the degree of participation of all voters in the processes of leadership and governance of the country;
• reduction of labor costs and time for processing and preparing documents, making management decisions;
• increasing the level of performance discipline and simplifying the mechanism for its control
• ensuring efficiency (observance of the terms established by the legislation) of rendering services to the population;
• acceleration of interaction with subordinate organizations, other authorities,
• ensuring openness and accessibility of information about the activities of state authorities and local self-government, as well as the services they provide;

reducing the costs of government bodies to ensure interaction between themselves and with the population. divisions located in other cities or remote offices;

The creation of e-government provides not only more efficient and less costly administration, but also a fundamental change in the relationship between society and government. Ultimately, this is a factor in improving democracy and increasing the responsibility of government to citizens.

We can distinguish the following principles of the organization of "electronic government"

• Citizen orientation. Citizens (taxpayers) should determine the policy and direction of the project.
• Convenience and ease of use. All electronic applications used in the `digital government` are intended to facilitate the use of the system for citizens, increasing the speed of servicing requests and reducing waiting times.
• Business transformation. Everything software, architecture and infrastructure, and e-government policies aim to give the government system the efficiency of a business model, with its associated value chain.
• Cost and complexity. They should be kept to a minimum so that work with the system does not cause difficulties for either private or corporate users.
• Service. The efficiency of e-government should be manifested in its ability to quickly and cost-effectively serve the largest number of citizens, while providing the highest quality of service.
• Conformity. Electronic applications must fully comply with the overall architecture of security systems, identification, electronic payments, as well as the overall design of the user interface of the system.
• The scale of decisions. Applications must ensure the interaction between the various structures and bodies that make up the system, and full mutual compatibility.
• Execution. Applications should be consistent with the goal of improving transactions by reducing the duration and complexity of service and effort.
• Reporting. Applications should increase data accuracy and the ability to archive and audit transactions.
• Implementation speed. The term for finalizing and implementing applications should be from three to nine months.
• Ready for action. Governments must be willing to join the system and tailor their work to it. While accepting certain risks, these bodies should be guided by sound examples and common sense, confident in the success and usefulness of the project.

Sufficient experience (both positive and negative) has already been accumulated in international practice in the development and implementation of stages and projects for creating the e-government architecture. Today there is no single template that could meet all the conditions and solutions to the problem of e-government formation. Each country has its own unique combination of circumstances, priorities and available resources that can be used to accomplish this task.

Analyzing the experience of building electronic governments in different regions and countries of the world, it is customary to single out three main architectural models that have received practical implementation in America, Europe and Asia. Conventionally, they can be called as follows: the American model, which reflects the specifics of its formation in the United States; European, within the framework of which the development of electronic state structures is carried out in most countries of Western, Central and Eastern Europe. And finally the Asian the model most successful in Singapore and South Korea.

The American model of e-government is developed in the USA and Canada. The program of its creation in the United States primarily aims to simplify and reduce the cost of interaction between citizens and business representatives with government agencies, as well as to make it possible for them to communicate directly with citizens. The American government is gradually becoming the largest consumer of information technology and software in the country. Its expenses on high-tech solutions are estimated at 40-50 billion dollars a year.

In Canada, where there are problems in the provision of services similar to those in Russia and due to the geographical situation - long distances, extreme climatic conditions, the specifics of the northern peoples, low population density in most of the country and cultural diversity, as well as the structure of power (in In the structure of the government of Canada, there is a separation of powers, not a hierarchy of power), the one-stop-shop system at the federal level has been implemented for about a decade. Back in the 1990s, a service-oriented government was announced in Canada. In September 2005, Services Canada was launched as a one-stop-shop for providing multi-channel access to a variety of customer-centric services. By choosing one of the service delivery options, whether by phone, in person or via the Internet, a citizen has universal access to government programs and services. The program is managed by the Minister of Human Resources and Social Development.

Currently, Services Canada has 320 public service locations, the project also has a Services Canada College and a high quality service certification program. In order to achieve vertical integration in the provinces of Canada, similar service delivery agencies exist and cooperate with Services Canada.

The European model is characterized by the presence of supranational institutions - the European Parliament, the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, whose recommendations are binding on all EU countries. Therefore, the European model is focused primarily on leveling the playing field and coordinating the activities of "e-government" for all countries of the European Union.

The Asian model relies on a specific management style, the Asian type corporate culture and a multi-layer system of public administration, organized according to the principle of a hierarchical pyramid. The government of South Korea, when forming the model of "electronic democracy", made the main emphasis on meeting the information needs of the population and the introduction of information and communication technologies in the system of culture and education.

IN Lately government sites on the Internet are becoming more and more popular, the active development of the Web is forcing the authorities of most countries to develop the electronic component of their activities.

A Taylor Nelson Sofres study of more than 28,000 people in 31 countries (Australia, Canada, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Turkey and a number of European countries) showed that the number of citizens using the worldwide web to access government services, increased significantly over last years, in general, 30% of the population accesses the websites of various government agencies.

According to the study, people primarily turn to government resources for information. At the same time, the percentage of the population that uses them to conclude transactions and receive personalized services has recently increased.

The most popular e-government sites are in Sweden - 57% of the population consider them very useful, as well as in Norway (56%), Singapore and Denmark (53%), England and Japan in this respect have the lowest rates (13%).

Back in March 2001, Japan approved a comprehensive program for the development and implementation in the country of promising information and telecommunication technologies "Electronic Japan" (e-Japan), designed for 2001-2005. Its main goal is to create conditions on the territory of the country for the introduction of information technologies, the creation of infrastructure for high-speed data transmission networks, the development e-commerce. All this was supposed to give an impetus to the economy of the country, which has recently been in a state of stagnation.

In mid-2005, the World Bank held a video seminar where the experience of building e-governments in the United States and Canada was presented in concentrated form, and its significance for developing countries (Brazil, Guatemala, Macedonia, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Uganda, etc.) ) . Most of the World Bank's client countries now look to the American and Canadian experience as a source of best practices and training materials for designing and implementing their own national e-government strategies, developing system management frameworks, and creating a unified architecture. Studying the experience of implementing projects in advanced countries is necessary in connection with the desire to avoid common mistakes and maximize the rate of return on investment. At the same time, there are many factors that should be considered and taken into account in specific implementations: the size of the country's population; cultural, socio-economic and political characteristics; prevalence of Internet access in society; sources and readiness to finance projects, etc. All these issues were studied by the executors and participants of the FTP " Electronic Russia”, when developing their own view on the possibility of using foreign experience in our conditions.

Thus, the program for the creation of e-government in many countries of the world suggests that it is necessary to develop information technology as a factor in ensuring effective government and providing the population with quality social services.

Work on the creation of electronic governments in various states is carried out under the slogan of greater openness and accountability of governments to citizens. The electronization of, say, the payment of taxes by citizens is only a technological and completely secondary task in this movement. Accountability, in turn, is not limited to providing some information that citizens need, but is ensured by an open specification of sets of performance indicators for specific state bodies and the creation of means for monitoring these indicators accessible to the population. Building such a system will allow citizens to independently judge the effectiveness of government agencies, and not rely only on the statements of their leaders or superiors and on media reports.

In Russia, for the implementation of the project on the implementation of e-government, a federal target program"Electronic Russia (2002 - 2010)". In 2006, the Government of the Russian Federation approved a new version of the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)" prepared by the Ministry of Information and Communications of the Russian Federation, in which one of the areas for implementing the program activities is "ensuring the effectiveness of interaction between public authorities and the population and business entities based on ICT" , and the Concept for the formation of e-government in the Russian Federation until 2010, adopted a year later, already defines one of the goals of the formation of e-government as improving the quality and accessibility of public services provided to citizens and organizations, simplifying the procedure and reducing the time for their provision, reducing administrative costs on the part of citizens and organizations associated with their receipt, the introduction of uniform standards for servicing citizens. The concept of "electronic government" in the Concept is defined as " new form organizing the activities of public authorities, which, through the widespread use of information and communication technologies, provides a qualitatively new level of efficiency and convenience for citizens and organizations to receive public services and information on the results of the activities of state bodies.

According to the Concept, e-government was to be created in two stages:

1) 2008 - development and approval of the necessary documents,

2) 2009-2010 - practical implementation.

On September 10, 2009, Decree No. 721 “On Amendments to the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia (2002-2010)” was issued.

The new version of the Program practically reflects the activities, goals, performance indicators aimed at building the infrastructure of the e-government of Russia and the implementation of the Concept for the formation of e-government in the Russian Federation until 2010.

According to the provisions of the Program, the construction of the e-government infrastructure will be built on a unified technological platform by combining its functional elements on a single telecommunications infrastructure - information systems of federal executive authorities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, as well as elements of public access infrastructure - access centers in public receptions, libraries and Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post, departmental and regional centers telephone service, websites of state bodies on the Internet, regional multifunctional centers for the provision of services.

Fulfilling the order of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation assessed the possibility of extending the Program for 2011-2012 and proposed that it be considered inappropriate.

For the programmatic implementation of information policy in public authorities for the needs of the society of the Russian Federation, the development of e-government infrastructure, solving the problems of departmental and regional informatization, the widespread penetration of information and communication technologies into the lives of citizens and organizations, and ultimately the modernization of the economy and social relations in the Russian Federation will be developed new program- long-term target program "Information Society (2011-2018)".

It is assumed that the main directions of the program will be the development of state automated information systems, the implementation of departmental programs for the development of the information society, the information development of the regions, and the development of the national information infrastructure. One of the main points of the program is the creation in Russia of "electronic government" at the federal and regional levels.

However, some experts are very skeptical about all the above programs. Their main argument is that the amounts invested by the state for their implementation are huge, if the federal target program "Electronic Russia" cost less than 100 billion, then the long-term target program "Information Society (2011-2018)" is planned to spend 375 billion. rubles. There are also expenses from the budgets of federal and regional executive authorities at various levels. Within the framework of these programs and budgets, state organizations create numerous websites, information systems, Internet portals, etc. Many organizations already have ten "Internet Assets", various Information systems and internal corporate portals on their balance sheets. Huge expenses go not only for their creation and launch, but also for their maintenance and operation.

Many of the resources described above have already died, some are abandoned and not supported, and most exist only for show and reporting to higher and regulatory authorities. But money from the budget is still allocated and used for them, regardless of their current state, and in absolute terms, these amounts, as a rule, are much larger than commercial organizations spend on such work.

According to experts who criticize e-government implementation programs, the very idea of ​​creating their own state social networks and various Information Internet portals for budgetary money at any level of government is erroneous and vicious. There are especially many of them on such topics as medicine, education, culture, sports, and youth policy. Moreover, these are not only projects financed from the federal budget, but also regional ones /E.Lerner/

So it will be much better for the state and society if the state reserves the very minimum on the Internet - official sites. Public organizations of any level do not need to create their own public social networks and portals, they can perfectly cooperate and use the most successful ones that already exist.

The public services portal http://www.gosuslugi.ru/ is a "one window" system of the all-Russian state information center that allows citizens and commercial enterprises to communicate with various government organizations providing this or that information and services using electronic digital signature technologies . This is an innovative project that offers a single infrastructure for the standardization and integration of the provision electronic services and basic management processes within individual government organizations and, therefore, for the transition to interdepartmental electronic interaction and the possibility of providing legally significant remote services to citizens.

A brief excursion into the history of its development: in Russia in 2006, work on the provision of public services in electronic form at the federal level was actually a failure. In 2007, on the contrary, large-scale work was carried out to create a trusted public services portal. However, due to the imperfection legislative framework and the need to carry out a wide range of work by the forces of state authorities, it was not possible to provide public services in electronic form. Thus, as of the first quarter of 2008, more than 75% of the Internet resources of the federal executive authorities did not advance in improving the quality of providing information on public services beyond the first, informational, minimum stage. Other departments were at all in this issue in a state close to zero. But, finally, on December 15, 2009, the trusted portal of public services - www.gosuslugi.ru, designed to provide citizens and organizations with public services in electronic form through a single website on the Internet, was launched

The portal "Public Services" (Gosuslugi.ru) is a reference and information portal. Thanks to this portal, any person or organization can obtain information about public services, the procedure for their presentation and registration, forms of appeal. All information about public services posted on the website of public services by regional and federal bodies of the Russian Federation. Also, the State Services website provides an opportunity to receive these same services.

For a more convenient search for answers to the questions you are looking for, the site is divided into public services provided to individuals and public services provided by legal entities. For a more convenient search, you can make a selection by categories, departments and emerging life situations. The “government services” website also contains pages with all the latest publications and an interesting section dedicated to professional answers to all kinds of questions. In addition to all of the above, on the website of "public services" there is a section with the most frequently needed services.

On the public services website, all services are structured and divided into categories, by departments and by life situations. Therefore, finding the service you need should not be so difficult. The site has the following sections:

Information on the site is grouped into the following categories:

For individuals:

• Citizenship, registration, visas
• Family
• Social Security
• Land and property relations
• Taxes and fees
• Law enforcement
• Labor and employment
• Nature management and ecology
• Agriculture and Veterinary
• Culture, art
• Education and science
• Department of Housing and Utilities
• Entrepreneurial activity
• healthcare
• Insurance
• Information technology and communications
• Transport and road economy
• Customs
• Economics, finance, statistics
• Energy

For legal entities

In addition to all those listed for individuals, the section contains additional subsections:

• Non-Profit Organizations
• Production, construction and trade

It is also possible to group data by departments providing a particular service, as well as by life situations. The site contains current news and a reference section "Questions and Answers". In addition to the areas of service providers mentioned above, the state services.ru website contains a lot of information related to finance, production, housing and communal services and agriculture, culture and the ecosystem.

On the first stage the portal performs information and reference functions: it contains descriptions of public services, the procedure for their provision, lists of documents required to obtain them, forms and samples of applications, receipts, contacts of relevant state bodies. Now the portal has such a set of information about more than 100 federal and 250 regional public services. Information on the portal is posted and updated by the departments themselves that provide certain services.

Some types of public services available now:

• state technical inspection of vehicles (record);
• acceptance of applications from citizens on the establishment of labor and state pensions;
• acceptance of applications for voluntary entry into the pension co-financing program;
• informing insured persons about the state of their pension account;
• registration, issuance, replacement of passports of a citizen of the Russian Federation;
• issuing invitations to enter the Russian Federation, as well as making decisions on issuing visas;
• licensing activities for the manufacture of prosthetic and orthopedic products on the orders of citizens, as well as providing information about such organizations;
• licensing medical activities, as well as providing information about these organizations
• providing information on the provision of high-tech free medical care
• acceptance of a tax return on personal income tax;
• organization of issuance foreign citizens temporary residence permits in the Russian Federation and residence permits in the Russian Federation;
• registration at the place of stay and at the place of residence.

Starting from 2011, for most public services on this portal it will be possible to fill out all the necessary forms, then print desired document. From 2012 it will be possible to submit documents electronically.

At the next stages, it will be possible to submit documents to government agencies through the portal in electronic form without a personal appearance. In the future, an electronic document, after it is sent, goes to a certain official for consideration, and the user on the same site can track the status of the document.

The concept of e-government is also based on the idea of ​​forming an electronic document flow, both intradepartmental and interdepartmental. The main significant points from the point of view of documentary support of management for the organization of intradepartmental workflow are the following:

• the probability of losing documents with paperless workflow is reduced to a minimum, in contrast to working with paper documents;
• it takes only a few minutes to search for the required document - attributive search tools provide a quick search for an electronic document even by incomplete details, and when a barcoding system is introduced, an instant search by barcode is possible;
• coordination of documents and decision-making on documents takes from several hours to 2-3 days, even if one approver is in Kaliningrad, and the second in Vladivostok;
• participants in the approval process have access to reviews of other approvers, as well as to versions of the document;
• time and resources are saved to ensure the interaction of employees within the organization by automating memos, applications, internal rules for the movement of documents, assigning instructions and generating reports on executive discipline, quick and controlled familiarization of employees with new documents, simplifying document management;
• work with citizens' appeals is carried out promptly and accurately in compliance with the deadlines - they are also entered into the system, which sends them according to the regulations laid down in it and controls the timing of the preparation of response decisions;
• documents can even be signed electronically when using an electronic digital signature in an organization;
• managers of various levels have a holistic picture of ongoing processes;
• the costs of ensuring interaction between different authorities are reduced, the administration of this process is simplified;
• there are tools for tracking the timing of the provision by other authorities of the data and documents necessary for decision-making and the provision of public services;
• documents can even be signed electronically when using an electronic digital signature in organizations - the transfer of documents signed with an electronic digital signature can be considered sufficient and does not require duplication of paper documents;
• searching for documents, regardless of the organization that prepared them, takes several minutes, if the interdepartmental document flow of two or more organizations is implemented in a single information space - all organizations actually work in a single system.

Access to documents is facilitated, a real possibility of their reuse is created. The prerequisites for the transformation of information into knowledge have been created.

All documents are collected in a single document repository - for an organization that has many departments throughout Russia (or the entire region), it is enough to create a single archive of documents. It is much easier to organize access control to documents when working with electronic documents and their archival storage - access rights are determined by the role of a specialist in BOSS-Referent EDMS systems. Several specialists can work with an electronic document from the archive at the same time, while only one employee can use a paper document. The cost of storing documents is reduced, since the electronic archive of documents occupies a much smaller area and requires less maintenance costs.

The creation of e-government is a powerful tool for the system of information and intellectual support and decision-making, which makes it possible to put into practice the knowledge management system in public authorities.

Theoretical foundations of the organization of e-government.

Experience of foreign countries in the creation of e-government

Practical aspects of organizing e-government in Ukraine

Today there are many different definitions of this term. As briefly as possible, "electronic government" can be described as "automation of the process of providing public services." The Gartner Group defines "e-government" as the continuous improvement of service delivery, citizen political participation, and governance by changing internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet, and modern media.

The e-government model identifies four clearly defined areas of relationships: between government services and citizens (G2C - government-to-citizen), the state and private companies (G2B - government-to-business), government organizations and their employees (G2E - government-to-employee) and, finally, between various government bodies and levels of government (G2G - government-to-government).

In this article, we will consider the role of "electronic government" mainly in the field of relations between public services and citizens, which, according to many experts, the introduction of the ES model will have the most beneficial effect.

According to American and European experts, the primary task of the state is to provide certain services to the population with the money of taxpayers. Consequently, the population has the right to demand high-quality and fast execution of these services from the state, which is directly provided by the G2C sphere and indirectly by G2E, since the quality and speed of the provision of services also depend on the efficiency of the intradepartmental work of state institutions.

The history of the creation of e-governments goes hand in hand with the development of information technology. According to experts, the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) in public administration will accelerate the development of the economy, reduce the cost of bureaucratic procedures, increase the efficiency and productivity of government departments, expand the population's ability to form a civil society by improving access to various kinds of information , creating a more transparent work of public services, weakening bureaucratic barriers.

"Electronic government" means the use of information technologies, in particular the Internet, as the most accessible means of electronic interaction in order to convey government information and inform state structures and government bodies. Thus, EP has the following main goals:

Optimization of the provision of government services to the population and business; increasing the degree of participation of all voters in the processes of leadership and governance of the country;

Support and expansion of self-service opportunities for citizens;

Growth of technological awareness and skills of citizens;

Reducing the impact of the geographic location factor.

Thus, the creation of ES should provide not only more efficient and less costly administration, but also a fundamental change in the relationship between society and the government. Ultimately, this will lead to an improvement in democracy and an increase in the responsibility of the authorities to the people.

Fundamental principles of ES organization

To achieve the maximum level of benefits, citizens need to realize the fundamental principle that government should be available to everyone, anywhere, at any time. "Electronic government" should provide citizens with interaction with the state and access to public services 24 hours a day, seven days a week, regardless of geographic location and season.

At present, the dissemination of information to citizens is, as a rule, passive and irregular, and is mainly limited to its dissemination through the media. People learn about new laws and government orders from newspapers, on TV, etc., but they do not have the opportunity to get acquainted with these documents when they really need it.

Turning, for example, to the passport office or BTI, you first of all face the problem of finding information on the provision of services (forms, the procedure for the provision of services, etc.). Far from always this information can be found on the bulletin board, and citizens have to seek advice from employees who are far from always disposed to communicate with customers. Following the satisfaction of "information hunger", you are faced with the problem of low availability of services, expressed in the form of one or more long lines in which you need to stand. And finally, the third problem is the payment for public services, which makes you defend another queue, now at Sberbank.

Due to the unavailability of information and the lack of interest of employees of a state institution in the provision of services, a citizen may not know at all that, according to the law, he is entitled to, for example, some benefits or compensation. People are not aware of their rights and therefore often become victims of dishonesty of officials and guardians of law and order.

To solve such problems, the list and description of all public institution services, legal and regulatory information must be available to everyone at any time. As part of the formation of an electronic community in the country, such information should be standardized and published, for example, on the same Internet sites, a self-service system for citizens.

However, ES does not begin with the functioning of the information exchange system via the Internet, but with the provision of services by the state through this system.

Not everyone has the opportunity to go to offices. Getting a service via the Internet is undoubtedly better than sitting in queues waiting for an appointment.

The appearance of the EP is, to a certain extent, a response to the emerging expectations of citizens in response to the obligations assumed by the authorities.

"Electronic government" should provide a direct and open dialogue of citizens with the authorities, various social services, committees and departments, and ultimately with each specific head of any rank and status, which will make "electronic government" not only accessible, but also interactive.

In fact, the creation of an electronic signature is a way to bring an official closer to a citizen, while reducing the influence of the subjective factor. Impersonal communication between an official and a citizen, put under control at the same time and allowing the citizen to track the process of solving his requests himself, is the ultimate goal of creating an electronic signature and the dream of taxpayers. The minimum benefit that society receives is the reduction of corruption and bribery.

EP technologies

Modern information technologies provide a rich choice of tools for organizing "electronic government", developed both at the conceptual and practical levels.

Let's consider the e-government model as an ideal integrated information system (IS) - what software technologies it should be based on.

Document-oriented technologies

One of the fundamental infrastructure components of ES is the electronic document management system (IDM - Integrated Document Management), known in the Russian market under the abbreviation SADD, which emphasizes the clerical orientation of the system. Indeed, after all, ES involves working primarily with documents - with citizens' statements, certificates, letters, etc. In the public sector, a document is both the goal of activity and a means of production. There are many aspects associated with documents: they need to be stored, searched, collectively processed, transferred from paper to electronic form and vice versa. For the public sector, the following typical tasks can be distinguished, which should be solved when building an electronic document management system:

Office automation. Mainly, here we are talking about the processing of incoming, outgoing and internal documents, accounting for draft documents, coordination, control over the execution of documents, etc.;

Servicing citizens and organizations. This is, first of all, the mass processing of applications from citizens and organizations received through subscriber reception points or the Internet;

Case management. During processing, many others are added to the original document, which must be filed. Such documents are still in paper form, and it is precisely such documents that have legal force, then we are talking about the use of Record Management (RM) class systems that allow organizing synchronized accounting of both paper and electronic copies of the document, as well as automating withdrawal and return functions.

But SADD alone is indispensable when organizing a developed EP. Modern reality makes us think not about a simple IDM system, but about a full-fledged information resource management (ECM) system that has grown on the foundation of IDM and BPM (Business Process Management).

A review by the European Commission states that since the last survey in October 2001, great progress has been made in the implementation of e-government in Europe. Accessibility and interactivity of public services on the Internet increased from 10 to 55 points (percentage).

The survey claims that more than 80% of public services are online - an increase of 6.5%.

Erkki Liikanen, EU representative on the topic "Businesses and the Information Society", argues that moving public services online is not enough to gain an effective advantage. As in the private sector, changes in public services go hand in hand with reorganization of core work and investment in human capital.

The review noted the differences between types of public services. So, among all the studied services, 12 - for citizens and 8 - for business. On average, services for businesses are more developed than for residents (68% versus 47%), and they are progressing rapidly. Among the categories of public services, those related to tax collection are the most developed - 79%, followed by registration services (cars and new companies) and public protection. Services related to the issuance of documents and permits ( driving license, passports, etc.) are the least developed - 41%. And although all countries are trying, the difference between the most and least advanced is very large - from 22 to 85%. Online services grew the most in Sweden and Belgium, both up 20% (points) in 6 months, Norway remained flat at 63%, and Finland grew 70%.

At the end of the review, it is stated that the most basic services, often provided at the local government level, such as public libraries, are easily and well implemented in the form of user-oriented portals. More complex types of services, such as social payments and payments, require more efforts and reorganization of the activities of the state body to work online.

Public services that involve complex procedures and are provided locally, such as environmental permits, are mostly in the information-only phase. Some progress has been made in the use of portal solutions in combination with the centralization of information and forms. Only by supporting them with appropriate re-engineering processes will it be possible to bring these services to the level of transactions.

A survey of twenty basic public services in 15 EU countries and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland was conducted in April 2002 as part of the EU Benchmarking eEurope project. The representative sample was over 10,000 public service providers in 18 countries. The conclusions are as follows: the most effective "e-government" was created in Ireland. It received an assessment of the European Commission experts at 85%, Sweden was in second place with 81%, and Norway was in third with a result of 70%. The average score for all countries is 54%.

At the end of the year, officials from 11 Belgian municipalities will test electronic identification cards. Through these cards, the relationship between citizens and officials will be carried out and access to online public services will be allowed. If this six-month pilot project is successful, ID cards will be introduced in 589 Belgian municipalities. The card will be valid for 5 years and cost E10.

The card, the size of a regular bank credit card, will contain the same identification parameters as usual, but the owner's address, an electronic signature, and security features will be added to the microchip to protect the stored information, including a PIN code.

The British central government already provides 54% of its services online. The goal is to bring this figure to 75% by the end of this year. Issues of security and user authentication remain a stumbling block in the way of further development. Government security chief Dr. Stephen Marsh stated that most of these services are purely informational and therefore do not identify their users. But agencies like the Internal Revenue Service will use password protection to authenticate e-mails. Non-state firms providing authentication services must have official permission to do so. So far, there are only two of them - the Royal Bank of Scotland's Trust Assured Service and the Trusti's Certificate Factory.

Electronic government in the countries of the world: UN rating

Research in the field of e-government was carried out by the United Nations Office for Public Economics and Administration (UNDPEPA) based on data from the past year. When compiling the rating, the so-called "E-gov index" was used, which takes into account several factors. In particular, UNDPEPA specialists assessed the representation of the authorities of a particular country in the Internet, the degree of development of telecommunications and the general level of "Internet education" of the population.

According to the results of the research, the United States took the first place in terms of the pace of implementation of the idea of ​​"electronic government" among 190 countries of the international community (3.11 points according to the UNDPEPA rating). Followed by: Australia (2.6), New Zealand (2.59), Singapore (2.58), Norway (2.55), UK (2.52), Canada (2.52), Netherlands (2.52). 51), Denmark (2.47) and Germany (2.46).

Introduction
1. Electronic government as an element of the formation of the information society
1.1. E-government as a concept for the implementation of public administration inherent in the information society
1.2. Legal framework of the electronic government of the Russian Federation
2. international experience implementation of e-government
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

The development of the e-government system as part of public administration, through the introduction of information computer technologies, taking into account the administrative changes taking place in Russia, is an indispensable requirement for entering the global information society.

The relevance of the topic is caused, first of all, by the rapid development of modern information and communication technologies and the general growth of information interaction based on electronic information exchange. FTP "Electronic Russia" - a program for the development and financing of public administration reform measures. It carries out administrative reform projects to address the problems of interagency cooperation in the provision of public services and the performance of other functions of the state, as well as the creation of a "single entry point" for obtaining information about the structure and functions of government and public institutions. Contributes to increasing the information openness of public authorities and local self-government to society, increasing the efficiency of their interaction with citizens and improving the quality of services they provide to citizens and organizations.

1. Electronic government as an element of the formation of the information society

1.1. E-government as a concept of public administration inherent in the information society.

By historical standards, the existence of information computer technologies (hereinafter referred to as ICT) on the planet is a moment. But humanity has already managed to determine the path of development of civilization - the information society. According to modern views, the information society is a society in which the production and consumption of information is the most important activity, and information is recognized as the most significant resource, new information and telecommunication technologies and equipment become basic technologies and equipment, and the information environment, along with social and environmental - new human environment.

Everything today the developed countries of the world are moving to an information society, the formation of which is recognized as an inevitable stage in the development of mankind. For more than twenty years, the formation of the information society has been the subject of policy developments at the national, international and regional levels. These developments are aimed at identifying and implementing effective ways for countries to move towards the information society, as well as for the full use of the opportunities and advantages that these countries have as they move along the chosen path.

The process of formation of the information society takes place in different countries with different intensity and characteristics. In the most general form, two models of such formation can be distinguished: “Western” and “Eastern”.[i] In the “Western” model, the main role is assigned to the liberalization of the market of information superhighways and their universal service. In the "eastern" one pays more attention to the cooperation between the state and the market, there is a desire to establish a connection between traditional cultural values ​​and, inevitable with the formation of a global information society, social changes. At the same time, within each of these models there are differences, which are largely determined by the level of economic and socio-political development of a particular society. Today it becomes clear that far from all countries are yet ready to cross a new stage in the evolution of human society or even approach it, however, if we evaluate world development as a whole, the process of forming a global information society seems irreversible.

The implementation of the information society is impossible without the introduction of e-government. e-government – it is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. The components of good public administration are: accountability (responsibility), transparency (openness) of authorities, prompt decision-making.

At present, one can distinguish 4 main models of "e-government" which have received practical implementation in the USA, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region and Russia. Conventionally, they can be called

continental European model;

Anglo-American model;

Asian model;

Russian model, which is presented in the target federal program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)"

The connection of e-government with administrative reforms, in its most general form, is expressed in the fact that, firstly, it serves as a tool for reform, secondly, it renews interest in administrative reform, thirdly, it highlights internal inconsistencies in public administration, and thirdly, fourth, it forces governments to commit to better governance; fifth, it increases the legitimacy of government activity;

E-government in foreign countries is a part of administrative reforms, while in Russia the principles of e-government and administrative reform are being introduced in parallel. Only on paper, the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia" carries out projects of administrative reform to ensure the rights of citizens and organizations in the informatization of the processes of providing public services and performing other functions of the state, including to obtain information about the structure and functions of government bodies and state institutions, as well as the creation of " one point of entry" in the electronic interaction of citizens and the state. On the this moment parallel running of programs slows them down, coordination takes too long.

Often, ICT is already working in the state, but there is no administrative regulation. It turns out that computers have been introduced, but for citizens, as everything was, it remains so. You have to bring documents in their paper counterpart, find out all the necessary information directly on the spot and run, as before, to different authorities. Ideally, administrative reform should outpace ICT adoption. That is, first it would be necessary to regulate what and how should work, and then carry out technical work through ICT. We have the opposite so far. First they do it, and then they regulate it, it turns out double work.

The improvement of public administration is a serious problem that stands in the way of the state. E-governance will allow Russia to keep up with other countries that have been dealing with this problem for a long time with varying degrees of success.

The concept of e-government covers a wide range of activities and actors, yet three distinct sectors can be identified so far. These are: government-to-government (G2G), government-to-business (G2B), and government-to-citizens (G2C). Each of these sectors represents a different combination of motivational forces and initiatives. The intervention of the state in the field of business relations of the Internet at first manifested itself in the emergence of new terms and conditionally structural directions of online operations. The pioneers in the development of e-government concepts (which, as in the case of many other web-based initiatives, turned out to be the Americans) first of all introduced into the system of Internet designations, in addition to the symbols B (business) and C (customers), already well-established by that time, also the concept of G (government), reducing the formalization (or rather, the formulation) of the task of building e-government in a simplified form to the expression G2G + G2B + G2C, where the first term means the line of communication between different functions, bodies and levels of government along its entire vertical, the second - a set of contacts between the government and business, and the third - the relationship of the state with the population (C = not only customers, but also citizens).

Sector public administration-public administration (G2G).

In many ways, the G2G sector is the backbone of e-government. Speaking about e-government and, in particular, about the introduction of the G2G sector, it should be understood that, first of all, we are talking about the informatization of all management processes in public authorities at all levels, the informatization of interdepartmental relationships, the creation of computer systems capable of supporting all the functions of interaction between these bodies and population and businesses. It is impossible to talk about the fact that an intragovernmental transaction is implemented in an electronic, paperless mode, if the relevant process is not automated in the departments or there is no electronic document management. Separate operations, say, sending by e-mail a document that is printed out again by the addressee for submission to another official for signature, in no way characterize the government as electronic.

It would seem that in this case we are dealing with a purely technical issue: there are certain Internet technologies (information sites, Email, electronic payment systems, etc.) and the use of these technologies by the government can significantly enhance the ability of the state to perform its functions. However, the essence of the problem lies in the fact that often the simple implantation of e-government elements into the existing public administration systems does not increase their functionality, but only gives the appearance of "modernization", in fact, representing a source of useless and outdated information, automation of unnecessary procedures, simulation of the interaction of power and society, etc. A lot of information has been accumulated, but it often lies "dead weight" and is not used in the decision-making process. The passive nature of information accumulation is feature traditional e-government implementation strategy.

When implementing tasks to bring functions and processes in line with the goals declared by the administrative reform, the relevant open standards can be used:

1. Improving goal-setting processes - IT Governance Implementation Guide, COBIT, COSO Internal Control, Australian standard AS 8015;

2. Project management of creation / acquisition / outsourcing and implementation - ISO 12207, ISO 15504, TickIT, CMMI, Bootstrap, GOST 34.601, GOST 34.602, PMBOK, PRINCE2, APMs;

3. Effective organization of operation - BS 15000, ISO 20000, COBIT, MOF, ITIL;

4. Information security management, - ISO 13335, ISO 13569, ISO 17799, BS 7799-2, NIST standards, GOST R 51275-99, ACSI-33, COBIT Security Baseline, ENV12924, ISF Standard of Good Practice;

5. Risk and Business Continuity Management AS/NZS 4360, COSO Enterprise Risk Management, PAS-56, AS/NZS 4360, HB 221-2004

6. Independent audit and monitoring - ISO 19011, COBIT Audit Gudelines

7. Quality management of public services - ISO 9001, EFQM, Baldrige National Quality Plan, ISO/TO 10006:1997

The efficiency of using standards lies in saving significant material and time resources due to the absence of the need to re-invent what has already been invented and repeatedly tested, and in the possibility of using someone else's experience and best practices to solve the tasks.

Also, among those measures that need to be implemented in order to improve the quality of public administration, the disclosure of state information to organizations and citizens should be highlighted.

Disclosure of government information automatically ensures the growth of government transparency. A functioning disclosure system reduces opportunities for corruption and abuse by preventing the agencies responsible for collecting and holding "commercially valuable" information from being traded. In addition, disclosed information means the ability to reduce the time spent on obtaining information on request and searching for it in official publications.

Sector government-business (G2B).

The term G2B (Government-to-Business, or “Government for Business”) outlines the area of ​​interaction between the state and business, with an emphasis on the active side of government structures. The purpose of G2B services is to increase the efficiency of interaction between the state and business through the active use of ICT, as well as to increase the openness of the state for business. The use of G2B services enables administrations to provide services and information to citizens around the clock, regardless of their location.

The use of the Internet by governments as one of the ways to improve the efficiency of government causes Special attention to initiatives in the field of building electronic relationships between the state and business on the part of business circles. The G2B sector includes both the sale of surplus government goods to the public and the purchase of goods and services. While not all are directly dependent on the use of information technology, a number of different procurement methods are used in relation to the G2B sector. Performance-based contracting is a method in which the payment made to the contractor is based on the actual objectives and results of the work. Savings sharing contracts are contracts where the contractor pays for project costs incurred, such as the installation of a new computer system, and is paid from the savings resulting from switching from the previous system to the new one. Reverse auctions, on the other hand, are based on the use of information technology and could become a commonly used method for acquiring goods that are standardized and easily assessed for quality, such as obsolete technology components and office equipment purchases. Internet-based reverse auctions involve companies openly bidding against each other in real time to secure a government contract. The purpose of reverse auctions is to bring prices down to market levels. Due to the emphasis on price, reverse auctions are the most appropriate solution when the quality and expected performance of the item is clear and easily assessed.

Sector government-citizens (G2C).

The third sector of e-government is government-to-the-population (G2C). G2C initiatives are designed to facilitate the interaction of the population with government agencies. The goal of these initiatives is to try to make things like renewing licenses and IDs, paying taxes, and applying for benefits less time-consuming and easier. G2C initiatives also often aim to increase access to government information through the use of information dissemination tools such as websites and/or “kiosks”.

The simplification of public services, which all citizens of the country are looking forward to, was supposed to be obtained through the implementation of the “one stop shop” concept. The “one stop shop” principle is part of the administrative reform, the essence of which is to simplify the procedure for issuing various documents to citizens and organizations. The implementation of this project implies saving time and effort for the applicant, as well as reducing the risk of corruption. "One window" is certainly a step forward for both the authorities and entrepreneurs. Business supports the idea of ​​administrative reform aimed at saving time and effort, as well as reducing the risk of corruption. But in the form in which this system operates today, it does not quite correspond to the meaning laid down by the creators and developers.

The essence of the "single window" regime is as follows: in order to obtain the necessary document (certificate, permit, documentation, extract, copy, etc.), the applicant - a citizen or organization - must submit to the appropriate executive authority or city ​​organization only documents that are directly related to the applicant (application, copy of passport, certificate, etc., copies constituent documents, registration certificates) or the provision (issuance) of which are within the jurisdiction of the federal authorities. All other documents that are not directly related to the applicant, but necessary for the preparation of the requested certificate (permit, etc.), will be collected by the executive authority or city organization responsible for issuing this document independently. The applicant must apply to the executive authority issuing the final document. Preparation, approval and issuance of the document is carried out by the executive authorities of the city free of charge. Only if the preparation of the requested document requires any work (for example, project examination, measurements, etc.), or the law provides for the collection of fees (for example, state fees), the document will be issued on a reimbursable basis.

The depersonalization of the interaction of civil servants with citizens and organizations through the introduction of a “single window” system and electronic information exchange is, first of all, a regime of regulated information processes, of course, based on formalized administrative technologies. For the implementation in this case, ICT alone is not enough, it is necessary to change the regulatory framework in order to remove contradictions and prevent duplication in existing systems different accounting. The technology of solving the problem of public services with the help of “one window” is unnecessarily compromise. This is both an attempt to get rid of manifestations of corruption and, at the same time, a hidden opportunity to preserve the traditional bureaucratic structure. The problem is the reluctance of departments to work with other public authorities that may be interested in information processed by one structure in the interests of another.

1.2. Legal framework of the electronic government of the Russian Federation

In Russian federation legal basis ensuring transparency of power, effective information interaction between citizens and authorities, expanding citizens' access to world information resources are the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other legal acts regulating the development of informatization and the use of information technologies.

to the most significant legal acts at the federal level are:

the federal law dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection";

Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on September 9, 2000
No. Pr-1895.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2002 No. 65 “On the federal target program “Electronic Russia
(2002 - 2010)"; (Further - FTP "Electronic Russia")

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2004 No. 1244-r "On the concept of using information technologies in the activities of federal government bodies until 2010";

Federal target program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)".

FTP "Electronic Russia" has been implemented since 2002 and is valid until 2010. The program is implemented in accordance with the procedure for the development and implementation of federal target programs and interstate target programs in which the Russian Federation participates, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 26, 1995 No. 594 “On the implementation of the Federal Law “On the supply of products for federal state needs ".

The state customer - coordinator of the Program is the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation.

State customers for certain activities of the Program are the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Information Technologies, the Federal Agency for Education, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.

The first edition of the FTP "Electronic Russia" was approved by the government in 2002. The main goals of the project were the development of information and communication technologies in the field of public administration, as well as the improvement of legislation in the field of ICT, the development of a system for training ICT specialists, the creation of electronic commerce and much more. In the next 9 years, it was planned to allocate 39 billion rubles from the federal budget for its implementation. However, the program stalled. Representatives of various ministries and departments have repeatedly expressed the opinion in the media that the task of the program is too global: building an information society in Russia requires no less than global informatization, increasing computer literacy population, budget-intensive scientific research.

In 2006, the FTP "Electronic Russia" has undergone significant changes. There has been a change of course: from carrying out "informatization for the sake of informatization" to the unification and effective use of information systems. federal program became directly connected with the administrative reform, became one of the main instruments for its implementation. The program is aimed at improving public administration through the introduction of e-government.

The Program provides for the implementation of activities in 6 main areas:

The purpose of the direction is to increase the efficiency of the use and implementation of information and communication technologies in the activities of public authorities on the basis of the formation of a unified system of organizational and technical standards, requirements, principles, regulations and teaching materials providing effective creation and the coordinated development of state information systems and information technology infrastructure in accordance with the priorities of modernization of the public administration system.

2. Ensuring effective interdepartmental information interaction based on information and communication technologies and the integration of state information systems.

The purpose of the implementation of measures in this direction is to increase the efficiency of public administration by ensuring operational interdepartmental information interaction of public authorities in electronic form as part of the performance of their functions.

3. Ensuring the effectiveness of interaction between public authorities and the population and organizations based on information and communication technologies.

In order to increase the efficiency of interaction between public authorities and citizens and organizations through the creation of information systems that support the provision of legally relevant and reference information and directly the public services themselves, including using the capabilities of the Internet.

4. Implementation of information systems for managing the activities of public authorities.

In order to create conditions for the prompt improvement of the quality of preparation of management decisions by public authorities through the introduction of modern information and communication technologies, as well as the effective performance of their functions, it is necessary to ensure the introduction of appropriate information and analytical systems.

5. Creation of standard software and hardware solutions to support the activities of public authorities.

The purpose of the measures in this direction is to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures for the introduction of information technologies in the activities of public authorities through the centralized creation, development and subsequent replication of software and hardware solutions to support the implementation of typical functions and tasks for public authorities.

6. Management of the implementation of the Program activities.

The purpose of the activities of this direction is to ensure the necessary quality of management of the implementation of the Program activities, achieve the planned results of its implementation, determine the mechanism for the implementation of the Program, including the procedure for interaction of public authorities responsible for its implementation.

To carry out effective management and control of the implementation of the Program state customer— the Program coordinator and its state customers determine the officials and relevant departments responsible for the implementation of the Program. The heads of the state customer - coordinator of the Program and its state customers appoint a person responsible for the implementation of the Program, as a rule, at the level of a deputy federal minister (deputy head (director) of a federal service or federal agency), approve the internal regulations for managing the implementation of the directions assigned to this state customer and activities of the Program.

It is planned that as a result of the implementation of the program, there will be an increase in the efficiency of budget expenditures for the introduction of information technologies in the activities of public authorities by 10%, a reduction in the costs of public authorities for organizing the exchange of information at the interdepartmental level by 25%, a decrease in the number of forced appeals of citizens to public authorities to receive public services and the required waiting time by 10%.

So the big problem is the question "How to store electronic documents? So far, no law has been created that would fully regulate the procedure for storing electronic documents. Not only documents of state organizations, but also private ones can be accepted for archival storage. For example, during the liquidation of the latter, organizational and administrative documentation and documents on personnel should be sent to the state archives. There have been cases when, during the liquidation of some organizations, the noted types of documents were found exclusively in electronic form. In accordance with the "List of standard management documents generated in the activities of organizations, indicating the periods of storage", in the absence of originals, certified copies of documents are accepted for storage. Typically, archival authorities force liquidation commissions to print out and certify orders, instructions, personal accounts, personal cards of employees, etc. However, from the point of view of the authenticity of documents, there is no difference between transferring such information to paper and recording it on an electronic medium that does not allow data to be changed. The whole problem lies in the unpreparedness of state and municipal archives to receive and ensure the safety of documents on electronic media. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 22, 2004 N 125-FZ “On Archiving in the Russian Federation” only prescribes that electronic documents can be deposited. Unfortunately, their further fate is unknown.

It is also unclear how the authorities will protect information from unauthorized access from the outside, no even the best security system can give one hundred percent protection. And since at the moment state bodies have accumulated a large amount of personal data in their databases, with unauthorized access it is possible to change them and use them for purposes contrary to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Personal Data", in the event of unlawful actions with personal data, the operator, within a period not exceeding three working days from the date of such discovery, is obliged to eliminate the violations committed. If it is impossible to eliminate the committed violations, the operator, within a period not exceeding three working days from the date of detection of illegal actions with personal data, is obliged to destroy personal data. The operator is obliged to notify the subject of personal data or his legal representative about the elimination of the violations committed or the destruction of personal data, and if the appeal or request was sent by the authorized body for the protection of the rights of subjects of personal data, also the specified body.

The subject of personal data has the right to protect his rights and legitimate interests, including compensation for losses and (or) compensation for moral damage in court.

Persons guilty of violating the requirements of this Federal Law shall bear civil, criminal, administrative, disciplinary and other liability provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The Law on Personal Data, prescribing the existence of liability for violation of the requirements of the law, does not determine the type of liability for violation of the articles of the law. An additional regulation should be created that would clearly establish for what type of violation of the articles of the law this or that punishment is determined, ranging from administrative responsibility to criminal responsibility.

It can be said that laws and other regulatory legal acts are being actively developed, but they are often imperfect, since they do not cover all the problems that stand in their way, on the one hand, and on the other hand, they often duplicate each other.

2. International experience in the implementation of e-government

The introduction of "electronic government" begins with the public administration reforms of the 1990s. Today, in the practice of implementing e-government projects in different countries, priority is given to the development of the so-called "one-stop, non-stop" concept (that is, a single system operating in non-stop mode) - the gradual construction of government information portals providing wide access to information and services related to the competence of authorities and public administration. Through these portals and intranet communications, information links are created between the subjects of state power at the federal and regional levels, that is, the exchange of economic, legal, statistical and other information “vertically” is organized. In addition, an electronic market for goods and services is being created within the framework of state information portals in order to provide state structures with additional opportunities for the implementation of their functions: interested businesses are attracted to participate in tenders for the execution of government orders and various social programs. The next stage in the development of government portals is their promotion towards "electronic democracy", the creation of new forms of relationships, information exchange and feedback between citizens and the state, the population and all branches of government, the electorate and deputies, up to the introduction of a system of electronic elections.

The most feasible and in-demand functions of government portals now include, of course, the organization of a single entry to the very numerous and “dispersed” on departmental servers information resources of various authorities and public administration, aimed at a wide audience. Simplifying public access to these resources that provide the public with information about the activities of state institutions, and creating the most user-friendly interface to ensure computer communications partnership with the state can in itself testify to the seriousness of the government's intentions to build an e-government system and help increase the public authority of the authorities.

Behind the multifunctional e-government portals, there are systems for automating the management of state bodies, which make it possible to realize the openness of structures for citizens and quick access to solutions, as well as saving taxpayers' money. To date, there is no single template that could meet all the conditions and solutions to the problem of e-government formation. Each country has a unique combination of circumstances, priorities and available resources.

Consider examples from a number of countries:

Great Britain.

The UK Central Government Portal (http:// www.ukonline.gov.uk) provides general government information. It brings together information and consulting services from various sources.

Very often, information and services related to one “life episode” are provided by various government agencies and are not available anywhere else from a single source. The grouping of online services around specific life episodes is intended to make it easier for citizens to communicate with the state. The portal also features an advanced search service called "Quick find" that makes it easier to navigate through a sea of ​​government information. The central government portal ukonlinegov.uk also provides descriptions and links to the range of government services currently available to citizens and businesses.

As the portal evolves, it will include new links to other government Web sites, descriptions, and links to services and information. Ukonline.gov.uk also provides an opportunity for citizens to discuss various issues through a section called Citizen Space. The section informs about plans for changes in the field of public life and gives citizens the opportunity to express their point of view.

The central government portal ukonline.gov.uk is very clearly positioned as the natural starting point for all other government information and services, where citizens can also interact with the government.

The UK has embarked on a path of cautious and gradual building of the foundation of e-Government. The essence of this approach is to build the main infrastructure building blocks first before launching new services. The infrastructure is provided through the so-called Government Gateway (http://www.gateway.gov.uk), which provides opportunities for further scaling up of services. This site provides centralized registration services to carry out secure transactions with the government.

The Ukonline.gov.uk central government portal project and the Government Gateway are two key initiatives in the UK e-government concept. At the same time, the central government portal Ukonline.gov.uk is seen as a key element in transforming the way services are organized and delivered to citizens, a means to better integrate government services, and a means of bringing together all government information for online presentation.

To achieve this, Ukonline.gov.uk is expected to provide: a central entry point for citizens in terms of receiving government information and public services, access to interactive interaction with the government through various channels, partnership opportunities for public and private organizations service delivery, a secure execution environment where citizens can transact with the government.

The role of the Government Gateway is to ensure that the various government departments can be brought together so that integrated and transparent services are provided to the citizen. The gateway provides the necessary routing and service integration, as well as the necessary security and authentication. The UK places great emphasis on standards and protocols to ensure interoperability between government systems and technologies.

In the United States, e-government is implemented on the basis of individual state governments. Projects of informatization of federal functions, for example, the presidential one, work independently: http://www.whitehouse.gov. From here, an ordinary American can get to the websites of individual federal departments. The experience of the state of Florida (http://www.myflorida.com) can be cited as an exemplary variant of the implementation of the idea of ​​e-government. There is not only information about the state itself (history, culture), information necessary for life (catastrophe forecast, instructions for actions during hurricanes that are so frequent in this state), but also many other important data and functions. For example, online verification of the validity of a driver's license (enter the number in the form - you get a response), a certificate for licensing the activities of architects in the state of Florida and the corresponding forms to fill out in PDF format (you cannot obtain a license online or at least pay a fee via the Internet).

If for some reason a person needs to come to the authorities on his own - he easily finds the right address, indicates his status (US citizen, immigrant, guest), the purpose of the visit (from changing his name or address to passing a written motorcycle driving test) - and find out the time of the audience. However, such a high level of service is by no means a panacea: suffice it to recall that the counting of votes in Florida caused a scandal during the elections that brought George W. Bush to the White House.

The authorities of the United States (which, in contrast to the British, consider themselves to be the initiators and pioneers in the development and implementation of e-government ideas) have begun the last of the planned stages of development of the federal government portal http://www.firstgov.gov, around which 27 million government units related to the provision of public services. Among their main achievements, the organizers of the American e-government include the fact that, according to their data, in 2006, 15% of all taxes levied in the country (more than 600 billion dollars) were carried out via the Internet. However, even despite such impressive figures, Accenture experts today rank the United States only in third place in the world in terms of network communication between the state and the population: according to analysts, in this aspect, the United States is now inferior to Canada and Singapore.

A significant step towards the creation of the electronic government of France was the construction in 2000 of a centralized administrative and state Internet portal, which opened to users through a single network window access to 2.6 thousand web sites of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities of the country at all levels, as well as more than 2,000 web resources of the European Union and individual member states. Interestingly, in the first year of the portal's operation, over 600 thousand French citizens used its services, despite the fact that the total number of Internet users in the country had reached 6 million by that time.

The e-government portal of France (http://www.service-public.fr) offers the user three options for interaction - depending on the role in which he enters the site: just a resident, a specialist (the section is devoted to professional issues), a citizen. Basically, the site is informational in nature and contains information about required documents and procedures (for example, registration of marriage with a prenuptial agreement), tariffs and taxes. Links from any thematic section lead to the websites of the relevant ministries, where the set of functions may differ depending on the area of ​​activity.

There is a lot of work behind these opportunities. At the moment, most of the French public authorities operate on the basis of internal networks, and work is underway to create a network connecting all departments. The filing of tax returns by businesses and individuals can now be done online.

There are a number of obstacles to expanding the French e-Government user base. According to a study by Capgemini, the main barriers remain the preference for "human" contacts over "electronic", which is traditionally given by many members of certain segments of the civilian population, as well as serious concerns about respect for the rights to confidentiality and privacy of data circulating on the Internet. At the same time, the potential for the development and improvement of French e-government structures remains unusually high: 71% of the country's citizens consider electronic services to be the main tool for drawing the attention of the state administration to the needs of the population, and 65% call these services a determining factor in saving public funds, i.e. taxpayers' money.

Germany.

The state program for building "Electronic Government" in Germany is one of the largest in Europe: the cost of its implementation at the federal level alone has exceeded 1.5 billion euros by today. The strategic goal of this program was formulated in 2000 to the fullest and most figuratively by Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder: “Data should run, not people.” The result of the process of electronization of the public administration system was, in particular, significant savings in budgetary funds: in 2006 alone, the costs of maintaining the administrative apparatus in the country decreased by almost 400 million euros.

The main web resource providing German citizens and enterprises with online access to government structures and services is the portal (http://www.bund.de), currently associated with 900 federal departments, institutions and organizations and concentrating information on 3 thousand topics from economic, industrial, legal, medical, educational and many other spheres of society. The number of daily hits to this portal reaches 60 thousand. According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, during 2006, 35% of German companies used government websites and the services they provide, of which 84% received official forms of state registration and financial reporting in this way, 74% applied for background information and organizational and administrative documentation, 71% maintained feedback on economic and legal issues with the relevant authorities, and 17% participated in various online competitions for government orders.

The BundOnline 2005 program became a key element of the master plan for reforming the German state on the basis of modern information technologies. This program outlined the intentions of the German government by 2005 to implement on the Internet the maximum possible number of functions and services of national authorities, as well as together with the administrations of all 16 federal states to look for ways to implement electronic services at the regional and local levels. As part of the BundOnline program, a number of projects have been developed aimed at improving the relationship of administrative structures with each other (Administration-mit-Administration, AA), with private business companies (Administration-mit-Business, AB) and with ordinary citizens of the country (Administration-mit-Business, AB). mit-Staatsburger, AS). At the first stage of the program implementation, services were implemented that can be classified as purely informational. Among them are the services of the website of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor (Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Arbeit), which provided information on the conditions for opening private enterprises, or the website of the Federal Antimonopoly Office (Bundeskartellamts), which provided access to information about mergers and acquisitions of companies.

However, the number and variety of web resources of the German federal government increased quite rapidly, and very soon they included those that offered both corporate and individual users extremely valuable and very relevant services, for example, issuing identity cards in electronic form, completing tax returns via the Internet or online business financial reporting.

If the traditional procedure for issuing personal documents by German citizens provided for the need for repeated visits of a person to government departments and required, as a rule, a three- or four-week wait, then in the online mode, the registration procedure is much simpler and faster. Now the service of the Federal Printing House (Bundesdruckerei) provides citizens with the opportunity to order the desired document on the Internet: immediately after registration of the application, this document is created in electronic form, and in the event of official confirmation of its eligibility, in a few days a fully completed "hard copy" of the document will be waiting for its owner in relevant administrative office. The Federal Printing House provides this service to residents of all regions and regions of the country, whose local authorities have expressed their willingness to use this service.

South Korea.

The government of South Korea, when forming the model of "electronic democracy", made the main emphasis on meeting the information needs of the population and the introduction of information and communication technologies in the system of culture and education. The successful development of "electronic democracy" allowed the citizens of South Korea to learn the idea of ​​their own importance and the possibility of a real influence on the affairs of the state and society. Important and useful in the Korean experience is a meaningful and far-sighted policy of the state in the development of electronic communication. Creation of a unified information space within the framework of the whole country, it not only strengthens the position of the state, but also puts into practice the basic principle of democracy: the people are the source and bearer of power.

Today, unlimited traffic access to the Internet via a telephone modem costs a South Korean user only 5-7 dollars a month, a dedicated high-speed line - about 20 dollars (for reference: the average salary in the country is about 1,600 dollars, and in large cities up to 2,000 dollars). ). And therefore, it is not surprising that the highest percentage of consumers of network information and services falls on the student community (96.2%). Among employees and ordinary engineering and technical personnel, there are noticeably fewer regular Internet users (69%), and their smallest share is in the composition of peasants and fishermen (4.1%). The social composition of the audience of the South Korean Network initially determined both its thematic focus and the main functions of the country's e-government. Recently, however, in the development of these functions, a course has been manifested towards the maximum satisfaction of the needs of elderly citizens - that is, that part of the population that is most in need of facilitating and simplifying the receipt of public services.

Brown University experts, led by Professor Darrell West, believe that the current success of South Korea's e-government is a natural result of the energetic actions of state authorities aimed at stimulating the development of telecommunications. To some extent, however, this is also the merit of South Korean propaganda, whose efforts are focused on proving to the world that their country has entered the top ten industrial powers, and drawing the attention of fellow citizens to those areas of economic development that are currently considered a priority. At the same time, unlike other industrial topics, telecommunications and informatics are interpreted in a much broader context - not just and not even so much as one of the areas of industrial and technological development, but as one of the fundamental foundations of the future society, the main criterion for its civilization, the most important factor in the economic competitiveness of the country.

It should also be taken into account that among the countries that have reached the highest level of development of e-government structures to date, states with a federal structure predominate. Another characteristic feature is that, due to the specifics of the structure of information technologies, the problem of centralization of state power can be solved anywhere in the world, given the large territorial extent of the state and the disunity of regions. The third feature is the steady desire of the countries participating in the process to ensure the efficiency and accessibility of the work of central and local authorities. At the same time, the use of information technology for general cultural purposes is mainly limited to educational and developmental programs. And, finally, another characteristic feature is the focus of states that are seriously developing electronic technologies for administrative management to create a compatible system that will allow them to participate on an equal footing in the process of information globalization.

Conclusion

The federal target program "Electronic Russia" (2002-2010) has undergone significant changes in the process of implementation. From the implementation of tasks in the field of improving the efficiency of the functioning of the economy, public administration and local self-government through the introduction and mass distribution of ICT, creating technological prerequisites for the development of civil society by ensuring the rights to free access to information, expanding the training of information technology specialists and qualified users to the implementation of tasks in the field of improving the quality and efficiency of public administration based on the organization of interdepartmental information exchange and ensuring the effective use of information and communication technologies by public authorities, expanding the ability of citizens to access information to exercise their constitutional rights. The main direction of the program was the construction of e-government.

In the process of the study, the following problems were identified:

-imperfection of legislation, which is manifested in the lack of its complexity;

digital divide;

Large geographic area;

Parallel progress of the administrative reform and the program "Electronic Russia", which slows down the process of their implementation, since the coordination takes too much time and they often duplicate each other;

The use of electronic document management in public authorities, ranging from employee training and the introduction of software products and ending with the preservation of electronic information;

Departmental inconsistency;

The problem of disclosing state information does not allow the principle of openness of state administration to be realized;

Insufficient funding for the program;

Information security and information protection;

The lack of a unified approach in the development of software and hardware systems.

Recently, a technological breakthrough has been made, but there is still inequality in access to information and information and communication technologies for various groups of the population and regions. Or the so-called "digital divide", which is increasingly turning into a factor hindering the socio-economic development of society.

At the moment, it can be said that the Electronic Russia program is being implemented taking into account the realities of each region, and its own regional programs are being created on its basis. It is necessary to apply an integrated approach, otherwise it turns out that each region implements ICT, but they are often incompatible with each other.

List of used literature

1. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1997.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part 1 of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004) and Part 2 of January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004.
3. About Information , Information Technologies and Information Protection: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ.
4. On personal data: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ.
5. About electronic digital signature: Federal Law of 10.01.2002. No. 1-FZ.
6. On communication: Federal Law of July 7, 2003 No. No. 126-FZ (as amended on July 27, 2006).
7. About languages Peoples of the Russian Federation: Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1991 No. No. 1807-1 (as amended and supplemented on July 24, 1998, December 11, 2002).
8. On state secrets: Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993 No. No. 5485-1 (as amended and supplemented on August 22, 2004).
9. ABOUT trade secret: Federal Law of July 29, 2004 No. 98-FZ.
10. On the procedure for considering citizens' appeals: Federal Law of May 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ.
11. On archiving in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of October 22, 2004 No. No. 125-FZ.
12. On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2003. No. 131-FZ.
13. About the state language of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of June 1, 2005 No. No. 53-FZ.

In the modern sense, the term "electronic government" (e-Government) is interpreted primarily as " electronic control state", that is, the maximum use in public administration modern technologies, including Internet technologies. In theory, the implementation of e-government should lead to positive changes in the government's relationship with three categories of "users": ordinary citizens, civil servants and business representatives. Accordingly, these relations are designated as G2C - communication between the state and citizens, G2G - between state bodies, G2B - relations between state bodies and business. Thus, e-government should modernize all levels of public administration: from interdepartmental interaction to interaction between the state and citizens.

A more technological definition interprets the concept of "electronic government" as a public administration system based on electronic means of processing, transmitting and distributing information.

The interpretation of the term "electronic government" largely depends on the level of implementation of information technologies in society. It is primarily related to the understanding of e-government on various stages his formation. The interpretation of the term "electronic government" largely depends on the level of implementation of information technologies in the society by which it is generated. This is primarily due to understanding the functions of e-government at various stages of its development. For example, in Russia and Ukraine, where e-government is at the initial stage of its formation, this concept is narrowed down to improving public administration through the use of new information and computer technologies, which, of course, should increase its effectiveness. For example, Andrey Korotkov, head of the Russian government information department, says this about e-government: "This is an inaccurate term, we should not talk about e-government, we should talk about the government that uses information technology. We should talk about the Federal Assembly that uses information technology "We must talk about courts that use information technology. We are talking about a certain communication environment that allows government structures and civil society structures, businesses to interact in common standards that are understandable to each other."

A broad understanding of e-government expresses not only the new nature of organizational relations, but also the transformation of the entire complex of relations between public administration and society. At the same time, the pointlessness of automating existing inefficient management procedures is also obvious. If we draw an analogy between a corporation and the state, then we can refer to the well-known fact that the increase in the efficiency of the functioning of the corporation as a whole when introducing an information and computer system is achieved only with the simultaneous reengineering of the main business processes.

So, e-government is designed to perform the functions of regulating information relations between the main subjects and government agencies. Among a number of tasks solved by e-government, one should single out such important components as ensuring equal rights and access to global, national, local and local information resources, providing the necessary information and electronic services to citizens, implementing electronic public procurement, promoting the development of Internet economy, regulation of relations between the main subjects of electronic business, implementation of remote fiscal and control functions, provision of remote consultations, information security, etc.