Abstract: The current state and prospects for the development of agriculture. Problems and prospects for the development of agriculture Prospects for the development of an agricultural enterprise

The world economy is a complex system that includes many different elements and is based on the international and limited national production of material and spiritual goods, their distribution, exchange and consumption. Each of these phases of the world reproduction process, both on a global scale and within individual states, depending on their place and share in general, affects the functioning of the entire world economic system.

The world economy, or the world economy, is a set of national economies that are in constant dynamics, in motion, with growing international ties and, accordingly, the most complex mutual influence, subject to the objective laws of a market economy, resulting in the formation of an extremely contradictory, but at the same time more or less integral world economic system.

The modern world economy is heterogeneous. It includes states that differ in social structure, political structure, level of development of productive forces and production relations, as well as the nature, scale and methods of international economic relations.

An important problem of the world economy is the interaction of multi-level systems, which are characterized not only by the degree of development, but also by the degree of involvement in MRI and the world economy. Half of the population of developing countries lives in a closed economy, untouched by international economic exchange and the movement of capital.

A feature of the current development of the world economy is integration, and integration is universal: capital, production, labor.

The main trends in the development of agriculture in the world economy.

First of all, it is necessary to characterize the common features inherent in the current stage of development of agriculture in developing countries.

Scientific selection, the creation of high-yielding hybrid varieties of cereals have led to an increase in agricultural production in a number of developing countries. Other factors of the Green Revolution also contributed to this (a certain increase in the use of fertilizers, the expansion of irrigation works, an increase in mechanization, an increase in the classification of part of the employed labor force, etc.). But they covered only a small part of the territory of the states participating in the "green revolution".

The main reason for the difficulties of these countries in the development of agriculture lies in the backwardness of their agrarian relations. So, for a number of states Latin America characterized by latifundia - extensive private land holdings that form the basis of farms of the landowner type. In most countries of Asia and Africa, along with large farms owned by local and foreign capital, farms of the feudal and semi-feudal type are widespread, in a number of countries even with remnants of tribal relations.

The motley and backward character of agrarian relations is combined with survivals in the sphere of social organization, the enormous influence of the institution of tribal and intertribal leaders, the wide spread of animism and various other beliefs.

The peculiarities of the agrarian system and other factors have led to the fact that the agriculture of many developing countries cannot satisfy their food needs. To date, the proportion of the population that does not receive the necessary nutrition remains very large.

Although the absolute and relative number of people suffering from malnutrition has declined, the total number of undernourished people remains enormous. According to various estimates, their number in the world is about 1 billion people. 20 million people die every year from malnutrition alone in developing countries.

Traditional diets in a number of countries do not contain enough calories, often do not have the required amount of proteins and fats. Their shortage affects people's health and the quality of the workforce. These trends are especially acute in the countries of South and East Asia.

The difficult situation with the development of agriculture and difficulties in providing food determine the problem of food security for many developing countries.

Calculations by UN experts have shown that a significant part of developing countries have a very low self-sufficiency ratio. 24 states had a very low level of food security, 22 of them were African. The aggravation of the situation in a number of developing countries has necessitated the adoption of measures aimed at alleviating the food problem. An important tool for reducing the problem of hunger was food aid, i.e. transfer of resources on the terms of soft loans or in the form of gratuitous gifts.

The main food aid supplies go to the least developed countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The main supplier is the USA. In recent years, the role of the EU countries has been growing, especially in relation to the least developed African and Asian states.

Agricultural Development Trends

The data discussed above testify to the great achievements of world agriculture and, at the same time, to considerable difficulties and contradictions in its development. modern development. According to the calculations of Russian specialists, agricultural production in the world has grown

• from $415 billion in 1900
• up to 580 billion in 1929,
• 645 in 1938,
• 760 in 1950,
• $2475 billion in 2000

The hierarchy of agricultural producers among developed countries in 2000 looked as follows: the United States was in first place with a volume of agricultural production of $175 billion, France was in second place with 76.5, Italy was in third with 56.0, and fourth was Germany - $52.5 billion

Although the world now produces more food than ever before, approximately 1 billion people, as already noted, are constantly hungry.

Mankind is looking for an optimal solution to the food problem. If we focus on the current level of nutrition of a US citizen, then in 2030 there will be enough food resources for only 2.5 billion people, and the world's population by this time will be approximately 8.9 billion. And if we take the average consumption rates of the beginning of the 21st century. , then by this time the modern level of India (450 g of grain per day per person) will be reached. The redistribution of food resources can escalate into political conflicts.

Economists rightly consider unacceptable the spontaneity of the development of relations in the sphere of production, consumption and redistribution of food. Concerted action and the development of an international development strategy are needed. In its content, 4 main areas can be distinguished.

First is the expansion of the land fund. At the present stage, mankind effectively uses an average of about 0.34 hectares of arable land per person. But there are considerable reserves, and theoretically, one earthling has 4.69 hectares of land. Due to this reserve, the areas used in agriculture can actually be increased. But, firstly, the reserves are still limited, and secondly, part of the earth's surface is difficult to use or simply unsuitable for agricultural processing. And besides, for the operation to increase the area will require a lot of money.

As a result, much greater value acquires second the direction is to increase economic opportunities by increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. Scientists have calculated that if advanced technologies were used on all the areas now used, then at the present time agriculture could feed at least 12 billion people. But the reserves of efficiency achieved could continue to increase, in particular through the use of various biotechnologies and further progress in the development of genetics.

But a real way to increase economic efficiency can become only if social opportunities are expanded. This is what constitutes third direction of the development strategy, main task which is to carry out deep and consistent agrarian reforms in developing countries, taking into account the peculiarities of the conditions in each of them. The purpose of the reforms is to overcome the backwardness of the existing agrarian structures. Wherein Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the elimination of the negative consequences associated with the wide spread of primitive communal relations in a number of African countries, latifundism in Latin American countries, and the fragmentation of small peasant farms in Asian states.

When carrying out agrarian reforms, it is expedient to widely use the positive experience accumulated in developed countries, in particular, to improve the role of the state in the development of agriculture, especially by subsidizing the use of the latest technologies, various support for small and medium-sized farms, etc. The problem of cooperation deserves great attention while ensuring its voluntary nature, variety of forms and material incentives for participants.

One of the objectives of social reforms, combined with measures to improve economic efficiency, is to reduce the consumption gap between different groups of countries.

Obviously, the improvement of state activity also affects the sphere of population reproduction, the growth of which can be more regulated using a variety of means.

And, finally, the fourth direction could be international cooperation and assistance from developed countries to the least developed. The purpose of this cooperation is not only to solve the most acute problems of food shortages, but also to stimulate the internal capabilities of developing states. And for this they need comprehensive assistance in developing not only the economy, but also education, healthcare, various branches of science and culture.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in the world

Long-term forecast calculations, jointly developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and FAO, provide an estimate of the market for basic agricultural products for 10 years ahead. If we accept as a hypothesis that in the longer term the same trends and the degree of influence of various factors on each other will be preserved, then it is possible to build a scenario for the development of the situation in world agriculture based on existing forecasts.

There are several options for forecasting the development of world and Russian agriculture for the period up to 2050. Four hypotheses were put forward as prerequisites for this forecast.

First. Cultivation areas under the main agricultural crops (wheat, corn, rice) will not be reduced; and will even increase. This is one of the main lessons that all countries should learn from the food crisis in 2007-2009. Otherwise, many countries and humanity as a whole doom themselves to the constant repetition of such crises.

Second. In all countries, more and more resources will be spent on the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in agriculture, which will increase the efficiency of the use of resources, primarily land and water.

Third. Developing countries in many regions will increase their protein intake at the expense of meat and dairy products. It follows from this that an increasing share of the grown plant resources will be used for fodder.

Fourth. In most countries, the trend will continue to use agricultural resources, primarily for food purposes. The only exceptions will be those countries where there are special natural and political conditions that allow them to efficiently use land resources for the production of biofuels. These countries include, first of all, the United States (ethanol from corn), Brazil (ethanol from sugar cane) and, in the future, a number of countries in Southeast Asia that will be able to master the efficient production of biodiesel from palm oil.

What and how much humanity will eat. Wheat production is projected to be 806 million tons by 2020 (an increase of 18% compared to 2008), and in 2050 - 950 million tons (an increase of 40% compared to 2008). Over the same period, according to UN forecasts, the population will increase by about 30-35%. Consequently, the per capita supply of grain in the wheat segment may slightly increase.

In developing countries, an increase in the share of imports in total consumption wheat from 24-26% to 30% due to the increasing use of wheat in animal husbandry. The highest production growth rates are predicted for the least developed countries (2.8 times in 2050 compared to 2008). Only in this case they will be able to reduce their dependence on imports from 60% to 50%. However, this level cannot be considered normal. Certain actions are needed on the part of developed countries, which could contribute to an increase in wheat production directly in this group of states.

Now we present some results of forecasting the development of the meat and dairy industry. It is estimated that world milk production will increase at a rate faster than population growth. By 2050, world milk production may reach 1222 million tons, which is almost 80% higher than in 2008. Developing countries should make the greatest contribution to this increase, in which production will increase by almost 2.25 times. However, even in the distant future, the gap in the productivity of dairy farming between developed and developing civilizations will remain significant. In developing countries, some reduction in the number of cows can be expected with a significant increase in their productivity. This will solve two problems: to increase the production of plant-based food resources available to the population, and to increase the share of milk protein in the diet of the poor.

The most acute and complex problem remains the production of meat, which is the main factor in improving the nutrition of the world's population.

Forecast calculations show that by 2050 the production and consumption of beef may increase by more than 60%, pork - by 77%, poultry meat - 2.15 times. The rate of growth in meat production may exceed the rate of population growth. The possibility of outstripping growth of the meat industry in developing countries, which will be able to meet domestic demand through own production. In the least developed countries, under these assumptions, it can be predicted that a significant part of the demand for beef and pork will be met by domestic production, while 40% of poultry meat consumption will be covered by imports.

The presented forecasts for the production of the main types of agricultural products suggest that if agriculture is transferred to an innovative, resource-saving development trajectory over the foreseeable 40-year period, the threat of a protracted global food crisis can be significantly reduced. An even more urgent problem for the world community is to overcome the dire threat of famine.

Various projections of food consumption in the world indicate an increase in its level per capita. However, this growth will slow down. For 30 years (from 1970 to 2000) food consumption in the world (in energy equivalent) increased from 2411 to 2789 kcal per person per day, i.e. the increase was 16% or 0.48% on average per year. According to the forecast for 2001-2030, consumption will increase to 2950 kcal, but the increase over 30 years will be only 9% or 0.28% on average per year.

By 2050, consumption is projected to increase to the level of 3130 kcal per person per day, and the increase over 20 years will be 3% or 0.15% per year. At the same time, developing countries will increase consumption 5-6 times faster than developed countries. Thanks to such dynamics, the difference in the level of food consumption between different civilizations will be reduced, which should become the basis for a more harmonious and socially stable development of mankind.

Currently, only half of the population is provided with the possibility of good nutrition. 30 years ago this category included only 4% of the population. By the middle of the century, about 90% of the world's population will be able to consume food at a level of more than 2,700 kcal per day per capita.

Achieving such production parameters is a super-task for world agriculture, given that the transition to an innovative development path is associated with high costs and risks.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

According to the dynamics of the development of markets for the main types of food, calculations were made for Russia. All forecast indicators were calculated for a ten-year horizon from 2009 to 2018. A feature of this forecast is that it used macroeconomic assumptions, which were calculated by the World Bank for all countries of the world.

When compiling the forecast, the hypothesis was used that in the next 10 years the GDP growth rate in Russia will be at the level of 4.5% (the presented forecast indicates the objective potential of the Russian agricultural sector).

In accordance with production calculations according to the baseline forecast, wheat production in Russia will gradually increase and reach 54 million tons by 2018. This estimate is largely related to the hypothesis of low yield growth rates (20 c/ha by 2018) with At the same time, the average export volumes in the first half of the forecast period will decrease to 8 million tons, and then grow to 12 million in 2018. However, according to the estimates of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture and many Russian experts, the yield growth will occur at a faster pace, which will provide large volumes wheat production and export.

An increase in the production of all types of meat is predicted. By 2018 general production meat will grow to 8.5 million tons (in slaughter weight), including: beef - 2.0 million tons, pork - 3.2 million tons, poultry meat - 3.4 million tons. Due to the increase in production, a decrease in imports for all types of meat is predicted. The largest reduction is estimated for pork, where the value of imports by 2018 will be only 130 thousand tons. Beef imports will decrease to 480 thousand tons, and for poultry meat - up to 1100 thousand. import of meat.

Forecasts for the development of the dairy sector are based on the hypothesis that existing conservative trends will continue. By 2018, milk production will increase only to the level of 40 million tons. At the same time, the number of dairy cows will increase slightly (up to 10 million heads). Russian experts believe that the implementation of state programs aimed at supporting the dairy sector will be able to change the situation in this industry, which will reach higher rates.

These are some of the results of predicting the dynamics and structural changes in the agrarian sector of the Russian Federation. Russia has a powerful competitive advantage: vast lands, including the most fertile chernozems, availability of water resources, a variety of natural and climatic zones and agrolandscapes from north to south and from west to east. The main problems of the agricultural sector of the country's economy are technological backwardness in many industries and regions of the Russian Federation. However, according to international and Russian scientific centers, in the near future it is the agricultural sector of Russia that will become one of the main locomotives of the economy due to the modernization of agriculture and its transition to an innovative development path.

Conclusion

Agriculture remains one of the leading branches of material production in the world economy. Across the land, the quality of productive land varies significantly. Soil fertility depends on many natural factors. A survey conducted by the FAO found that on the prevailing part of the land, natural factors limit the possibility of farming.

The globalization of the economy, with all its contradictions and distortions, has the potential for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective agriculture. It is able to mitigate the global food crisis and prevent its worst form - mass starvation with numerous human casualties. This requires the development of long-term forecasts for the food supply of the world's population, as well as programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex and food markets by country and region. Of particular importance in these programs should be the development and development of resource-saving technologies in all areas of activity related to the food supply of the population.

Russia has chosen the path of large-scale modernization of food production using resource-saving technologies, greening the agricultural sector, as well as ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas. A sufficiently high level of provision of the agricultural sector with natural resources will become a strategic competitive advantage for Russia in the medium term.

In the meantime, on the basis of an assessment of the agro-natural potential, it can be concluded that in general, in the countries of the Third World, with a low level of investment, 1 ha can feed - 0.61 people, with an intermediate level - 2.1 people, with a high level - 5.05.

If the low level of investment in agriculture persists, then in the coming years, out of 117 developing countries, 64 states will already be classified as critical, i.e. their population will not be provided with food according to FAO and WHO standards.

A serious danger to humanity also lies in the impoverishment of the natural gene pool. This is due to the reduction of cultivated species and varieties used in agriculture and the predominant breeding of the most productive and resistant to any negative impact of plants and animals. But the stability of natural biocenoses is primarily in their biodiversity, therefore, in some countries, gene banks are being created, where breeding of various livestock breeds and plant species is supported.

on the course "Fundamentals of Economics"

on the topic: "Agriculture - problems and development prospects"

• INTRODUCTION
• 1. STATE OF DOMESTIC AGRICULTURE
• 2. WAYS TO OVERCOME THE AIC CRISIS
• 3. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD AGRICULTURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work is explained by the urgent need to revive Russian agriculture after the destructive reforms of the transition period and the globalization of the problems of world agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the backbone sectors of the economy of any country. Regardless of soil and climatic conditions, even the most developed industrial countries invest very large amounts of money in the development of domestic agriculture. The land available in the country is a huge productive force given by Nature free of charge.

The crisis in agriculture and the decline in its production immediately deal a heavy blow to the entire economy, as it leads to the loss of a huge amount of free natural resources, and these losses have to be paid for by food imports.

The purpose of this work is to identify problems and try to outline the prospects for the development of Russian and world agriculture.

1. STATE OF DOMESTIC AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is an important part of the Russian economy. 13% of fixed production assets, 14% of labor resources are concentrated here, about 6% of GDP is produced.

Despite the problems associated with the planned management of the national economy, Russia on the eve of the reform was among the world's largest producers of agricultural products. Its agro-industrial complex (AIC) was relatively developed and played an important role in the country's economy.

Most of the territory of Russia lies in the zone of risky agriculture. Over large areas, yields vary greatly depending on weather conditions. Nevertheless, until the radical reform started in 1988, agriculture in the RSFSR developed at a high and stable pace. This is evidenced by objective indicators that do not depend on ideological assessments. The population of Russia in relation to the world community did not even reach 3%, but the agricultural sector of Russia produced 5.7% of the world's meat and grain, 10.3% of milk, 7.6% of eggs. At the same time, Russia was ahead of many countries not only in terms of production volume, but also in terms of the most objective indicator - production per capita. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in not the best 1990, domestic agriculture, which had not yet entered the reform period, produced 1.7 times more grain per capita than in the EU countries, potatoes - 1 .6 times, milk - 1.2 times, eggs - 2.3 times. Only for meat production per capita was lower by 17% and for vegetables - by 2 times. In terms of growth rates of food production, the country surpassed many developed countries. For example, over three decades (1960-1990), for every 1% of population growth, there was 3% of food growth.

However, due to the weakness of the most important and essential component - the sphere of processing, storage, transportation and sale, annually producing a huge amount of products on state farms and collective farms, the country in the "field-counter" chain lost up to 30% of grain, 60% of potatoes, 10% of meat , 15% milk. Consequently, the main causes of food difficulties were mainly outside of agricultural production itself.

However, numerous studies and assessments have shown that it was in the 1970s-1980s. The agro-industrial complex of Russia has become more and more noticeably behind the advanced countries of the world.

The reforms led to a severe crisis in all agriculture - both crop production and animal husbandry.

The reforms meant a revolutionary change in the organization of agricultural production and its relations with related industries, consumers and the state. The reforms changed the social structure of Russia in terms of agriculture and the entire life order of the Russian village.

The beginning of the transition to a market economy necessitated a complete revision of the principles, methods and forms of state intervention in the agricultural sector in order to create conditions in this sector of the economy for the development of entrepreneurial activity, improve the provision of food to the population and increase its living standards.

In 1990, the exclusive monopoly of state ownership of land, introduced in 1917, ceased to exist. However, in terms of their consequences for the agro-industrial complex of Russia, the reforms of the 1990s turned out to be much more radical and destructive than those in 1917. The main reason for this was the desire of the democratic government to solve not so much economic as political problems, not so much the construction of some new economic structures and mechanisms, how much scrapping and liquidation of the existing ones. The primary goals of the agrarian reform were the reorganization of collective farms and state farms, the development of entrepreneurship, and the creation of conditions for attracting foreign investment to the agricultural sector.

It is characteristic that the transition from exclusively state-cooperative ownership of land, which existed before 1991, to new diverse forms was carried out through strict legislative guidelines. Priority in the development of the agricultural complex was unquestioningly given to small-scale production, and large farms (collective farms and state farms), which produced most of the marketable products, practically turned out to be “outside the law”.

Land transformations were carried out in the conditions of constantly changing and contradictory legislation. The content of the reforms changed several times, a lot of very real and highly effective measures were envisaged not only in the sphere of agricultural production, but also in neighboring ones, which served or depended on the agricultural sector. However, they remained only good intentions.

A characteristic feature of the agrarian reforms in the transitional economy was that the content of program documents was transformed in practice in the opposite way.

As a result, signs of destabilization of the agrarian sector became clear, mainly related to:

· liberalization of prices, which led to the aggravation of the disparity of intersectoral economic relations and the withdrawal of huge funds from agriculture;

· privatization of processing and service enterprises and organizations instead of creating conditions for the development of cooperation and agro-industrial integration;

· focus on small private production, which did not lead to the formation of more efficient organizational structures;

· unification of the credit policy, which does not take into account the specifics of agriculture, the cyclical nature of production, and the slowdown in capital turnover;

· an accelerated transition to market relations without the minimum necessary infrastructure, which led to the displacement of the main part of rural producers from the market, the transfer of the distribution function of products to intermediaries, and the strengthening of the monopoly position in the market of processing and trading organizations.

During privatization, it was implied that subsequently mechanisms would be established for the transfer of initially distributed property into the hands of efficient users. Such mechanisms were not created, therefore, a significant part of the land and fixed assets, without any use, was in the hands of farms that had practically ceased their normal functioning. Of the positive transformations, it can be noted that on the basis of the reorganized collective farms and state farms, joint-stock companies, limited liability partnerships, agricultural production cooperatives, associations of peasant (farm) enterprises, collective agricultural enterprises. The farming sector was formed in its infancy.

By the beginning of the 21st century, the following problems were identified:

· About 30 million hectares of land were taken out of agricultural circulation;

removal of nutrients from the soil significantly exceeded their application with fertilizers;

· fall into decay of reclamation systems;

· expansion of the area of ​​acidified soils;

· technical degradation of the agricultural sector;

The provision of enterprises with agricultural machinery decreased by 40-60%. Equipment wear has reached 75%. The rate of its annual retirement is 3-4 times faster than the rate of renewal. If this trend continues, in a few years there will be nothing to perform mechanized work.

The debts of agricultural enterprises exceed the annual proceeds from the sale of all agricultural products. 55% of agricultural enterprises remained unprofitable. Over the years of reforms, state capital investments have decreased by 20 times.

The formation of a market agrarian structure based on the reorganization of collective farms and state farms was primarily a political task and could not help in solving economic difficulties. The growth in the number of farms and the creation of new forms of management on the basis of collective farms and state farms could not neutralize the destructive effect of price disparity, market forces, and the self-elimination of the state from performing many objectively necessary management functions.

The very idea of ​​farming as a political and ideological counterbalance to the former socialist structure, and not as a usual attribute of a market economy and a means of replenishing the country's food fund and the income of the rural population, seems to be vicious. The idea of ​​farming as the only acceptable and most efficient form of agricultural production for Russia was not only wrong, but also harmful.

Even at the beginning of this political economy experiment, experts warned about the lack of prospects for small-scale farming in the era of large-scale production, about the unprofitability of dispersing land and capital at a time when concentration and specialization of production are becoming the main factors for increasing the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The fragmentation of a large commodity producer into many small ones destroys production and its technology. Each neoplasm is economically weaker than the whole, and a small commodity production does not make it possible to grow economically in a short period of time. The practice of Russia has confirmed that without the creation of appropriate conditions and infrastructure, the idea of ​​"fermerization" of agriculture is doomed to failure.

The absence of a scientifically based program of reforms initiated and the corresponding mechanisms for carrying out the reform posed a threat to agrarian reforms in Russia. Currently, the agro-industrial complex of Russia is experiencing a crisis due to the general socio-economic crisis in the country, subjective errors in the agro-food policy and the inevitable consequences of its implementation.

The aggravation of the agrarian crisis was most affected by the macroeconomic policy factors of the last almost two decades.

The most important of these were:

· the liquidation of the USSR and the violation of long-term interregional and intersectoral economic ties;

· increasing disparity in prices for means of production and products sold;

· liberalization of prices, and, first of all, for energy carriers;

· a significant reduction in the investment activity of the state and the loss of control over money circulation;

· quick, unprepared and ill-conceived privatization, which does not take into account the territorial and sectoral specifics of the national economy, especially in agriculture;

· the destruction of the existing system of management of the national economy without the creation of its new forms, adequate to the requirements of the development of market relations, including those that contribute to the implementation of agrarian reform.

The objective difficulties of reforming, the current macroeconomic situation and subjective mistakes in the implementation of reforms have led to a significant decline in the production and consumption of food products. The volume of agricultural production has almost halved over the past years. Imports of foodstuffs, especially meat and vegetable oil, increased sharply. In recent years, per capita food consumption has almost halved, and the total calorie content of food has decreased by a third.

The expected results of the reforms were not achieved mainly due to the fact that they were aimed mainly at the legal reorganization of enterprises, and not at the institutional transformation of the market and the organization of its infrastructure, and a market regulation system was not created.

Modern institutional transformations should be aimed at improving the forms of management, creating optimal market production structures that are most competitive in market conditions and ensure the maximum realization of the participants' opportunities in their economic activities.

In the transitional period, when the imperfect market mechanism not only does not yet ensure self-regulation of reproduction processes, but is not even able to stabilize the situation and prevent further collapse of the agrarian economy, it is necessary to observe the principle of combining indicativeness (recommendation) and directiveness. However, the most effective means of influencing rural entrepreneurship are methods economic support when instead of appeals or instructions to the private sector for the most promising groups of entrepreneurs, the state creates conditions for obtaining greater profits (mainly at the expense of budgetary funds).

The most important principles of state regulation, which are of particular importance in a crisis transitional economy, are:

· material support of agricultural producers;

agrarian protectionism;

A combination of economic and social goals.

In Russia, measures of state support for rural entrepreneurship should not be limited to budget subsidies and compensations. The most important role is played by the provision of start-up assistance to rural entrepreneurs, including guarantees for newly created farms, as well as support for the formation of production infrastructure, assistance in the formation and development of reformed agricultural enterprises.

If we consider the structure of the agricultural economy in terms of the proportions of various ownership models, then among the real subjects of economic relations of the capitalist type are private farms that have demonstrated not only the ability to survive, but also to thrive in harsh market conditions. Such farms-producers today provide about 45% of the total agricultural output. These include: agricultural holdings and equity enterprises, farms, farmsteads of villagers, as well as small business in countryside in a wide variety of forms: private flour mills, bakeries, butter factories, repair shops, etc. The presence of agroholdings in the agricultural economy indicates the intrusion of industrial principles of production into a system traditionally aimed at the implementation of patriarchal ways of working on the land. It's about about the preservation, promotion and development of a special connection between the worker and his land, about the presence of a significant personal moment in economic processes, which has always yielded convincing results of economical, careful and profitable farming.

Meanwhile, a significant place in the agricultural economy is occupied by agroholdings, which are powerful vertically integrated structures that include both production and processing, and sales of products. Naturally, all this requires a lot of money. They come to the countryside as investors interested in closing the cycle by linking the processing and sale of agricultural products with their production. And this activity of agricultural holdings is decisive in their evaluation. The development of any type of rural household needs careful patronage from the state. It is necessary to restore not only the agricultural system of the household type, but also lost over the years Soviet power the psychology of the landowner, which, of course, requires considerable time and effort.

Yet, despite all the difficulties of the transition period, large agricultural producers continue to exist. It is an undeniable fact that at the end of the twentieth century. about 90% of them were unprofitable, however, even during this period, examples of well-being and even prosperity are known, although quite rare. Nevertheless, one can state a significant improvement in the position of large producers in institutional terms. According to many indicators of economic activity, representatives of this type of farms have already ceased to be monopolists. In addition, large farms are no longer the basis social life and life in the countryside. And, finally, from landowners they turned into land users.

2 . WAYS TO OVERCOME THE AIC CRISIS

The development of agriculture is one of the few sectoral expert areas in the activities of the Center for Special Development (CSR). Its inclusion in the list of developments of the Center is due to a number of reasons that distinguish agriculture from the entire list of industries. First of all, this is a sector that provides the population of the country with the most important essential goods - food. Secondly, Russia, due to its vast areas suitable for agriculture, objectively has every opportunity to develop a competitive agri-food sector on world markets. Thirdly, the problem of poverty is closely related to agriculture - in the countryside, the share of the poor population significantly exceeds the figures for cities.

Based on this understanding, the CSR was organized working group on the development and consolidation in the legislation of new principles of state policy in the countryside. The first law was devoted to formulating the tasks, principles and instruments of the state agri-food policy, the second contained specific programs to support the agri-food sector. This division is generally consistent with world practice.

In recent years, the current government of the Russian Federation has tried to take into account and rethink the mistakes made in the first years of the transition period. Now agriculture in our country is developing within the framework of the National Project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex".

The priority areas for the development of this project are:

· accelerated development of animal husbandry;

· stimulating the development of small forms of management;

· provision of affordable housing for young families and young professionals in the countryside.

The main goal of the project is the accelerated development of animal husbandry and an increase in the production of meat and milk to gradually replace imported meat and dairy products. Within the framework of the whole of Russia, the task was set to increase milk production by 4.5% by 2008, meat - by 7%.

The implementation of the first direction of the National Project will increase the profitability of animal husbandry, carry out technical re-equipment of existing livestock complexes (farms) and put new capacities into operation.

This will be possible through:

· increasing the availability of long-term loans attracted for up to 8 years;

· growth of deliveries through the system of federal leasing of pedigree cattle, machinery and equipment for animal husbandry;

· improvement of measures of customs and tariff regulation;

The second direction of the National Project is aimed at increasing the volume of sales of products produced by peasant (farmer) households and citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots.

This is supposed to be achieved by:

· cheaper credit resources attracted by small forms of management of the agro-industrial complex;

development of infrastructure for servicing small forms of business in the agro-industrial complex - a network of agricultural consumer cooperatives(procurement, supply and marketing, processing, credit).

The implementation of the third direction will provide affordable housing for young professionals (or their families) in the countryside, will create conditions for the formation of an effective human resources potential of the agro-industrial complex.

Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will help to fit into the world agricultural market most organically.

To date, negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO have been completed with all participating countries, except for Vietnam, Georgia and Cambodia. Support for Russian agriculture was one of the most important topics of these negotiations. Agreements have already been reached on access to the Russian agricultural market. For all goods produced in Russia (all types of meat, milk, oils, sugar) customs tariffs will remain unchanged after joining the WTO. For those goods that are not produced in our country, the Russian side made concessions on tariffs. In the signed documents, the basic indicator of state support for agriculture is taken for 1993-1995 and amounts to approximately 9 billion US dollars, and there will be no increase in import quotas in the next 2 years. In general, speaking about the consequences of joining the WTO for the economy and for agriculture in Russia in particular, according to the calculations of economists, negative impact on the agricultural sector is not expected from this step.

On the this moment there is an unsettled agricultural sector of the market. Wholesale prices for agricultural products are declining, while retail prices are increasing, including due to an increase in imports of these goods from abroad.

In our opinion, when joining the WTO, the federal authorities should reduce import quotas for these goods, eliminate the irregularity of deliveries over time, and stop illegal food supply channels to Russia.

Only with state support for Russian agriculture, it will be able to produce competitive products in the WTO.

When formulating an agricultural development strategy, it would be useful to take into account the experience of leading developed countries.

For example, in the United States, the state provides subsidies from the federal budget in the event that market prices for agricultural products fall below the guaranteed price level. A special government organization at guaranteed prices accepts agricultural products as collateral from producers, and if market prices exceed the collateral, the producer buys back his product and sells it on the market. If the prices are below the deposit rates, then the goods remain the property of the government organization. Thus, the United States, being the largest exporter of agricultural products, by supporting its own producers, is taking effective measures to maintain such a gap in world prices, as a result of which its own producer does not remain a loser, and the level of world prices remains under control.

The pricing mechanism in the EU, developed for each type of agricultural product and for each region, is effective. Several categories of prices are established - indicative prices determined by the Communities as desirable, minimum import prices or threshold, minimum sales prices guaranteed to the manufacturer by interventions, official organizations. The existence of a threshold price protects the market from imports, the intervention price guarantees a minimum income for producers. Thus, protectionism at the EU's borders protects producers from the sharp shocks of the world market. The well-thought-out agro-policy of the EU made it possible to go from an importer of agricultural products to a position close to self-sufficiency and the second world exporter within 10-15 years.

3. TRENDS IN WORLD AGRICULTUREFARMS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

According to economists, by 2010 in developed countries a relatively low growth in food consumption is expected: 2-2.5%. In developing countries, however, a sharp increase in consumption is expected. First of all, this concerns the countries of the Asian region and some countries of Latin America. It is also expected to increase consumption of products in the countries of the former USSR, countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Many forecasts of the development of agriculture in the 21st century have been published in the scientific press. All futurologists and practitioners agree that revolutionary changes are coming. As agricultural technology advances, food needs will change, there will be more of it, and it will cost less. In the late 1960s, Americans spent about a third of their income on food. Now they only spend 10% on it. People can afford much more. Thus, Americans satisfy about half of their food needs outside the home - in cafes, restaurants, in the system of fast food establishments. Rising incomes will lead to the fact that consumers will want not only tasty, but also healthy food. The new type of food will simultaneously contain vaccines against diseases, and have a number of other positive qualities. The growth of the world's population should contribute to the development of agriculture, since it will be necessary to satisfy not only the basic needs, but also the tastes of people of different nationalities and ages. Rural producers need to constantly improve their products, offer new types of healthier food. Only in this case they will have a cloudless future.

Agriculture will be forced to adapt to the market conditions of an increasingly globalized world economy, as tight financial policies do not support the necessary market measures. The trend towards economic growth will continue in farms. First of all, it will be necessary to reduce production costs through the efficient use of agricultural machinery. The production and sale of specific regional products, as well as environmentally friendly products, is becoming one of the significant sources of income. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, there are exceptionally favorable conditions for the effective competitive production of wheat, rapeseed or pork, a dynamic development of production is ensured, achievements in the development of biology and technology are used, integration production activities and public assessment peasant labor. Over the past 25 years, labor costs for food production have decreased by three quarters, with a trend of 50% reduction is projected by 2010. demand in developing countries. Losses can be partially covered by the results of technical development and lower prices for material and technical means. Security disputes environment become more and more objective. Cooperation and diversified production will help reduce the pressure to cut costs. The efficiency of large farms will remain at a high level. The concentration of capital in the agricultural sector will continue. The role of agricultural production will become much more versatile. Technological development will lead to the fact that the role of information and communication technology in the organization of production and access to markets will grow. The economic opportunities for the use of biology and genetic technology will increase. The latter is spreading in animal husbandry more slowly than in crop production. It is not a problem to increase production or preserve the harvested crop. It is important to improve the quality of products, the favorable formation of the structure of proteins, the improvement of the quality of sugars and vegetable oils. Solving these problems requires significant fundamental scientific research, which will make it possible to create new varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds that ensure the qualitative and quantitative growth of production. The food needs of a growing population will have to be met in a smaller area, with less water and in a deteriorating environment.

In many countries food production is subsidized. Financial support per 1 hectare of agricultural land in the EU is 500 dollars, in the USA - about 100 dollars, in Russia - only 2 dollars, although in the 80s, state subsidies per 1 hectare we had more than in the USA (about 150-200 dollars). Given the current economic situation in Russia, it is simply unrealistic to count on subsidies of more than $20/ha in the near future. Today they can be no more than 10% of the cost of agricultural products, and this is, in practice, a requirement for self-sufficiency. These are the real conditions. Therefore, in order to ensure the self-sufficiency of agriculture and at the same time maintain the conditions for reproduction, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of grain production by at least 2 times. This should be done both by reducing material and financial costs, and by increasing productivity.

According to FAO, the reality is that food production in the coming years can be secured through massive investment in the system of control over the distribution of water. The reason is that 70% of fresh water goes to agriculture. We have already spoken about the limited water resources. In addition, there is a struggle for them from other sectors of the economy. Therefore, agriculture is in a difficult position - it is necessary to produce more food and better quality with less water use and without harming the environment. Sustainable economic growth in most developing countries can only be achieved through strong agriculture. For the growth of agricultural production, it is necessary to make significant private and state investments in infrastructure, technology, and the system of water use for peasants. According to FAO specialists, the driving force behind the growth of agricultural production is the improvement of the water management system.

One of global problems modern agriculture is the redistribution of agricultural products - food. The main problem of mankind is the distribution of food. Despite an unprecedented increase in the level of prosperity in the world, famine is emerging in one region after another. Several countries in Asia, and especially in Africa, are facing a particularly catastrophic food situation due to civil strife and large numbers of refugees and displaced persons. If the highly developed countries, experiencing a surplus of food, want to maintain their standard of living, they must help the developing countries. Because the half-starved population will not be stopped by either the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean. The hungry will rush to where there is food and prosperity.

The most important prerequisite for a proper response of the world community to hunger is the development of an appropriate understanding of the economics of the food problem. In Africa, for example, there is plenty of scope for expanding food production, but this requires appropriate economic policies (including agricultural research, institutional reforms, and changes in relative prices). Modern agriculture also has high hopes for biotechnology, the "gene revolution".

CONCLUSION

Agriculture is the most important element of the world economy, providing the world's population with food products. Russian agriculture after being in the stage of stagnation in the 70-80s. The twentieth century, when the outlines of the coming crisis were already revealed, was subjected to the devastating impact of the reforms of the 1990s.

Transformations were carried out in the conditions of constantly changing and contradictory legislation and spontaneous price liberalization. The focus was not on the creation of something new, but on the destruction of the old. This led to the emergence of numerous problems by the beginning of the 21st century: the withdrawal of huge areas from agricultural circulation, land degradation, agricultural machinery, and the processing sector (which did not work very well under socialism).

In recent years, the government has developed a number of measures to overcome the crisis, within the framework of the national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". The leading directions of this project are the accelerated development of animal husbandry, stimulating the development of small forms of farming, providing affordable housing for young families and young professionals in the countryside.

As capitalist tendencies were introduced into the Russian economy, private forms of agricultural production began to play an increasingly important role (up to 45%). Government support is also needed in this direction.

With regard to Russia, it is obvious that success is possible only if the measures of state regulation and agrarian policy take into account the value orientations of the rural population that have developed over many decades, the behavioral patterns of its various groups, socio-psychological and national characteristics.

In recent years, a number of problems have emerged in the globalizing system of the world economy. This is the problem of uneven redistribution of the products of the agricultural sector, indicating problems with water resources, which are of paramount importance in agriculture. On the whole, in developed countries (USA, EU), agriculture is developing quite successfully, making these countries the leading exporters of agricultural products, and new technologies are being introduced in the field of biochemistry and genetics.

There are hopes that Russia, as a result of a more thoughtful conduct of economic policy and probable accession to the WTO, will be able to take its rightful place in the system of world agriculture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Dobrynin V.P. On the concept of development of agriculture in Russia. - M.: MSH, 2006.

2. Kara-Murza S.G. Economic reforms in Russia 1999-2001 - M.: Algorithm 2002.

3. The course of the transition economy // Ed. L.I. Abalkin. - M.: Finstatinform, 2007.

4. Course economic theory: Tutorial// Ed. A.V. Sidorovich. - M.: DIS, 2001

5. Pletnev P.A. New problems of world agriculture. // "Krestyanskie Vedomosti", 2007, No. 10

6. Sergeev D.V. Institutional features of agriculture in post-perestroika Russia - M.: 2003.

7. Serova E.V. agricultural economy. - M.: GU HSE, 1999.

8. Theory of transitional economy: Textbook // Ed. I.P. Nikolaeva. - M.: Prospect, 2001.

9. Economy in transition // Ed. V.V. Radaeva, A.V. Buzgalin. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2005.

10. http://www.donland.ru/ // official website of the administration of the Rostov region.

Our country is huge. The climate is different in its territory. Diverse animal and vegetable world, geographic conditions and soils. And everywhere people turn to their advantage the natural features of their region, learn to manage better, treat the land and its wealth with care, lay settlements and cities, build roads and power lines, block rivers with dams ...

But, like hundreds of years ago, the concern for bread, the concern for the harvest, has not gone into the background. True, it has acquired a new sound today. Miners and metallurgists, chemists and technologists, designers and meteorologists came to the aid of farmers who created powerful modern agro-industrial complexes.

The country is now in a position to invest new funds in agricultural production, and it expects a greater return from the rural workers. Grandiose prospects for the development of agriculture have been outlined, not just for the coming years, but for a more distant future. Without such a real assessment of the future, further progress of the entire national economy of the country is unthinkable. But, in turn, the implementation of these plans is impossible without comprehensive scientific work in various fields that in one way or another are in contact with agricultural production.

The fact that, as before, the issues of grain production remain in the center of attention is quite natural. The cultivation of grain crops - wheat, corn, rice, barley, rye, oats - many cereals and leguminous crops is carried out on vast areas, the attention of a multi-million army of rural workers is riveted to the cultivation of bread, and the solution of many other problems of the national economy is associated with its production.

Gone are the days when these issues could be resolved within the framework of purely agrarian sciences, as some of the agricultural biologists have been saying about this not so long ago. Now, when the level of productivity has increased dramatically, simple agricultural practices are no longer able to provide the amount of grain we need. There is only one way out of this situation: an in-depth study of the vital activity of organisms, the elucidation of the patterns that determine the complex of economically valuable plant traits.

Today it is not enough to give farmers good varieties. We still need to learn how to realize this potential in practice. And for this it is necessary to study the physiology and biochemistry of developing plants just as comprehensively, to figure out how to create best conditions for their growth, crop formation, how to “feed” crops, how to cultivate crops. It follows from this that agricultural science must rise to a qualitatively different level - to become complex. The activities of specialists in some disciplines must be consistent with the capabilities and plans of others. This entails an increase in the role of planning future scientific developments, the role of coordinating the efforts of scientists from different branches of science.

There is another factor that determines the growing role of fundamental science in the development of agriculture. Today, we can no longer be satisfied with a simple increase in productivity. Since now the problems of the quality of agricultural products are coming to the fore. It is necessary that a unit of production, and above all grain, contain the required amount of certain types of molecules - proteins, fats, carbohydrates ... So that proteins carry the optimal amount of amino acids, so that fats contain the oils we need.

Thus, the problems of crop production and grain production can only be solved today taking into account new requirements. In our society, the task of feeding people has long been outdated. Another problem was put on the agenda - to provide complete food and feed products that best meet the biological needs of humans and animals. It is also necessary to know for sure how to process the harvested agricultural products so as not to lose the right substances.

A huge role is given to the introduction of the achievements of molecular biology in agriculture. Without them, it is already unthinkable to achieve a solution to the urgent tasks set for the agrarian sector of our economy. Molecular biology is already doing a great deal to increase the production of grain and, in particular, to develop methods for improving its quality. Theoretical research in this area, which led to outstanding discoveries, changed the face of the entire modern biology. New knowledge is already being applied in practice, because only on this path of a comprehensive study of the most subtle patterns of metabolism in cells can one hope to find real approaches to further increasing agricultural productivity and obtaining high-quality products. All this has changed the usual ideas about many sciences, and above all about plant breeding, which is experiencing a rebirth today.

But not only due to the success of selection does a person receive plant food and bread. Botanists are looking for plants in nature that could expand the range of species cultivated by man, Biochemists are developing better ways to extract nutrients useful for nutrition. Microbiologists are creating a cheap "microbial" protein. Those who are trying to get plant foods that are not inferior, and sometimes superior in their nutritional value, usefulness, and taste to traditional types, go in different ways. food products. By introducing new technological operations, scientists eliminate the loss of protein during the processing of grain into cereals and flour. With the help of enzymatic transformations, protein concentrates are obtained. This constant struggle for sources of food for people and feed for livestock is permeated with the search for keys to unlocking the secrets of the genetic code, the molecular structure of various cellular structures and formations. Thus, scientists' reflections on the issue of reserves for obtaining food merge with the efforts of those who seek to grow large crops, give varieties new properties, and improve the quality of grain.

Our idea of ​​bread is multifaceted. This is not only grain in the bins, not only a baked bun, or fragrant porridge, or feed concentrate in animal feeders. It is both the most important product used in the food industry and a raw material for many other industries. Each of these types of raw materials needs its own, special grain - high-protein or, on the contrary, enriched with starch or oils. Therefore, the studies of scientists working on these problems are so different, differentiated.

Tsyngueva V.V. The current state of agriculture in Russia / V.V. Tsyngueva, E.Yu. Zavalnyuk, A.I. Ageenko, Yu.E. Bessonova // Economics and business: theory and practice. - 2016. - No. 5. - S. 196-201.

CURRENT STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN RUSSIA

A.I. Ageenko, master student

Yu.E. Bessonova, undergraduate

E.Yu. Zavalnyuk, Senior Lecturer

V.V. Tsyngueva, Senior Lecturer

Novosibirsk State Agrarian University

(Novosibirsk, Russia)

Annotation. Basic task economic development country is modernization , increasing the competitiveness of agricultural production. The article considers s state of the artRussian agricultureat the present stage, the relevance of improving the efficiency of the domestic agro-industrial complex, features Russian agriculture.

Keywords: efficiency, agricultural production, state n regulation, import substitution, state program.

Agriculture is prior and branch of the Russian economy, as it allows to provide food about volitional security of the country. V n a standing tense russian economy a walks in a crisis. An important task for the economy about of Russia is the active development of its own agricultural about industrial complex that can compete with the world-class agro-industrial complex [ 1 ]. Agriculture about more than 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% national income Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets.

Low level of developmentRussian agriculture communications n with essence common problems:

- in High fuel prices that make highly profitable agricultural production impossible about induction;

- in high interest rates on loans(15 – 25 % ) due to uncertainty in the return of loans;

- in high customs duties for agricultural machinery and and domestic market from dumping about output deliveries food products from abroad;

– system imperfection taxation;

- with social problems of rural residents e lei: it is necessary to build housing in the countryside, improvesocial conditions for peasants [ 2 ] .

From point of view Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, preChairman of the Central Council of RUSO V.S. Shevelukha, " Further development of the country, as well as the achievement of food security with The viability and independence of the state largely depend on overcoming such obstacles. H a the time has come when we need to save not only agricultural about the consumer, but also the consumer of food from wild price hikes, from low-quality products, from destructive force“ with a seagoing economy” . It must be admitted that the reform of the 1990s led to the dispossession of the peasants from land, distorted land use, and destroyed technical e village equipment, created h at food commodities and bridge from foreign capital. village n e need to be saved from complete annihilation e niya. The fate of the village and sieve on the relationship of power to the peasant, but on his survival depend well-being and without about the security of the whole country."

The main paradox of the current and tuations in Russian agriculture I is that in the presence of sufficient a passes of natural and technogenic resources for h food production within the country in full needs pha tic it production isonly half of what is needed. The second half of the products and Tanya is imported from abroad. As a result of ongoing osh and side, agrarian and other reforms imposed on our country from the outside, Russia lost I la your food without about danger and approached the line of the coming famine and a national catastrophe.

In nasto current time efficiency issuesefficiency of the domestic agro-industrial complex and get everything greater relevance. On the one hand, this is due to the presence of h vein-climatic potential for the production of own agricultural th natural raw materials and production about potential for recycling. On the other hand, the difficult foreign policy conditions associated with the introduction of relations e research institutes of Russia near foreign stations ran s personal political and fifinancial and economic sanctions, a push and to strengthen their own food ve n noah security of Russia. The foregoing fully applies to one of the well the most important areas of agriculture- Well, here's the news. All the troubles of animal husbandry are attributed to the decline in livestock, and agriculture from the enterprise to you fulfill for the peasants not an economic, but rather a social role. There is an opinion that animal husbandry, like agriculture, in Russian conditions- a risky business e division. But it's not just the cost, it's also the a rational use of resources, with outdated equipment and technologies. For example, labor productivity in Russian animal husbandry is at least twice as low as in developed countries. Western countries. M about The disproportion between the real cost of raw milk and the purchase prices of dairies for it also prevents dairy farms from working. Today there is a price dictate of trade over the lane. is an employee and the processor above the village economic producer.

Raise e agricultural efficiency properties, intensities fication animal dstva, increase An increase in the volume of livestock production is possible only under conditions of sustainable production d stva high-quality and various forages. AT modern conditions promotion e slowing down the pace of development of public and breeding is largely dependent on the about rhenium scientific and technological progress a, and n intensive implementation of achievements science and t technique, excellence, postyannogo improvement of methods of organization a production, labor, management, industrial relations, i.e. e. from all si topics of reference bellyinnovation industries [ 4 ].

Establishing a rational organization a fodder productiondstva on the modern floor but ne vivi sieves from solving a large number of technological, organizational and about socio-economic problems. Wa well The importance and urgency of solving these problems are determined by the aggravation of the existing­ previously existing in the animal industry about management of disproportions between the availability and needs of animal husbandry in feed [ 5 ].

Grain production is traditionally the basis of all food production. about th complex and the largest reflection with lew agriculture. Russia is located provides excellent conditions for production d properties of hard and strong grades of wheat e Nitsy in the Volga region, in the Southern Urals, in the North Caucasus.At the expense of bread products 35–38% daily on demand human nutrition in food, 40–50% in protein and carbohydrates. C ythe consumption of grain for pr o exodus the quality of livestock products specific gravity in energy content a Research Institute of Food Ratspopulation ion composition is 50–60% [6].

It is necessary to move from words to deeds in the regulation of state support well ki agriculture on specific n a activity boards.

In the USA and the vast majority of countries around the world consistently use financial support for farmers and other communities stewards of the earth. Omain tools we are soft loans, issuance of subsidies for scientific research, m pension loss from natural disasters payment for a new equipment and new technologies, etc.In the USA it applies to 30 different hours ny types of material and technical d holdings of farmers and other about business. In Russia, only 2 billion rubles have been allocated from the federal budget for these purposes, but even those are used inefficiently. At the expense of budgetary funds, the losses of manufacturers of agricultural machinery are covered, and they are obliged to sell such machinery with n e a big discount off the price they set themselves [ 7 ]. In developed and developing countries to help farmers with side of the state isup to 90%. On average, she holds and waving in the world at the level of 50% of the total a spending on agricultural production n products. The Russian government can and should take upon itself the solution of the main financial issue: due to r e price regulation completely solve the problem about the problem of eliminating disparity in the villages b agricultural and industrial production . This is the root question and the main mechanism for expressingunderstanding economic conditionsagricultural production dstva .

Russian scientists have been proving and convincing for decades the government of the country in need willingness to take such a step. F. Roosevelt in years great crisis(1929 – 1933 ) solved this problem to the law on dative order. She turned out home for recovery prodovo the provision of the country.

To everyone who happens to be in villages and villages with e modern Russia, rush in the eyes of the extreme neglect of the countryside, agriculture, the entire infrastructure, poverty and hopelessness, the squalor of housing, at the solution of livestock complexes, d about horn and production pos triples. Os o very heavy picture formed in paradise onakh Central N e chernozem zones, in Siberia and on Far East. Many d about horns, schools, medical, domestic and cool b tourist institutions in the countryside came to the a doc. Special signs of their ma with staff recovery and development is not observed t sya. Only units are put in order and fixed point objects, taken under control of only 5% of the total number of such objects in the industry.

Historical experience is convincing d stated that numerous solution attempts old and new problems of the village- consolidation and disaggregation of farms, the introduction of about the latest systems of agriculture and land reclamation,technological refurbishment u zhenie agricultural enterprises and activities, sending managers and specialists from industrial enterprises to the countryside d acceptances, the introduction of cost accounting and others about organizational and technological measures about house of the "main link"- had a positive effect only on t specific performance indicators of agricultural enterprises within limited territories about riy. Large-scale, nationwide indicators of the country's agricultural development remained low or very low. For duration th period in post-war only twice- after the September Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1953) and execution Prod o free program (1980– 1985), to where for agriculture were singled out and n investment in the amount of 25% of the total investment in the national economy of the country, pr about there was a noticeable increase in the rate of gross output of agricultural products b economy. Mobilization plans and the comprehensive use of significantly increased investment volumes a significant positive results.

It must be clear that agriculture is different from other sectors and branches of the national economy. about miki with two features.

First, it is absolutely non-monopoly b naya industry. In the classic agro-industry n ny complex is divided into three areas: about production of agricultural machinery, fertilizers, Maintenance; livestock and crop production and, n a end, food and nprocessing pr about thinking. Such a number of hosts t leading actors in any sector a there is no rational economy.

Secondly, to a large extent with infantry in the agro-industrial complex and sieves from the agro-climatic factor, in zn a to a considerable degree beyond the control of people about century, and from the so-called biological cycles. If you were born today e lochka, then after 18 months she will become a heifer of random age - it will be possible to bring a bull to it. She will become heifer - need to wait another nine months; on then she will become a cow and give the first t about boiled products- milk. Three years passin order to recoup the costs. In this regard, let's say your milk prices have fallen - and you have nowhere to put it. But if the cow is not milked once - she needs to be taken to a meatpacking plant, where she will be killed in thirty seconds. And this is after three years of work..

Let us turn to the state policy of price regulation. The main profit is settling t in the field of processing and distribution at tsiya. X farms need not so much I am my dot a tion how much consistent price policy and available, debt about term loans to develop and m about screw up production. At present, the total amount of accounts payable l the amount of money is about 2 trillion rubles, and the proceeds from the sale of agricultural t wine products with a profitability of 3–4%- about 3 trillion rubles. OchevIt is clear that in such a situationself-acceptance I solve the problem of paying off a duty is impossible. Need special and economic measures to curb a nyu high k e child rates. It would be possible for those industries that at tea tons of federal budget support well ku, including for the purchase of equipment at knowledge and technology, issue loans at discount rate Bbank of Russia, increased by 2–3% [ 6 ] .

In addition, the share of imported products in Russia is increasing every year. and At the same time, in developed countries (USA and EU states), agricultural production is approximately 30% higher than the needs of the population in about food products - this difference and enters the Russian market. According to the banners and that pyramid needs about stey A. Maslow, given trend poses a threat to human life and health. When analyzing the competitiveness of agriculture th It should be noted that the size of the trade margin is 40%, while in the world it ranges from 8 to 12% .

The main competitive advantages e agriculture are and native resources, qualification of personnel, level of technology and quality of production d properties of agricultural products, m a material and financial resources, cash and which state support and character to ter competition. The main obstacle to the development of conc at The main advantage of domestic agriculture is the fact that a significant part of the proceeds remains with about middlemen, the agricultural producers themselves h drivers sell products to sale at low prices, and the entrance to the market for farmers is practically closed. It is known that in all sectors of the economy, profits are concentrated and in separate parts of the chain of creation a product cost. For this reason and not every enterprise seeks to take placeso in those areas where profithigher. That is why today in Russia prior and teta middle and chesky activity, not the production of products.

Competitiveness of agriculture about farming - this is the state of agriculture about in the foreign and domestic markets under certain conditions for the development of the economy about mikes, politicians, societies, etc. e. The goal of increasing the competitiveness of any industry is to increase the level and a quality of life of the population. The basis of pov o the ability of agriculture is an innovative way of development. At the same time, neo b It is necessary to note the fact that in Russia in agriculture t ve used in practice about 4% of all scientific developments, while in developed countriesthis indicator has reached a em 50%.

A factor in increasing competitiveness about agricultural property serves as about the fertility of the earth. It should be noted that in Ro with only 8% of fertile soils remain e stranded, which meet international standards.

Naibol its characteristic negative processes in the Novosibirsk region Asti I'm in soil erosion, moisturizing and bogging of lands, salinization, overgrowth of fodder lands with shrubs and small about woods. Increasing negative air th effects on the soil cover lead to a decrease in soil fertility and, with ice a consequently, to reduce the yield agriculture economic crops. Total area of ​​erosion and deflation hazardous soilsagricultural land diy o Vosibirsk region is 7.8%, including arable land- 13.6%. Erosion is t one of the most pasture species gradations, callingcausing destruction of soils and loss of their fertility, leading to and water pollution emov, siltation of small and large rivers [ 10 ].

Thus, in the current situation a new economic restrictions on gender and policy of the Russian Federation is aimed at the formation and strengthening of the agro-industrial complex for both with ensuring the country's food security and implementing the import policy about substitution. Economicwhich sanctions were the catalyst active growth of competitiveness agriculture, st and a mule for the further development of innovation activities in the agro-industrial complex and t rotation of a possible deficit on edema e natural market for agricultural products. To achieve the goals set by the Government of the Russian Federation e walkie-talkie developed a number of government programs and activities. Main pr about a gram of support for the development of agriculture about th economy is the "State Program of Ra h development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural markets n products, s rye and food for 2013-2020”, approved by the Rights and by the Government of the Russian Federation in July 2012.

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CURRENT STATUS OF AGRICULTURE ENGLISH

A.I. ageenko, graduate student

Y.E. Bessonova, graduate student

E.Y. Zavalniuk, senior lecturer

V.V. Tsyngueva, senior lecturer

Novosibirsk state agrarian university

(Russia, Novosibirsk)

abstract.The primary goal of economic development is the modernization-tion, improving the competitiveness of agricultural production. The article deals with the level of developmentpment of Russian agriculture at the present stage, the relevance of increasing the efficiency of domestic agriculture, particularly Russia-sky agriculture.

keywords:efficiency, agricultural production, the state-tion regulation, import substitution, state program.