Social lift: concept, examples. Trends in the development of social relations What does the term social lift p Sorokin mean

The social structure, like other aspects of society, is subject to change. From history courses, you know how this happened in the course of civilizational development in different eras. Painting social life modern humanity is also motley and mobile. The most stable social structure is in existing and still traditional societies. They retain social groups associated with communal land use, subsistence farming, and small-scale production. In a number of cases, the principles of a religious-communal and even tribal organization are supported.

Societies that have entered the era of industrialization and modernization are distinguished by high social dynamics. Groups associated with major industrial production growing urban population.

Significant social changes are taking place in developed countries West. One of the trends is the growth of the "new"

Middle class. It includes the majority of the intelligentsia, middle and lower managers, highly skilled workers. The incomes of these strata, in most cases wage-earners, are not lower than those of the middle and petty bourgeoisie (the "old" middle class). The growth of the middle class reduces social differentiation and makes society more politically stable.

This group of countries has a large share of the population that is employed. At the same time, structural changes in the economy lead to a reduction in the size of the industrial working class. There are also fewer independent peasants (farmers). At the same time, under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, the importance of highly skilled mental labor is growing. Unemployment remains an acute social problem.

A certain regulatory impact on social relations seeks to provide state power. In a number of cases, the state supports the ideas of social equality, and in extreme cases, evenness. This applies, for example, to the former socialist countries, today's Cuba, North Korea.

IN Western countries ah one of the main concerns of the state is the prevention of social conflicts. Much is being done to support the most vulnerable segments of the population in a competitive economy - the elderly, the disabled, large families.

■■Key concepts: social sphere, social differentiation, social inequality, social stratification, class, stratum, social mobility. AI Terms: social "elevator", life chances, lifestyle, lumpen, outcasts.

Test yourself

1) What is social differentiation? 2) How are the concepts of "social stratification" and "social inequality" related? 3) Specify three types of social stratification. 4) What sign was put by K. Marx as the basis for distinguishing classes? 5) Why does the relationship between the main classes, according to Marx, acquire an antagonistic character? 6) What grounds for social stratification were put forward by M. Weber? 7) How is a status group different from a class? 8) What is meant by social mobility in sociology? 9) What social “elevators”, according to P. Sorokin, contribute to the social movements of a person? 10) What are the development trends social relations characteristic of different groups of countries? 11) What is the difference between marginals and lumpen?

Think, Discuss, Do

1. Analyze different points of view on the problem
mu social inequality. Justify your position.

2. One German researcher does the following
distinction between classes and strata: "The stratification
provides for a certain orderliness of the members of society on
based on some criterion, such as income, education,
lifestyle, ethnicity... Classes... jav
are formed by conflict groups, which, uniting,
hover over the existing distribution of power, mainly
society and other opportunities.

Analyze this statement. Do you agree with him?

3. A modern English political scientist claims: “All
human history proves that inequality is necessary
mo to achieve some ideal human perfect
property, both individual and collective”.

What historical facts, in your opinion, could the researcher refer to, substantiating his conclusion?

4. Compare the interpretations of the concept of "class" by K. Marx and
M. Weber. Where do you see the similarities? What are the times
Differences in the positions of researchers?

5. Give examples of social and horizontal mo
strength. What other, in addition to those indicated in the textbook, social
Do real "elevators" exist in modern society?

6. The figures show that industrial development
In some countries, the share of blue-collar workers in the composition of the
villages (i.e. those who are engaged physical labor) And
an increase in the number of "white-collar workers" (including
workers employed in the fields of trade, jurisprudence
tion, medicine, education, technical employees and
compelling).

What are the causes and possible social consequences of this phenomenon?

7. It is known that marginalization, the transition to a new social
quality, is associated with socio-psychological
stress. In many countries, it is used to mitigate
various means: unemployment benefits, funds
assistance to migrants and refugees, centers for professional
retraining, etc.

What else, in your opinion, can be used for these purposes?

8. The term "class" comes from the Latin word, oz
beginner literally "discharge". The division of the Roman community
class authority is attributed to the legendary Roman ca
ryu Servius Tullius (VI century BC). He divided society
into five classes-digits in accordance with the number of

The honor of troops (hundreds) and weapons could be put up by each of them.

What was the basis of class division? Does it retain its significance today?

Work with the source

Read an excerpt about social structure from a book by contemporary Russian sociologist M. N. Rutkevich.

Weber's scheme has certain advantages. It covers, firstly, economic differences (income). Secondly, economic and political differences; the power of an individual or group over other people and groups can be exercised both through political organizations (state, party, etc.) and through economic organizations (company, corporation, etc.). Thirdly, socio-psychological differences, since in assessing the prestige of occupations, professions, etc., people's awareness of the relative height of their own (and others') position in the hierarchy finds expression.

The weak link in Weber's design is the problem of the relationship between these three criteria, and therefore between types of social differences ... Theories social stratification, as a rule, are adapted to the study of American and Western European society ... Their main feature is an attempt to reduce the theoretical scheme (most often Weber's) to operational concepts that allow the use quantifiable indicators.<...>

In our opinion, Marx's methodology has significant advantages over Weber's, since it makes it possible to put into practice systems approach in understanding society. It allows you to establish internal connections between all types and types of social structure, since it clarifies the relationship that exists between the criteria for dividing society into groups.

Rutkevich M. N. social structure. - M., 2004. - S. 93, 95.

Questions and assignments to the source. 1) In what does the author see the advantages of Weber's scheme (theory of stratification)? 2) Compare the Weberian stratification criteria named by the author with those given in the paragraph. Where do you see the differences? Is it possible, in your opinion, to assert that the author of the fragment replaced the concept of "political power" used by Weber with the broad concept of "power"? 3) What are the shortcomings of the Weberian approach and the theory of stratification based on it that the author notes? 4) What, in the author's opinion, are the advantages of Marxist methodology? Do you agree with this assessment? Justify your conclusion.

§ 2. Social institutions

Remember:

what are the main areas of society? What is a need? What are the basic needs of a person and society? What role do they play in society social norms?

When we pronounce the word “institute”, the first meaning that comes to mind is a higher educational institution or scientific institution: “I entered the Institute of Communications”, “mother works at a research institute”. The concept of "social institution" is much broader. It has been used for almost a century in the study of society. Today, researchers are widely developing the so-called institutional approach, which allows us to view social life through the prism of the main social institutions.

In sociology, there are various definitions of this complex concept, some authors emphasize one or another of its features. However, despite all the differences, researchers are unanimous that institutions play a huge role in the life of not only the whole society, but also every individual. individual person. This is manifested with particular force in the modern era, when the number of social institutions is growing, they are becoming more specialized, and their interaction is more and more complex.

Consider the main characteristics of the concept of "social institution".

Topic: Theory of social mobility (P. Sorokin)

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University: Financial University

Year and city: Moscow 2013

INTRODUCTION
We are constantly moving. Our society is called mobile and it is no coincidence. We use means of transportation and rarely think about the fact that this is a complex social phenomenon. Now it seems obvious when a person drives a car, flies an airplane, can make a phone call and contact someone who is on the other side of the planet. Meanwhile, it carries a lot of social problems, and these problems need to be studied.
The word "mobility" has been used in sociology for a long time and usually for many years, even decades, sociologists have been talking about social mobility.
social mobility brightly revealed and presented to us by Pitirim Sorokin. He talked about the fact that there is a social space and there are two types of mobility in this social space, I will talk about this in my topic.
The purpose and objective of my work is to deepen and study this topic with the help of literary sources, to reveal the essence of social mobility, to highlight its main aspects.

1. The essence of the theory of social mobility.
Social mobility is a phenomenon of movement of an individual within the social space, by which P. Sorokin understands a certain universe consisting of the population of the Earth. To determine the position of a person or any social phenomenon in social space means to determine his (their) attitude to other people and other social phenomena, taken as certain “reference points”.
The set of "reference points", according to P. Sorokin, is as follows:
1) an indication of the relationship of a person to certain groups;
2) the relationship of these groups to each other within the population;
3) the relation of a given population to other populations that make up humanity.
Thus, in order to determine the social position of a person, it is necessary to know him marital status, citizenship, nationality, attitude to religion, profession, affiliation with political parties, economic status, his origin, etc. In addition, it is also necessary to know the position of a person within each of the main population groups of a particular state. When the position of the population of the state among all mankind is finally determined, then, according to P. Sorokin, the social position of the individual can also be considered sufficiently certain.
So, P. Sorokin summarizes:
social space is the population of the Earth;
social position is the totality of his ties with all groups of the population, within each of these groups, that is, with its members;
a person's position in the social universe is determined by the establishment of these connections;
the totality of such groups, as well as the totality of positions within each of them, constitute a system of social coordinates that makes it possible to determine the social position of each individual.
The social universe has two main classes of coordinates - horizontal (for example, social groups of Catholics, democrats, industrialists) and vertical (for example, a bishop - a parishioner, a party leader - an ordinary party member, a manager - a worker) parameters of social space. In the future, we will talk more about social phenomena in their vertical dimension: the height and profile of social structures, their differentiation by social strata, and the vertical movement of the population. In other words, we will talk about social stratification and vertical social mobility.
Depending on the possibility (impossibility or difficulty) of social movements, P. Sorokin distinguishes two types of social structures:
1) closed, in which social movements are impossible or difficult (the estate or caste nature of the social structure of society impedes movement);
2) open, characteristic of modern class society. In open social structures, social mobility takes place - a set of social movements of people in society, associated with a change in their status
Main types of mobility
There are two main types of social mobility: horizontal and vertical.
Horizontal social mobility refers to the transition of an individual (social object) from one social group to another located at the same level (for example, from one citizenship to another, from one family to another, from one organization to another, etc.). ). Vertical social mobility refers to the relations that arise when an individual (social object) moves from one social stratum to another.
Depending on the direction of movement, according to P. Sorokin, there are two types of vertical mobility: ascending and descending, i.e., social ascent and social descent.
Ascending and descending currents exist in two forms: the penetration of an individual from a lower layer into a higher one, or the creation by individuals of a new group and the penetration of the entire group into a higher social stratum (for example, the Bolsheviks in Russia), and vice versa.
P. Sorokin generalizes the situation as a whole as shown in fig. one.
>
Rice. 1. Social mobility and its forms (according to P. Sorokin)
1.1. Intensity (or speed) and generality of vertical social mobility
From a quantitative point of view, it is necessary to distinguish between the intensity and generality of vertical mobility.
Intensity is understood as the vertical social distance or the number of layers - economic, professional or political - passed by an individual in his upward or downward movement in a certain period of time.
For example, a certain individual in a year rises from the position of a person with an annual income of $500 to a position with an income of $50,000, and another in the same period from the same starting position rises to a level of $1,000, then in the first case, the intensity economic recovery will be 50 times greater than in the second. For a corresponding change, the intensity of vertical mobility can also be measured in the field of political and professional stratification.
Under the universality of vertical mobility is meant the number of individuals who have changed their social position in the vertical direction in a certain period of time. The absolute number of such individuals gives the absolute universality of vertical mobility in the structure given population country; the proportion of such individuals to the total population gives the relative universality of upward mobility.
Finally, by combining the intensity and relative universality of upward mobility in a particular social sphere (say, the economy), one can obtain an aggregate measure of the vertical economic mobility of a given society. Thus, comparing one society with another, or the same society in different periods of its development, one can find out in which of them or in which period the total mobility is higher. The same can be said about the combined indicator of political and professional vertical mobility.

1.2. Mobile and immobile forms of stratified societies
Based on the foregoing, it is easy to see that social stratification of the same height, as well as the same profile, can have a different internal structure, caused by differences in the intensity and generality of horizontal and vertical mobility. Theoretically, there could be a stratified society in which vertical social mobility is zero. This means that within such a society there are no ascents and descents, there is no movement of members of this society, each individual is forever attached to the social stratum in which he was born. In such a society, the shells separating one layer from another are absolutely impenetrable, there are no "holes" in them and there are no steps through which and along which residents of different layers could move from one floor to another. This type of stratification can be defined as absolutely closed, stable, impenetrable or immovable. Theoretically, the opposite type of internal structure of stratification of the same height, as well as the same profile, is one in which vertical mobility is extremely intense and is of a general character. Here the membrane between the layers is very thin, with large openings for passing from one floor to another. Therefore, although the social building is also stratified, like the social building of the immovable type, the occupants of the various strata are constantly changing; they do not remain long on the same "social floor", but with the help of huge ladders they move "up and down". This type of social stratification can be defined as open, plastic, permeable or mobile. Between these basic types, there can be many intermediate or intermediate types.
Having singled out the types of vertical mobility and social stratification, let us turn to the analysis of various societies and the temporal stages of their development in terms of vertical mobility and the permeability of their strata.

1.3. Democracy and vertical social mobility
One of the most striking characteristics of so-called democratic societies is the greater intensity of upward mobility compared to non-democratic societies. In democratic structures, the social position of the individual, at least theoretically, is not determined by origin; they are all open to anyone who wants to occupy them; they have no legal or religious barriers to climbing or descending the social ladder. And all this only contributes to "greater vertical mobility" ("capillarity" - in the words of Dumont) in such societies. Greater social mobility is probably one reason for the belief that the social edifice of democratic societies is unstratified or less stratified than that of autocratic societies. We saw earlier that this opinion is not supported by the facts. Such a belief is a kind of clouding of the mind that has happened to people for many reasons, including the fact that the social stratum in democratic groups is more open, there are more openings and "elevators" for descending and ascending. Naturally, all this gives the impression of the absence of layers, although they certainly exist.
Highlighting the significant mobility of democratic societies, one should make a reservation that vertical mobility is not always and not in all "democratic" societies greater than in "autocratic" ones. In some non-democratic societies, mobility was greater than in democratic ones. This is not always noticeable, since the "channels" and methods of ascent and descent in such societies are not as obvious as, say, "elections" in democratic societies, and even differ significantly from them. While "choices" are visible indicators of mobility, other outlets and channels are often overlooked. Therefore, a false impression is sometimes created of the stable and immobile nature of all "non-elected" societies.

CONCLUSION
In my opinion, today the most important, dominant channel of social mobility, unfortunately, is money and material values. We live by the principle “who owns the property, he has the power”, that is, with the help of money, a person can achieve almost any social position. main goal people began to accumulate wealth, however, it has always been so. Ideally, according to Pitirim Sorokin, a person moves up the social ladder thanks to his talent and abilities. But, unfortunately, everything is completely different. The dominant role was occupied by money, today they are the main channel of vertical circulation.
I regard Pitirim Sorokin's work on social mobility and social stratification as the most important in the history of Russian sociology. He touched upon the most important problems of society, which no one had touched before him. I can state with all confidence that Pitirim Sorokin is the most important Russian sociologist, whose works continue to be of great importance in modern not only Russian but also foreign sociology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Dobrenkov V. I., Kravchenko A. I. Sociology: In 3 volumes. T. 2: Social structure and stratification. - M., 2000.
2. Ritzer J. Modern sociological theories. - St. Petersburg, 2002.
3. Sorokin P. A. Long way: Autobiogr. novel / trans. from English. P. P. Krotov, A. V. Lipsky. - Syktyvkar: Union of Journalists of the Komi ASSR: Shypas, 1991. - 304 p. - S. 48.
4. Sorokin P. A. Man. Civilization. Society. - M., 1992.
5. Yudina T. N. Sociology of migration. - M., 2006.

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Sorokin Pitirim Alexandrovich (1889-1968) - an outstanding Russian-American sociologist of the 20th century, the creator of the integral paradigm, on the basis of which he created theories of social stratification, social mobility; sociocultural dynamics, etc. Main works: "Crime and Punishment, Feat and Reward", "System of Sociology", "Social and Cultural Dynamics", etc.

Sorokin's integral approach to the study of society. Society is created by people. The human personality, according to Sorokin, is formed under the influence of cosmic, biological, socio-psychological and socio-cultural factors. (That is, man is an animal endowed with instincts, consciousness and spirituality.) Using all his abilities, man creates the world around him. Consequently, a complete picture of the social world can only be obtained on the basis of a set of data feelings(plus their amplifying devices), mind, intuition(insights).

social mobility- change by an individual, social group or social object(value) of one's social position; transition from one stratum (layer) to another. Sorokin distinguishes two types of social mobility - horizontal (moving in one social stratum, for example, remarriage, changing jobs to an equivalent one), and vertical (moving from one stratum (stratum) to another with a change in social status), while it can be either upward and downward mobility. Vertical mobility can correspond to three forms of social stratification (political, economic, professional). Vertical mobility can be individual and group. Quantitative characteristics mobility: intensity and universality. Intensity refers to the vertical social distance or the number of layers (economic, political, professional) that an individual goes through in his upward or downward movement over a certain period of time.

General principles of vertical mobility (according to P.A. Sorokin):

1. It is unlikely that societies have ever existed in which there would be no vertical mobility.
2. There have never been societies in which vertical mobility would be absolutely free.
3. The intensity and generality of vertical mobility varies from society to society
4. The intensity and generality of vertical mobility fluctuates within the same society at different periods of its history.
5. In vertical mobility in its three main forms there is no constant tendency either towards strengthening or towards weakening its intensity and universality.

According to the degree of movement of individuals differ open And closed types of societies. (For example, the ancient Indian caste society and the modern democratic state.)

Since vertical mobility is present to one degree or another in any society, Sorokin singles out “ stairs" or "channels, elevators» social circulation, through which people can move from one layer to another. The most important channels according to Sorokin: the institutions of the army, education, political parties, business, family. Also in any society there are mechanisms (“ membranes”), which impede the free climb of the individual up the social ladder. (e.g. degree, ability)

SOCIAL ELEVATORS

AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

| Romanova Kira Stepanovna,

Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

older Researcher philosophy department,

"^Н| Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor,

Yekaterinburg, Russia,

Email: [email protected]

annotation

In the article the author examines the role and importance of social lifts for the development of social dynamics. Social elevators in the history of society were present from the very beginning. Historical types of states and forms of ownership have determined the dominance of these social elevators, often running illusory elevators in parallel. The destruction of the system of social elevators leads to the degradation of society, because without them it is impossible to build a modern society or start the mechanisms of economic growth.

Keywords:

social lift, mobility, dynamics, personality, state.

Fundamental theory of social dynamics, spanning many centuries, different countries and culture, belongs to the outstanding founder of the Russian and American sociological schools, Pitirim Sorokin, and has not yet been fully mastered. Analyzing the principle of immanent change in socio-cultural systems, P. Sorokin concludes that: 1) the basis (or cause) of change in any socio-cultural system lies in itself, and should not be looked for somewhere else; 2) an additional reason for changing the system is Environment, which, in turn, consists mainly of immanently changing systems; 3) any socio-cultural system that changes immanently continuously gives rise to a number of immanent consequences, which, in turn, change not only the environment, the surrounding system, but also the system itself. At

Currently, there is a renewed interest in social mobility as a form of social dynamics. This is also due to the global migration of the population, which repaints the skin color of the European population, changes its religiosity (Islamization), and the relative impoverishment of peoples, and the collapse of the communist camp led by Soviet Union. Along with the collapse of the communist ideology, the importance of the critical paradigm has increased, fixing the collapse of downward social mobility and a sharp increase in inequality in post-Soviet societies. Self-understanding by society real state there is only a basis for finding ways out of it.

Social mobility is a change by an individual or group of social position,

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place occupied in the social structure. The source of social mobility is the social heterogeneity of society, its socio-economic stratification. The causes of social mobility are revolutions and other similar changes, wars and military conflicts, enrichment, ruin (bankruptcy). The vector orientation of mobility can be horizontal and vertical. Horizontal mobility is, first of all, territorial or geographic mobility. Vertical mobility, in turn, can be ascending, that is, one that “enlarges” a person, improves his social status in many respects, and downward, which is associated with the loss of social positions.

Pitirim Sorokin singled out three main social elevators: the army, the family and the church. In practice, there are significantly more options for social elevators. Each historical time and each society has its own system of social elevators, which made it possible to optimize the conditions under which a person, regardless of the social status of his parents, had a relative opportunity to try to climb up the social ladder. In Soviet times, society built communism, it was a global non-material idea that united the people, and with a relatively poor people, allowed society as a whole to succeed on the basis of the enthusiasm and social activity of the individual. During this historical period, the army, the political party (including the Komsomol), education (especially higher education and possible postgraduate and doctoral studies) played a decisive role in social mobility as social lifts. A special role belonged to the prison as a social elevator. During the period of exacerbation of repressions, the prison was a downward social elevator. And in the 90s of the last century, the prison for many was an upward elevator, especially for the so-called "thieves in law" with their "common funds", that is, common cash desks of money, which were the basis for the primary accumulation of capital in new

market relations, where criminal connections played an important role.

The 90s are the time of another historical Russian turmoil, the fruits of which we are still reaping. Anger against the rich, distrust of the authorities serving them, lack of confidence in society that professionalism, socially responsible behavior will be rewarded, today in society lead to social apathy as a mass phenomenon. Social apathy is determined by regional differences in socio-economic development, their remoteness from the center of Russia and provinciality. Low standard of living, lumpenization, growth of radical sentiments. All of these listed problems have one common cause - broken social elevators. Hence the dominance of horizontal mobility, primarily the machinations of another geographical place of residence.

Social elevators are developed in Western European countries, which declare the equality of human rights and try to provide their citizens with equal starting opportunities. International sociological data show that the launch of "social lifts" in many third world countries helps to overcome the "resource economy". For Russia, at present, overcoming the dominance of the raw material component in the economy is one of the important tasks. As former Minister of Economy A. Kudrin notes: “If we understand that our GDP per capita is half that in developed countries, then we must play by the rules of a market economy. Modernization is required, connected with the improvement of the position of a person, his ability to reveal himself not through pull, not through distorted social elevators, but by virtue of his own abilities.

IN modern Russia The leading place among social elevators is objectively occupied by the institution of property. The source and method of accumulation of property is absolutely not important. Its volume matters. From here arises total corruption and the desire to enrich oneself in any way. Opportunity to avoid criminal liability

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Accordingly, criminal methods of appropriation of especially large amounts of social wealth make territorial forms of mobility attractive, especially to those countries that easily give political asylum and do not extradite foreign criminals.

For its ideological support, the authorities have always needed professionally trained, enterprising, independent, patriotic people - only higher education could train them. Higher education is the next most important social lift in a number of Western countries. But the state of the Russian education system is such that high-quality competitive higher education so far only for the rich and wealthy people. The introduction of the Unified State Examination declared the equalization of the starting opportunities for applicants, but in reality they have a different knowledge base, which is hidden behind the tests of the unified exam. That's why Russian education- The elevator is very unreliable. Education, of course, enriches the individual spiritually and professionally, but does not guarantee promotion on the social ladder.

In the process of training specialists, higher education helps to overcome the marginality of students in society, which is associated with their lack of a strong and final fixation in the social structure, the instability of the social state, and the mobility of social dependence in their environment. This does not mean that the influence of social origin on the personality of the student stops, it continues to be an important factor in motivating him social activities, but does not act directly, but indirectly, through the formation of a professional and moral culture that contributes to the integration of a former student into another social group.

Family and marriage as social elevators run through the entire history of society. In modern Russia, according to experts from the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the children of the poor, who make up almost half of the country's population, are simply not able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the modern economic system. They are

they cannot get a quality education, find a good well-paid job, or make a career. The children of the elite from "young nails" are immersed in a different culture, foreign languages, receive a prestigious education, mostly abroad, where, at the time of their stay, friendly and business ties and relations necessary for further social mobility are formed.

The institution of marriage, not only in legal, but also in civil form, is in demand today as a social lift, which often acts as an illusion. Hundreds of manuals on how to marry a millionaire are published in huge numbers. Thousands of girls from the provinces (villages, towns and small towns) migrated to the capital and big cities where the rich are found, willingly to sell themselves in any capacity for more favorable social conditions of life. Indeed, only a few manage to change their social status with the help of this social elevator.

The army in many countries is the dominant social lift. Argentina, Brazil, Israel, etc. can serve as an example. In Israel, historically, military service is a guarantee (social lift) for successful political activity. In the Soviet Union, the army was also one of the dominant social elevators. Service in the army allowed not only to ascend vertically within its structure, but at the same time allowed them to migrate from the countryside to the city.

The next important factor for achieving a certain social status was joining the party, which was extended in time (candidate term) and burdened with special assignments. Interacting with each other, social elevators either accelerated the ascent of the social ladder, or the fall. For example, exclusion from a party or the Komsomol automatically entailed expulsion from a university.

At present, the army is not a special social elevator. It is of interest only to those people who professionally decided to associate themselves with military affairs.

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Many citizens are actively looking for reasons to avoid military service, considering being in it a waste of time. Political parties, whose number is unlimited and whose social statuses are different, today also have a limited significance for the mobility of the individual.

Russian television and other mass media organize dozens of various competitive programs, the essence of which boils down to one thing: prove yourself at the competition - and you will become famous, in demand, a “star”. Even if we consider this model of social lift as ideal (when everyone can become a participant), it is also able to promote only a few. For all their seeming harmlessness, such illusory social elevators are fraught with a considerable danger to society. They create the illusion of successful upward mobility, distracting society from the real lack of opportunities to move up the social ladder.

One cannot but agree with V. Yablonsky, director of the direction “ Social projects» Agency for Strategic Initiatives: “The social lift mechanism as a component of social mobility is one of the main tools for improving the quality of management social sphere in particular and the state in general. Renewal of elites through this mechanism, provided it is objective, is the most effective way to ensure compliance management mechanism society and the state to modern challenges. During the Soviet period, stable mechanisms of vertical and horizontal mobility were formed, providing almost equal access to career growth, at least to a certain level, and ensuring a similar standard of living for specialists, regardless of the region. Today, this system has been practically dismantled, and those small fragments that remain are, of course, outdated. Society of the post-Soviet period has formed new quasi-models of social elevators, but their key problem is bias and

lack of equal access to the start (lack of publicly available forms of participation)” .

The social activity of a person is biologically predetermined, because movement is a way of existence of all living things. At the same time, the environment of existence can both suppress and promote activity. It is no coincidence that President V. Putin notes: “First of all, people should feel positive changes - and, first of all, through expanding their own capabilities. But it is the citizens' initiative that must and will be the engine of growth. In Russia, a system of social mobility, social lifts, corresponding to modern society, must be fully formed. We need to learn how to compensate for the negative social consequences of the market economy and the inequality that it organically generates. » .

Stagnation, social apathy, low living standards, the growth of radical sentiment - all these interrelated problems have common ground- Non-working social elevators. Social elevators act as a means of the social dynamics of society, which allows its members to move from one social group (estates, classes, strata) to another. Without effective social lifts and a clear system for using them, it is impossible to launch the mechanisms of economic growth and active social dynamics of the modern Russian society. The presence of a developed system of social lifts is not only a guarantee of overcoming social injustice for a person, but also a guarantee of the development of the state, which will be able to overcome the raw material dominant of the country's economy.

1. Aleksey Kudrin Higher School of Economics Gives a Recipe for Renovating the Russian Economy Vedomosti, 04/03/2013, No. 57 (3319).

2. V.V. Putin. Russia Focuses - Challenges We Must Face, Izvestia, 01/16/2012

3. Sorokin Pitirim Social and cultural dynamics: A study of changes in large systems art, truth, ethics, law and public relations / Per. from English, SPB6EKHGI, 2000. 1056 p. pp. 747-748.

4. Vladimir Yablonsky. Inefficient social lift models have developed in Russia, Russian newspaper, 14.11.2011

VII Russian Philosophical Congress

---------------;- Issledovanie izmenenij vbol "shixsistemaxiskusstva, istiny, e" tiki,

1. Kudrin Aleksej VShE dala recept obnovleniya prava i obshhestvennyx otnoshenij / Per. s engl., SPB6RXGI,

rossijskoj e "konomiki" Vedomosti ", 04/03/2013, No. 57 (3319). 2000 1056 s S 747-748

2.V.V. Putin. Rossiya sosredotachivaetsya - vyzovy, na 4 Vladimir Yablonskij. VRossii slozhilis "nee" ffektivnye

kotorye my dolzhny answer", Izvestiya, 01/16/2012 g. modeli social "nogo lifta, Rossijskaya Gazeta, 11/14/2011 g.

3. Sorokin Pitirim Social "naya i kipshpaua dinamika:

SOCIAL ELEVATORS

AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Romanova Yuga Stepanovna,

The Institute of Philosophy and Law,

Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Associate Professor, Senior Researcher of the Department of Philosophy, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences,

Ekaterinburg, Russia

Email: [email protected]

In the article the author considers the role and value of social elevators for the development of social dynamics. Social elevators were presented in the history of the society from the very beginning. Historical types of states and the forms of ownership are determined by the dominant significance of social mobility, often launching in parallel illusionary elevators. The destruction of the system of social elevators leading to the degradation of society, because without them it is impossible either to build a modem society, to launch mechanisms of economic growth.

Social elevators, mobility, dynamics, personality, state.

VII Russian Philosophical Congress

METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF STUDYING THE PHENOMENON OF MOBILITY IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY

Savin Vladimir Nikolaevich,

Ural State Agrarian University, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Law, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences,

Yekaterinburg, Russia

Fateeva Natalya Borisovna,

Ural State Agrarian University, Senior Lecturer, Department of Management and Law, Yekaterinburg, Russia,

annotation

The article analyzes the practical aspects of various modern methodological approaches to the study of social mobility, developed in Russia and abroad. Special attention paid to the relationship of such an aspect of the phenomenon of mobility as adaptation-disadaptation. The concept of constructing a multi-level hierarchy for classifying the processes of adaptation and disadaptation in professional mobility is proposed.

Keywords:

mobility, social mobility, methodology of social sciences, labor and professional mobility, adaptation, maladaptation.

In modern Russia, the problem of social mobility is becoming especially urgent. The term "social mobility" was introduced into sociology by P. Sorokin. Theoretically, a consistent and holistic study of the phenomenon of social mobility was very clearly expressed by P.A. Sorokin, who immediately pointed out the need to understand it as a social process. "To quantify the processes of social mobility, indicators of the speed and intensity of mobility are usually used" . P. Sorokin defined the speed of mobility as a vertical social distance or the number of strata - economic, professional, political

tic, which passes the individual in his movement up or down for a certain period of time. The intensity of mobility is understood as the number of individuals changing their positions in the vertical or horizontal direction in a certain period of time. The number of such individuals in any social community gives the absolute intensity of mobility, and their share in total strength a given social community shows relative mobility.

“Combining the indicators of the speed and intensity of mobility,” Sorokin wrote, “we will get a cumulative mobility index that can be calculated

Since vertical mobility is present to varying degrees in any society, there are certain ways or channels through which individuals are able to most effectively move up or down the social ladder. They are called channels of social mobility or social lift.

The most important channels of social mobility, according to P. Sorokin, are: the army, church, school, political, economic and professional organizations.

Let's start with the army. Service in it at all times made it possible to move up the social ladder. Losses during wars among the commanders led to the filling of vacancies by people of lower ranks.

The choice of a social mobility elevator is of great importance in choosing a profession and in recruiting personnel. P. A. Sorokin named eight elevators by which people move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal career. The theory of personality types allows you to make recommendations for choosing these elevators. A psychologist and a technician are complete opposites to each other, a speaker and a theorist are also opposites to each other, therefore it is strictly forbidden for a technician to choose elevators recommended for a psychologist, and for a speaker - elevators for a theorist. In a pinch, the speaker may choose the lifts recommended for the psychologist and technician, but the speaker will always be somewhat inferior to these types in professional terms when using their lifts. Other types - respectively.

Thus, there are eight vertical mobility elevators:

Army. 36 Roman emperors (Caesar, Augustus, etc.) out of 92 achieved their position through military service. 12 of the 65 Byzantine emperors achieved their status for the same reason. This elevator is for speakers. Speakers are better than other types of personality who know how to control soldiers, have a penchant for adventurism, and are able to make the right decision in a short time and in the absence of complete information about the situation. All the great commanders were speakers - Alexander the Great, Caesar, Napoleon, Alexander Nevsky, Suvorov, Kutuzov, Cromwell, Zhukov. The emergence of a large number of sophisticated equipment in the modern army has opened up employment opportunities for technicians in secondary roles.

Church. The significance of this lift reached its peak in the Middle Ages, when the bishop was also a landlord, when the Pope of Rome could dismiss kings and emperors, for example, Pope Gregory 7 in 1077 deposed, humiliated and excommunicated the German emperor Henry 7. Of 144 28 popes were of simple origin, 27 came from the middle classes. The institution of celibacy forbade Catholic priests to marry and have children, therefore, after their death, new people occupied the vacant positions, which prevented the formation of a hereditary oligarchy and accelerated the process of vertical mobility. The Prophet Muhammad was at first a simple merchant, and then became the ruler of Arabia. This elevator is for psychologists. In the church, only men are selected for the role of priests, so female psychologists are forced to realize their abilities in a monastery, sect, witchcraft and black magic. Psychologists, unlike other personality types, have a penchant for spirituality and a fanatical belief in supernatural forces. The leadership of the church is sometimes infiltrated by speakers who are completely devoid of fanaticism. All the founders of religion - Christ, Mohammed, Buddha - were psychologists.

School and scientific organizations. In ancient China, the school was the main elevator in society. According to the recommendations of Confucius, a system of educational selection (selection) was built. Schools were open to all classes, the best students were transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, from there the best students got into the government and to the highest state and military posts. There was no hereditary aristocracy. The Mandarin government in China was a government of intellectuals who knew how to write literary compositions, but did not understand business and did not know how to fight, so China more than once became an easy prey for nomads (Mongols and Manchus) and European colonizers. In modern society, business and politics should be the main elevators. The school elevator was also of great importance in Turkey under Suleiman the Magnificent (1522-1566), when talented children from all over the country were sent to special schools, then to the Janissary corps, and then to the guards and the state apparatus. In ancient India, the lower castes did not have the right to receive education, i.e. the school elevator moved only on the upper floors. Today in the United States, one cannot hold a public office without a university degree. Of the 829 British geniuses, 71 were the sons of unskilled workers. 4% of Russian academicians came from the peasantry, for example, Lomonosov. This elevator is designed for theorists, they are the ones who are able to learn from the heart. Students-speakers do not like to study or study only for the sake of good grades, therefore it is the speakers who are the organizers of the disruption of the lesson. Technicians are nerds. Psychologists tend to beg the teacher for good grades. In science, there is the following division of labor: the role of the creators of theories is for theoreticians, the role of the experimenter is for technicians. Speakers prone to plagiarism are left with the role of the organizer of scientific conferences, and psychologists - the role of a utopian. All the great scientists - Euclid, Archimedes, Aristotle, Newton, Lomonosov, Comte - were theorists. All inventors in the field of engineering, such as Faraday and Edison, were technicians. All utopians, such as Plato and Marx, were psychologists.

Political lift, i.e. government groups and parties. The first grade in politics is the speaker, the second grade is the psychologist, the third grade is the technician, the fourth grade is the theorist. It is the speakers who know how to win in such types of political conflict as elections, uprising and Civil War. It is the speakers who know how to manage a political party and command an armed detachment. The psychologist has the highest level of skill in organizing conspiracies, political assassinations, terrorist acts, behind-the-scenes struggle of bureaucratic cliques. The role of the tyrant is reserved for the psychologist. A technician is able to gain power only by inheritance or patronage. The role of an official is reserved for a technician. The role of the ruler's adviser is reserved for the theorist. Speakers in politics are "lions", psychologists are "foxes", technicians are conservatives, theorists are reformers. Yeltsin, Gorbachev, Khrushchev, Lenin, Peter 1, Catherine 2, Bill Clinton, Churchill, Mussolini, Zhirinovsky, Luzhkov, Nemtsov are examples of political speakers. Stalin, Hitler, Ivan the Terrible, Nero, Caligula, Brezhnev are examples of psychologists in politics. Putin, Molotov, Kosygin, Nikolai 2, Bush, Nikolai 1, Alexander 3 are examples of technicians in politics. Gaidar, Gref, Novodvorskaya, Sakharov, Sobchak are examples of political theorists.

The factors of social mobility at the micro level are directly the social environment of the individual, as well as his total life resource, and at the macro level - the state of the economy, the level of scientific and technological development, the nature of the political regime, the prevailing system of stratification, the nature natural conditions etc.

Social mobility is measured using indicators: the volume of mobility - the number of individuals or social strata that have moved up the social ladder in a vertical direction over a certain period of time, and the distance of mobility - the number of steps that an individual or group managed to climb or descend.

How, then, within the framework of the stable social structure of society, does social mobility occur, that is, the movement of individuals along this very social structure? It is obvious that such a movement within the framework is difficult organized system cannot occur spontaneously, disorganized, chaotically. Unorganized, spontaneous movements are possible only during periods social instability when the social structure is shattered, loses stability, collapses. In a stable social structure, significant movements of individuals occur in strict accordance with a developed system of rules for such movements (stratification system). In order to change his status, an individual most often must not only have the desire to do so, but also receive approval from the social environment. Only in this case is a real change in status possible, which will mean a change by the individual of his position within the social structure of society. So, if a boy or girl decides to become students of a certain university (acquire the status of a student), then their desire will be only the first step towards the status of a student of this university. Obviously, in addition to personal aspirations, it is also important that the applicant meets the requirements that apply to everyone who has expressed a desire to study in this specialty. Only after confirmation of such compliance (for example, during entrance examinations) does the applicant achieve the assignment of the desired status to him - the applicant becomes a student.

In modern society, whose social structure is highly complex and institutionalized, most social movements are associated with certain social institutions. That is, most statuses exist and have meaning only within the framework of specific social institutions. The status of a student or teacher cannot exist in isolation from the institution of education; the status of a doctor or a patient - in isolation from the Institute of Public Health; Candidate or Doctor of Science statuses are outside the Institute of Science. This gives rise to the idea of ​​social institutions as a kind of social spaces within which most of the changes in status occur. Such spaces are called channels of social mobility.

In the strict sense, these are social structures, mechanisms, methods that can be used to implement social mobility. As mentioned above, in modern society, most often such channels are social institutions. The political authorities, political parties, public organizations, economic structures, professional labor organizations and unions, army, church, education system, family and clan ties. Of great importance today are the structures of organized crime, which have their own system of mobility, but often have a strong influence on the "official" channels of mobility (for example, corruption).

Taken together, the channels of social mobility act as complete system complementing, limiting, stabilizing each other's activities. As a result, we can talk about a universal system of institutional and legal procedures for moving individuals through a stratification structure, which is a complex mechanism of social selection. In the event of any attempt by an individual to improve his social position, that is, to increase his social status, he will be “tested” to one degree or another for compliance with the requirements for the bearer of this status. Such a “test” can be formal (exam, testing), semi-formal ( probation, interview) and informal (the decision is made solely due to the personal inclinations of the testers, but based on their ideas about the desirable qualities of the subject) procedures.

For example, in order to enter a university, you must pass an entrance exam. But in order to be accepted into a new family, you need to go through a long process of getting to know the existing rules, traditions, confirm your loyalty to them, and get the approval of the dominant members of this family. Obviously, in each specific case, there is both a formal need to meet certain requirements (level of knowledge, special training, physical data), and a subjective assessment of the individual's efforts on the part of the examiners. Depending on the situation, either the first or the second component is more important.

It can be concluded that Theorists are able to make a career with the help of only one scientific elevator due to the small number of worthy competitors, since the share of theorists in the population - 3% - is negligible. The career of a theorist is reminiscent of railway- from station to station, from stage to stage strictly according to the schedule, according to the long-term plan. But he is incapable of making any other career than a scientific career. Making a career on your own without the support of friends and associates is a difficult task.

Technicians occupy a stable middle position on the social ladder by virtue of being second-class rather than last-class when using many important lifts. Technicians make their careers slowly and surely, they diligently crawl up the steps of the social ladder and never change from one elevator to another, they prefer to inherit power.