Start in science. Coursework: Evaluation of the mechanisms of social protection of the population during periods of economic instability Prospects for the development of the organization of the work of social security bodies

The higher the IST index, the better the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to physical and thermal loads.

Bibliographic list

1. Nastanova s ​​orgashzatsi gas-dimozachisno! service in trozdshah Operatively-ryatuvalnio! service of the civilian zakhist of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties Decorate. Order of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties Decorate No. 1342, dated December 16, 2011

2. V. D. Perepechaev, V. Yu. Bereza. Gas and smoke protection service of fire protection./ Textbook. - Chernihiv, 2000.

3. Strshets V. M. Zasobi individual zahistu orgashv dihannya // Navch. poyb. - H., APBU, 2001.

4. P. A. Kovalyov, V. M. Srshets, O. V. Glizarov, O. G. Bezuglov Fundamentals of the creation of the operation of the apparatus on a cramped surface. - Kharyuv, 2005.

Experience in the implementation and development prospects of PR technologies

in the field social protection of the population (on the example of the activities of the USZN Starooskolsky urban district)

Chernikova G. V., Kopot T. A.,

branch of the Russian State social university,

Voronezh

In the context of the development of information mass communications, the system of social protection of the population acquires new opportunities to increase the efficiency of its functioning through PR technologies. We tend to consider the latter as a set of consistently applied procedures, techniques and methods of activity aimed at the most optimal and effective implementation of the goals and objectives of the subject of PR activity. The object of PR-technologies in the field of social protection can be certain groups of citizens who need social assistance, representatives of the public, commercial and non-profit sectors, as well as individuals who are ready to provide the necessary assistance to people in difficult life situations. It seems relevant to study the best practices in the implementation of PR technologies on the example of the activities of the Department of Social Protection of the Population (USZN) of the Stary Oskol urban district of the Belgorod region.

Since 2012, the USZN has been implementing a number of innovative projects aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of state and municipal social services for the population of the district: "Di@log" and "Social Personal Area citizen." These projects, in fact, are PR projects, as they rely on relevant technologies. Regulatory

the legal basis for their "start" was the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2009 No. 478 "On unified system information and reference support of citizens and organizations on issues of interaction with executive authorities and local governments using the Internet information and telecommunications network ”and the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation 2008.

Among the key tasks of the Di@log project are the following. First, providing citizens with complete, reliable and timely information; equal opportunities in receiving and accessing services in in electronic format; secondly, increasing the efficiency of receiving and processing data for the appointment of social support measures through the use of modern information technologies.

To implement these tasks, the following activities were planned: creation of a client service and a multifunctional consulting service; installation of additional information terminals on social support measures in the buildings of the Pension Fund Administration and the Population Employment Center (Stary Oskol); organization of traveling mobile teams; introduction of an electronic queue and interdepartmental electronic document management. In addition, the Office provided the opportunity to receive services in electronic form. To this end, the Department's website (www.sznoskol.ru) has introduced the "Online Consultation" module, as well as posted new thematic sections ("Helping the Disabled", "Young Families", "Calculators for calculating subsidies for housing and communal services and monthly child ""), allowing citizens to quickly receive up-to-date information, as well as independently calculate and determine their right to one or another type of assistance. To ensure equal opportunities in obtaining and accessibility of services in electronic form, training for elderly citizens and people with disabilities was organized computer literacy, including training in the use of the Internet. Between 1000 and 1200 people are to be trained during the project period.

The creation of a multifunctional consulting and client services for the reception of the population will improve the quality of social support measures provided and optimize the distribution of the workload for specialists while maintaining the same number staff units. Thanks to the multifunctional advisory service, citizens will be able to learn about their rights and possible services without a personal visit to the USZN using the most convenient means of communication for them: e-mail, Skype video receptions and online consultations. It is assumed that such means of information communication will be comfortable, first of all, for residents of remote areas, the elderly and people with disabilities.

Reducing the level of social disadvantage of families and people with limited mobility, as well as establishing feedback with the population of remote villages is carried out by the created mobile services. In 2012, 1524 departures of the mobile brigade were carried out.

During the implementation of the Di@log project, an increase in the number of electronic applications for the provision of social support measures is expected; increase in the number of consultations (up to 50,000 per year) received in the multifunctional advisory service; reduction in the number of requests from citizens to the customer service to 80,000 per year (in 2011, the Department received 104,000 such requests). At the same time, it is expected to increase the amount of information on social support measures up to 2,000 units per year, and in connection with the creation and organization of interdepartmental electronic document management, new forms of available services should appear.

An analysis of visits by citizens to the official website of the USZN of the Starooskol city district showed that the opening of new personal information functions on it leads to an increase in the average daily rate of visitors to the USZN website by 2 times. So, if in 2010 the number of visitors per day was 60 people, in 2011, with the introduction of such modules as “Calculators for calculating subsidies for housing and communal services and monthly child benefits”, the number of visitors per day increased to 120 people, and after the creation in April In 2012, the number of visitors per day increased to 200 people to view the history of EBC payments at housing and communal services.

As an experiment, since April 2012, a module “Information on the amount of monetary compensation for payment of housing and communal services” has been posted on the USZN website. In the future, it is planned to provide citizens with information on all social benefits to which they are entitled.

The organization of mobile mobile teams to provide emergency assistance to citizens and establish feedback from the population of remote villages will reduce the level of social distress for families and people with limited mobility.

When developing the project, we took into account possible risks, such as untimely and incomplete financing of planned activities and untimely fulfillment by suppliers of the terms of the contract for the development and implementation of an electronic queue system for reception.

Along with the launch of the Di@log project, the Department of Automation and Information Support of the USZN of the Stary Oskol City District began the implementation of another PR project - the Citizen's Social Personal Account service. The main goal of the latter is to improve the quality and accessibility of citizens receiving state and municipal social services through electronic personal information.

Among the key functions of the Citizen's Social Personal Account service, the following can be noted: providing personal information about the rights to receive social benefits; on received social payments (history of payments); acceptance of applications for providing the necessary information in electronic form using feedback.

The algorithm of this service is as follows. A citizen, when applying in person to the USZN, writes an application for granting access to a “social personal account”. When applying for access, a citizen is given his individual password to enter the service. After authorization-

In the personal account, a citizen can view the full information about his personal file, the history of all accruals and payments and apply for the provision of the personal information he needs (for example, a more complete listing of the accrued amounts of EBC for housing and communal services), indicating his e-mail to receive a response within the stipulated time.

Estimated amount of information displayed to a citizen:

Personal information (name, date of birth, address of registration and residence);

Information about preferential certificates;

Information about the signs of accounting;

History of all social payments of a citizen;

Submit an application electronically.

As a result of the implementation of the project "Social personal account of a citizen" it is expected:

Increasing the number of citizens timely informed in terms of personal accounting and social support measures provided to them (payment history) up to 5,000 people per year, i.e. approximately 10% of recipients of all social payments;

Increase in the number of appeals of people with limited mobility for the appointment of social benefits up to 700 people per year, i.e. about 30% of citizens in this category;

Reducing the number of citizens who applied directly to management specialists by 4,000 people per year;

Reducing the time for obtaining information about the provided measures of social support and the passage of documents by more than 2 times.

The experience of the implementation of the PR-projects "Di @ log" and "Social personal account of a citizen" by the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Staro-Oskol City District demonstrates their usefulness for all interested parties. In particular, for USZN clients, the implementation of the considered projects will, among other things, save time when solving difficult life situations that have arisen; minimize their participation as applicants in the process of providing social guarantees. For the USZN itself, the successful functioning of projects should contribute to the adoption of effective and timely management decisions based on accurate, timely and objective information.

So, modern PR-technologies are just beginning to establish themselves in the domestic sphere of social protection of the population. Every year, the demand for PR technologies in this area is growing, as their advantages in solving the problem of improving the quality and accessibility of state and municipal social services are obvious. At the same time, the potential for their use and the degree of effectiveness of their application in the social protection sector still leaves much to be desired. Restraining factors for the development of PR technologies in the field of social protection of the population are, among other things, the underdevelopment of institutions and initiatives of civil society; weak interest Russian business in support and financing of PR projects

the area of ​​activity under consideration; the absence in the Russian Federation of legislation regulating the rights, responsibility and quality professional activity PR specialists. At the same time, PR technologies in the system of social protection of the population have development prospects, which are due, among other things, to the demand for this type of technology among non-profit organizations and, above all, institutions social service and social security; ordinary citizens in need of social assistance and support; power structures; as well as the growth of professionalism of the PR-specialists themselves.

Bibliographic list

1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 15, 2009 No. 478 “On a unified system of information and reference support for citizens and organizations on issues of interaction with executive authorities and local governments using the Internet information and telecommunications network” [Electronic resource] // Information- legal portal "Garant". - Access mode: http://www. guarantee. en/hotlaw/federal/198315/#review.

2. The strategy for the development of the information society in the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2008 No. Pr-212. » [Electronic resource] // Information and legal portal "Garant". - Access mode: http://www. guarantee. ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/92762/.

3. Project activity USZN [Electronic resource] // Website "Department of social protection of the population of the administration of the Starooskolsky urban district of the Belgorod region". - Access mode: http://www. sznoskol. ru/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=1374&Itemid=21.

4. Social project"Social personal account of a citizen" // Website "Department of social protection of the population of the administration of the Starooskolsky urban district of the Belgorod region". - Access mode: http://www. sznoskol. ru/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=1159/.

Comparative analysis of the inhibitory component

the fire retardant effect of the xerogel coating and the effect of an impregnating fire retardant for wood

Chernukha A. A., Nosal D. G., Martynovich A. M.

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine, Kharkov

The tests were carried out on an installation of the OTM-2 type with constant recording of the flue gas temperature (FGT) and the mass of the treated wood sample. The average results are presented in the form of graphs in Figures 1 and 2.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

Higher professional education

“Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin"

Department of Economics

Specialty "National Economics"

COURSE WORK

By discipline: "Economics of the social sphere"

on the topic: "Assessment of the mechanisms of social protection of the population during periods economic instability»

Introduction

Chapter 1. The concept of social protection of the population

1.1 The concept and essence of social protection of the population

1.2 Principles and functions of social protection of the population

Chapter 2. Social protection of the population in a crisis period

2.1 Social protection of the population during the crisis period

2.2 Anti-crisis measures of the Russian government in the field of social protection of the population

Chapter 3. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection of the population

3.1 Problems of the system of social protection of the population

3.2 Prospects for the development of the system of social protection of the population

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The system of social protection of the population is currently understood as a set of legally established economic, social, legal guarantees and the rights of social institutions and institutions that ensure their implementation and create conditions for maintaining the livelihood and active existence of various social strata and groups of the population, primarily socially vulnerable.

In the context of the economic downturn and emerging crisis phenomena, the increased importance of the social consequences of these processes becomes obvious. The transformation of the structure of society, industrial relations, political activity organically merge with problems in the social sphere, the solution of which directly affects the position and activity of human resources and intellectual capital.

At present, in Russian society there is such social situation, in connection with which there is an urgent need for a purposeful search for new approaches to the formation of the social policy of the state, which could direct the activities of all institutions and services of the social sphere to eliminate emerging social problems.

Features of social protection of the population of Russia in the context of the economic crisis necessitate the development of anti-crisis measures of social protection and support for citizens, taking into account the emerging socio-economic situation in the country, with the involvement of theoretical ideas and practical experience of countries with developed market economies, while maintaining the existing forms of social guarantees , updating the mechanism for their provision, the gradual formation of new effective means and methods for solving social problems.

The relevance of this topic arises from the need to implement social protection of the population through the implementation of economic, financial, legal and other measures, methods and ways of influencing negative economic and social trends in order to prevent and eliminate them, as well as solving such economic, organizational and social problems, as a scientific substantiation of the essence and significance of the social protection of the population, including during the crisis period, the development of anti-crisis measures for the social protection of the population.

The relevance of the problems posed in the study increases due to the consequences of the crisis in the global economy and the ongoing process of market reform in Russia. The effectiveness of the ongoing social policy in a crisis is determined by the level of functioning of the mechanism of social protection of society aimed at resolving social problems. Modern society is interested in mitigating social differentiation, in creating a middle class as the basis of stability and prosperity, which requires the purposeful creation of conditions and opportunities for the development of the abilities of different social groups, which can be implemented through the optimal organization of state and regional systems of social protection of the population. In this regard, the formation and active application of the mechanism of social protection of the population, taking into account the peculiarities of overcoming the consequences of the economic crisis and the transition of the national economy to an innovative type of development, are relevant.

Social protection of the population as an object of research attracts considerable attention of scientists and specialists. However, to date, there is no unambiguous understanding of the category of "social protection". This circumstance gives grounds to consider the essence of this category in modern conditions.

A reasonable approach is presented, in which the category of "social protection" is considered in a broad and narrow sense.

Social protection in a broad sense is a system of measures to comply with social rights and guarantees, create the conditions necessary for the normal life of all citizens of the country:

· able-bodied citizens - by creating conditions for maintaining well-being through their work and enterprise;

Disabled (socially vulnerable segments of the population) - guaranteeing social protection and support.

In a narrow sense, social protection of the population is defined as a system of state measures that ensures social protection of the predominantly disabled population. Or as an institution, a targeted complex system formed by society to solve socio-economic problems caused by the need for society to support the elderly, the disabled, the sick, the unemployed, families who have lost their breadwinner, as well as families with children.

Chapter 1. The concept of social protection of the population

1.1 The concept and essence of social protection of the population

Integral factors of any normally functioning social system is social protection and socio-economic support of the population.

The formation and development of a market economy led to the allocation of social protection of the population as an independent activity, which has acquired a new meaning and significance, primarily as protection against the adverse effects of market relations. The system of social protection, as practice shows, is involved in the market system and is its integral element. Social support for those who objectively do not have the opportunity to secure a decent standard of living is, in essence, the necessary payment for the opportunity to do business and earn income in a stable society.

The objective reality, determined by the logic of the development of market relations, highlights the formation of a scientifically based system of social protection and social support for the population, its most vulnerable strata. The need to create this system is due to a number of factors.

One of the fundamental factors operating within society and determining the content of social support for the population is a certain system of property and right relations. It is private property that determines the independence of civil society from the state, makes a person a full-fledged subject and guarantees the necessary conditions for his social life. However, in every society there is a certain part of the population that does not have property and is unable to work due to objective reasons: illness, disability due to old age or age that does not allow a person to enter the sphere of industrial relations (children), the consequences of environmental, economic, and military conflicts, natural disasters, etc. These categories of the population will not survive without the protection and social assistance of the state, when capital is increasingly becoming the main factor of production and distribution. The state is objectively interested in supporting socially vulnerable segments of the population for several reasons:

A state that has proclaimed itself civilized is obliged to provide the population with a decent standard of living;

Every state is interested in the expanded reproduction of skilled labor;

Socio-economic support for the poor eliminates economic condition various groups and strata of the population.

Social protection is a system of legislative, socio-economic and moral-psychological guarantees, means and measures, thanks to which equal conditions are created for members of society, preventing the adverse effects of the environment on a person, ensuring a decent and socially acceptable quality of life for them. .

Characteristic of the current stage is the rapid development of the methodology and methods of social protection of the population, which is of great practical and theoretical importance. It should be noted that the methodology of social protection is understood as a system of principles and methods of organizing and building a theoretical and practical activities, directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others, and under the methodology - a set of techniques, research methods and operations for the practical and theoretical development of social protection of the population as a system.

The system of social protection of the population at the present stage includes:

- social Security;

- social insurance;

- social support (help).

The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection.

The objects of social protection are social institutions represented by specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).

The main forms of social protection are legally defined social guarantees and their satisfaction on the basis of basic standards and programs; regulation of incomes and expenses of the population; social insurance; social assistance; social services; target social programs.

The term "social protection" has various meanings. In the new economic conditions, he replaced the term "social security" used in the Soviet economy, where he characterized the specific organizational and legal form of social protection carried out directly by the state.

In modern conditions, the development of other organizational and legal forms of social support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. The term "social protection" was introduced, which has long been used in world practice.

Social protection as a social institution, which is a combination legal regulations, designed to solve certain social and economic problems, in the international context usually deals with categories of citizens established by law who, due to disability, lack of work, or for other reasons, do not have sufficient funds to meet their vital needs and the needs of disabled family members. Within the framework of social protection systems, such citizens are provided with compensatory assistance in cash and in kind, as well as in the form of various types of services, in the event of adverse events established by law. In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures aimed at preventing adverse events.

Social protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including such as the individual responsibility of employers, insurance, social insurance, targeted social assistance, state social security, etc. The use of certain organizational and legal forms of social protection can have various social and economic consequences which must be taken into account in the management of this industry.

At the same time, social protection, being by its functional nature a fairly integral system, which is an independent social institution, has specific features associated with the technologies of the services it provides. The technology for granting pensions differs significantly from the technology for providing medical care, social rehabilitation technologies, or technologies for providing unemployed citizens.

Social protection is also provided for families with low per capita incomes that do not provide the socially necessary subsistence level, which usually results in a lack of means of subsistence or funds to pay for vital goods and services (means of rehabilitation, payment for housing, treatment).

Social protection can be provided in cash in the form of pensions and benefits, in kind, as well as by providing various kinds of services to persons who are the object of social protection. It can be both compensatory and preventive.

One of the state-legal forms of social protection is directly state provision disabled persons. The main features of direct state support are the financing of expenses from the state budget and the establishment of categories of persons provided for and the level of their provision in accordance with the priorities determined by state authorities. Direct state provision in countries with market economies has a rather limited scope of application.

Another organizational and legal form of social protection is social insurance, which is widely used in the vast majority of countries with a market economy in relation to many types of social protection. It is based on the concept of social risks and the requirement for their mandatory and voluntary insurance. Financing of social insurance payments is carried out at the expense of insurance premiums of working citizens and their employers, paid, as a rule, in equal shares. The state sometimes also participates in the financing of social insurance systems.

In countries with market economies, such an organizational and legal form of social protection as social assistance is also actively used. It is targeted and is provided to individuals after checking their need, if they do not have other sources of livelihood.

Other organizational and legal forms of social protection can be funds - mandatory (compulsory) accumulation of funds in case of certain circumstances. These funds exist in selected countries of Asia and Africa (which were colonies) and are nationwide organizations designed to implement mandatory savings for all working citizens. The foundations aim to ensure that each worker is individually responsible for their future well-being. They are savings bank type institutions. You can use these deposits in case of temporary disability, on condition of termination of work, in case of unemployment.

A characteristic feature of private forms of social protection is that they are not created without fail due to the adoption of relevant legislation, but due to the private initiative of individual subjects of relations in this environment, who assume obligations to implement social protection of a limited circle of persons representing for them a certain interest. Private forms can be used in such types of social protection as temporary disability, medical care, pensions and others.

Thus, social protection in any state is a complex system of socio-economic relations designed to provide comprehensive assistance to disabled or partially able-bodied persons, as well as families whose able-bodied members' incomes do not provide a socially necessary standard of living for the family.

Effective social protection presupposes the implementation of a policy that adequately responds to the social well-being of people, capable of capturing the growth of social discontent and social tension, and preventing possible conflicts and radical forms of protest.

1.2 Principles and functions of social protection of the population

economics social protection crisis

The system of social protection is based on the principles of consistency and complexity. It is created as an ordered set of interacting components, as a holistic formation made up of parts, as a complex of interconnected structural elements, which in the process of integration form a certain integrity. The most important elements of the social protection system are subjects and objects, the content of which is revealed in terms of goals, objectives, functions, and means. When forming a system, it is important to ensure that its objects are a hierarchically organized, integral social system so that the subjects carrying out activities reflect this integrity, and the link connecting the object and the subject - the forms, methods, systems, technologies of social work - is an interconnected process of providing assistance and support to a person in need.

Comprehensiveness, that is, ensuring the close unity of the entire set of measures of an economical, social, legal and other nature to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of social protection, is closely related to consistency in the organization and content of social protection.

Complexity is ensured by:

1) unity of goals, principles and activities;

2) a combination of historical experience and traditions with modern practice of helping people;

3) a comprehensive study of the object of social protection (individual, social group, territorial community, labor collective);

4) coordination and consistency of actions of subjects of social protection;

5) control over the implementation of measures to provide assistance and support to people.

Of great importance is the principle of preventive measures for social protection, which means that the causes of social ill-being should be prevented, revealed at the very initial stage of formation and eliminated. Prevention is not only and not so much proactive compensation in cash and in kind to low-income groups of the population in case of price increases or other social upheavals, but, first of all, the creation of such conditions when people themselves can cope with a difficult life situation, use personal resources in case of social risks: old age, illness, unemployment. Prevention of social risks is carried out through:

Assistance in finding work for a pensioner, a disabled person;

Development of home work;

Support for non-state social insurance systems;

Formation of the private sector on the basis of voluntary contributions from citizens and other means;

Development of various forms of public participation in financing social programs, for example, based on the development of mortgage lending, support for the activities of medical insurance companies (assistance to a family or an individual in choosing a medical institution, doctor, necessary types of medical services);

The combination of paid and free services, which contributes to ensuring the reproductive opportunities of the subjects of social protection, creates additional systems for the accumulation of monetary savings by the population. And this means the emergence of new opportunities for the implementation of self-defense methods and meeting social needs in the education and upbringing of children, strengthening their health, improving living conditions, and more;

Maintaining the amount of cash income at a level not lower than the subsistence level, which is ensured by a combination of various forms of social assistance, participation in the formation of the labor market, the use of public works, and more.

In this regard, it is important that every decision on the social protection of the population, every project be examined and evaluated from the point of view of the possibility of socially protecting people in the process of future implementation, from the standpoint of counteracting the development of negative social phenomena.

The most important principle of social protection is its targeting, that is, the implementation of a set of measures to support decent living conditions for specifically needy people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, taking into account their individual needs and the possibilities of satisfying them in accordance with established criteria. It should be noted that in modern conditions, the provision of livelihoods to old, sick people, as well as people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, is not always targeted and fair: benefits are often paid not to those to whom they should be allocated in the first place; the assigned pensions do not fully take into account the length of service of citizens, the list of social services is narrow, and more.

The targeting of social protection, based on scientific methods and calculations and taking into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person, is a means of ensuring social justice and a factor in activating its internal potential. Thanks to the principle, it is possible to achieve the most important thing - to help people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, to encourage and support their social initiative and activity, their desire to independently resolve the problems that have arisen.

In the context of the deteriorating economic situation, there was a need for criteria for assessing the need for material assistance and mechanisms to ensure targeting.

The most optimal criteria for providing targeted social assistance are:

The size of the total family or average per capita income - it must be lower than the sum of the subsistence minimums established at the regional level for all family members by socio-demographic groups or according to the corresponding value of the regional subsistence minimum (below the minimum wages, minimum pension and others). However, it should be noted that the use of average per capita income as the only criterion, without taking into account the potential opportunities for clients to have additional income (for example, through secondary employment, renting out an apartment, car, garage, etc.), may encourage dependency and does not contribute to development of initiative and social activity of those in need;

Lack of livelihood;

Loneliness and inability to self-care;

Material damage or physical damage (due to natural disasters, catastrophes, as a result of the performance of official duties, and others).

The targeting of social protection makes it possible to better use the resources of society to help a person, given that it is in society that the whole set of conditions and factors that surround a person, which make up the field of his life and affect his social well-being, lifestyle, is manifested.

The principle of adaptability of the system of social protection of the population means that it should provide for a proactive review of social standards in the face of inflation and economic instability, a decrease in employment; timely development of the legal base of organizational structures; updating methods of implementation and others. The adaptability of the system of social protection of the population means its ability to self-improve, the development of self-protective activity and the initiative of the social actors themselves, their ability to self-help, the manifestation of their own means of social protection. This is especially important when it comes to social-democratic, professional and other groups of the population, regional communities.

The principle of social protection is its multisubjectivity. The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state. It develops and implements social policy in the field of social protection, strives to make it strong and effective, takes into account regional factors in its implementation. Realizing its most important functions - goal-setting and organizational impact on social processes in society, effective regulation and control of the social sphere - the state provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates socially guaranteed conditions for people's life, maintains optimal relations between the incomes of the active part of the population and disabled citizens, minimum wages, pensions, scholarships, social benefits and the subsistence minimum, creates conditions for strengthening the health of the population, increasing its education and culture, and solving housing problems. The state influences the functioning of the system of social protection of the population by approving the state budget, as well as the budgets of other state-owned sources of funding (in Russia, these include extra-budgetary social funds - pension, social insurance, compulsory medical insurance and employment).

An effective element of their influence on the solution of issues of social protection of the population are collective agreements, which in the conditions of market relations become the main document of management. By implementing social protection functions, trade unions provide the necessary production and social conditions for the life of members of their social protection team. Practice social partnership states with trade union organizations, entrepreneurs becomes an important condition for enhancing their role in social assistance and support to needy members.

The subject of social protection of the population are public associations that provide public support and the interested participation of millions of citizens in the creation and functioning of a modern model of social protection.

Another subject of social protection is employers. They provide mandatory conditions for social assistance and support for employees (minimum wages, compulsory insurance according to established standards, pension, social, medical, unemployment, social payments and compensations attributable to the wage fund, and others). The possibilities of employers as active subjects of social protection are far from being used to the full extent. With significant financial resources, many of them can create jobs at their enterprises, develop social benefits - free vouchers, issuance of long-term interest-free loans, and so on.

These principles express the objective patterns of the development of society, its socio-economic life, but they also have a subjective side. They are implemented in the process of creating and developing the social protection system, in the process of implementing the functions of social protection and enriching them with new content. Functions are relatively independent, but closely related activities for the social protection of a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation. The most important of them are:

Economic;

Household;

Psychological and pedagogical;

Socio-medical;

Legal;

Cultural and leisure;

labor organizations and others.

In the process of developing the system of social protection of the population, the functions change, are filled with new content due to innovative technological methods, the complexity of the services provided and the expansion of their scope, and the improvement of the professionalism of specialists.

This reflects the process of mastering the new content of social protection activities, its increasingly clear orientation towards providing multilateral support to a person in need, ensuring his personal participation in resolving problems and difficulties that have arisen, improving relations between people within the framework of various systems assistance to the population.

Chapter 2. Social protection of the population in a crisis period

2.1 Social protection of the population during the crisis period

After ten years of uninterrupted economic growth and improvement in the well-being of the people, Russia is facing major economic challenges. The global economic crisis leads in all countries of the world to a drop in production, an increase in unemployment, and a decrease in incomes of the population.

World GDP fell in 2009 by almost half a percent. In almost all countries, the income of the population has decreased significantly.

The impact of the global economic crisis on Russia has its own characteristics associated with the accumulated deformations of the economic structure, the underdevelopment of a number of market institutions, including the financial system.

The Russian government has developed and is implementing a comprehensive program to stimulate business activity and social support for citizens in the context of the global financial crisis. However, in general, transformations in the social sphere are held back due to insufficient resources and the merger of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, while the focus and scale of national projects, federal target programs, international projects social profile do not yet fully correspond to the list and severity of problems related to the social protection of vulnerable groups of the population, the reduction of poverty in the country.

In 2009 and subsequent years, the Government Russian Federation intends to significantly intensify the use of all available instruments of economic and social policy in order to prevent irreversible destructive processes in the economy that undermine the country's long-term development prospects, while ensuring the solution of strategic tasks.

To increase resilience to crises in the economy, it is important to strengthen national systems social protection. Social safety nets can be combined with human capacity building programs. In assessing and designing social protection systems, countries and their development partners should use the following methods: mapping - identifying and monitoring population groups and their respective levels of vulnerability; precisely regulated targeted assistance within the framework of assistance programs for socially vulnerable groups of the population; equal treatment of beneficiaries - programs must be fair in terms of providing the same level of assistance to households at the same level of poverty (horizontal equity) and can provide more generous assistance to the poorest beneficiaries (vertical equity) . At the same time, social protection systems must be inextricably linked with risk management tools in order to jointly mitigate the impact of emerging crises and disasters. The system should be indexed and provide a mechanism to adjust benefit levels to food price and inflation trends. They should include the most effective means of delivering assistance to reach vulnerable populations and improve links with other basic social services. In this regard, it is necessary to increase the capacity to develop and implement social protection policies and programs in order to create the basis for the introduction and/or scaling up of existing targeted assistance programs. A shift to more efficient programs is needed as beneficiary selection mechanisms and tools for effective program implementation are established and improved, in line with the level of national capacity. There is a need to ensure accountability and transparency in the use of resources by preventing and reducing relevant real and potential threats and addressing the possible causes of unfair relations between different actors in order to increase civic responsibility and confidence in the fairness and effectiveness of social protection systems.

In a crisis situation, rising unemployment and inflation, it is extremely important to strengthen measures of social support for families with children, who first of all fall into the "risk zone" of poverty - low-income and large families, families with one parent, pregnant women, etc. It is necessary to adopt a package of anti-crisis measures for the social protection of families with children in federal level, including: grant the right in case of liquidation of the enterprise or termination of employment contract a mother (father) who is entitled to a monthly allowance for child care, receive at the same time unemployment allowance in case of recognition of her (his) unemployed (unemployed), as well as a pregnant woman receive both maternity allowance, as well as unemployment allowance (for a single pregnant woman - in an increased amount) if she is recognized as unemployed; establish a special allowance for a man recognized as unemployed up to the maximum amount of unemployment benefit for the period of its validity, if his wife is on maternity leave or leave to care for a child; establish for unemployed parents with children under the age of 16, a supplement to unemployment benefits in the amount of 10% of the assigned benefit for the period of its validity; double the standard personal income tax deduction for a taxpayer supporting the child(ren) if the other parent is unemployed or on parental leave, or the spouse is on maternity leave. To cover the costs of implementing anti-crisis measures to support families with children, it is necessary to: increase the rate of contributions to the Social Insurance Fund by 0.5% in favor of the children of employees (now 3%), non-insurance payments to be made at the expense of the budget; restore unemployment insurance instead of modern budgeting, as a method of regulating labor and income more typical of the market; to use the planned funds of the federal budget for the implementation of regional employment programs in 2009 for the proposed unemployment benefits; create in the subjects of the Russian Federation funds to support families with children in difficult life situations, by analogy with the federal fund for the support of children in difficult life situations; introduce a two-stage (13% and 15%) tax scale for personal income; increase excise taxes on tobacco products and alcohol in favor of measures to support families with children; use the savings in the payment of maternity capital from the federal budget currently provided for (70 billion in 2010 and 100 billion in 2011); introduce tax preferences for organizations implementing social programs (accounting for social costs in prime cost, etc.).

The crisis, which spread to all territories, affected the standard of living of all segments of the population in different ways. If during the period of economic growth, when part of the able-bodied population employed in the sphere of wage labor had the opportunity to realize their labor potential, and successful private business through the mechanism of redistribution of income in the form of taxes and directly in the form of charity supported the poorest segments of the population, the state provided targeted assistance to the most needy social groups. During the economic recession, the social function of the state comes to the fore, and state paternalism is forced to spread to the whole society. It is this approach that saves human and labor resources, social and territorial integrity of the country, avoid group and national confrontation, increase manageability and control over the development of the situation, and ultimately create the prerequisites for overcoming the crisis.

2.2 Anti-crisis measures of the Russian government in the field of social protection of the population

The anti-crisis measures of the Russian government were formulated at the beginning of 2009, when the main trends in the economic downturn were already recorded in the statistical data.

The set of planned actions in the social sphere was aimed at:

· provide a lower limit of consumption for the disabled, as well as temporarily lost their jobs;

· to stabilize the financial situation of participants in the system of minimum social guarantees;

· prevent an increase in the number of people living below the subsistence level;

· contribute to slowing down the rate of growth of unemployment;

· mitigate the decline in incomes of the working population.

The above list of areas shows that the main task was to prevent the growth of poverty, especially among the elderly population. In addition to the two indexations of the insurance part of the pension in February and April 2008, in August, when the crisis had already begun, a significant increase in the basic part of the pension by 15%, and the insurance part - by 8% was added (Table 1) .

Despite the reduction in budget revenues, additional measures were taken in 2010 to improve the living standards of pensioners. The pension capital earned by a person before the beginning of the pension reform, i.e. before January 1, 2002, is revalued with an increase of 10%, and for each year of work in the Soviet period (until 1991) the increase will be 1%. The recalculation of pensions will affect 36.5 million people.

Table 1

Stages of increasing the basic and insurance part of pensions

The second task of implementing anti-crisis actions in the social sphere is aimed at eliminating the situation in which some pensioners live below the poverty line - for this, special social supplements are introduced for non-working pensioners. As a result, the pension with all social payments and additional payments will not be less than the subsistence level of a pensioner in the region of his residence. 4.4 trillion were allocated for increasing pensions and social supplements. rub. budget funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

Since January 1, 2010, almost 5.7 million non-working pensioners, including 3.2 million - from the federal budget, and 2.470 million people. established regional social surcharge. Such a division is associated with a spread in the value of the regional subsistence minimum for a pensioner around the average for the Russian Federation. If a pensioner lives in a region where the cost of living is lower than the national average, he receives a federal supplement.

In the context of the deteriorating economic situation, the state, having included social protection of the population among the priority areas of the anti-crisis program, with a general reduction in budget expenditures, not only fulfilled its previously taken social obligations, but also additionally increased funding for the social sphere.

All social payments and benefits financed from the federal budget, primarily the package of state benefits for children, maternity (family) capital, as well as payments made under the legislation on social support for certain categories of citizens, were indexed taking into account the inflation forecast. 12.7 billion rubles were allocated for these purposes. From January 1, 2009, all social payments were indexed by 8.5%, from April 1, 2009 - by 13%. As a result, the allowance for the care of the first child amounted to 1873 rubles, for the second and subsequent children - 3746 rubles, the allowance for the birth of a child reached 9989 rubles. Maternal capital as a result of indexation since April 1, 2009 amounted to 312.16 thousand rubles.

Payments for pregnancy and childbirth, a one-time allowance for the birth of a child, as well as maternity capital have been increased: all of them have been indexed since January 1, 2010 by 11%. The upper limit of benefits for pregnancy and childbirth will be about 35 thousand rubles. (in 2009 - 25.39 thousand rubles), based on the maximum (415 thousand rubles) wages from which insurance premiums will be charged. With lower wages, the maternity allowance will be set at 100% of the amount of earnings (previously - 40%). The maximum allowance for child care will be 13,833 thousand rubles. (in 2009 - 7.492 thousand rubles). The amount of maternity capital will reach 343.378 thousand rubles.

Thus, the results achieved in maintaining the standard of living of the disabled population are preserved and the implementation of the previously outlined areas of social policy in the field of developing the pension system and helping families with children will continue. In 2010, it is planned to increase the budget expenditures for the protection of motherhood and childhood by 3.1%.

However, the working-age population employed in the economy, faced with the fact of an absolute reduction in income and the threat of their complete loss, suffered mainly from the crisis. Since mid-2008, there has been an increase in the number of unemployed, an increase in overdue wage arrears and a decrease in real terms of accrued wages (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Dynamics of employment and wages.

This process affected the middle-income strata in two directions. On the one hand, managerial personnel are losing their jobs: managers of middle and top management, faces creative professions, designers, advertising specialists, public relations specialists, employed in the publishing business, etc. These are people who had a level of material prosperity above the average, high life aspirations and a certain social status, an age close to average, not ready for radical change.

The other part of the middle class is engineers and highly qualified workers who worked in the real sector of the economy, of middle and older age, and a low level of professional and territorial mobility. White-collar problems are concentrated mainly in major cities where there are sufficient jobs in many types of economic activity, and the unemployment rate was initially below average. The troubles of the second category are widespread throughout the territory, as shown above, especially in regions with a predominance of the manufacturing industry, concentrating in industrial centers with city-forming enterprises.

To reduce social tension in connection with the situation on the labor market, the Government of the Russian Federation has developed a set of special measures acting simultaneously in several areas.

In operational mode, control over the state of the labor market is carried out through weekly monitoring of layoffs of employees due to the liquidation of organizations or staff reductions, as well as the transfer of a number of enterprises to a reduced working day.

To inform employees in all regions of the Russian Federation, consultation centers and telephone hotlines have been organized, as well as a special information portal "Work in Russia" with a weekly update of the list of vacancies that combines official information from 85 regional employment services and 2450 municipal employment centers. This work is designed to promote the employment of the unemployed, unemployed citizens and citizens at risk of dismissal.

To ensure the priority right of Russian citizens to employment, a number of organizational measures are provided:

· in 2009, quotas for attracting foreign workers to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were reduced by 2 times compared to the proposals;

· it is planned to organize 982 thousand temporary jobs and jobs in public works;

· provision of financial support for entrepreneurial initiative of 55.8 thousand people;

· it is planned to provide targeted assistance when moving to another area for 15 thousand people;

· It is planned to send 173 thousand people to advanced training, vocational training, retraining and advanced training.

Ensuring the employment of graduates of schools, universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, for whom it is most difficult to find work in a crisis, is a special task that requires a legislative solution that allows educational and scientific organizations create small businesses, which in turn contributes to the employment of graduates of vocational education institutions. It is also expected to spread the practice of targeted contract training of senior students on the basis of contracts with enterprises. (In August 2009, the unemployment rate among young people aged 20-24 was 16.6%, and its share in total strength unemployed - 23.5%.

But the main direction of employment support is financial. Since the beginning of 2009, the maximum amount of unemployment benefit has been increased by 1.5 times: the minimum amount of unemployment benefit is 850 rubles, the maximum is 4.9 thousand rubles.

The volume of budget allocations provided in the form of subventions to the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation for the implementation of active programs to promote the employment of the unemployed, increased by 33.95 billion rubles, of which 29.8 billion rubles. allocated for social support of citizens officially recognized as unemployed. The payroll fund for federal state employees has increased by 30% since December 1, 2008. The main effect of the implementation of this measure came in 2009. In order to maintain the level of income of employees of budgetary organizations, it is planned to include expenses on their wages in the list of expenses protected from reduction.

In general, the efforts made, if not to reduce the unemployment rate to the level of the pre-crisis period, then at least stopped its growth. In 2010, subventions to the subjects of the Federation for carrying out measures to increase the level of employment increased by 15%.

It should also be borne in mind that the set of these measures is not only aimed at stabilizing the labor market, it should contribute to the restructuring of the economy, the development of small business, in particular on the basis of scientific institutions and higher educational institutions, and self-employment of citizens.

Providing the population with housing is one of those promising areas of social protection, the implementation of which is expected to be continued within the framework of the anti-crisis program in order to mitigate social and territorial differences.

Against the backdrop of the crisis, a positive trend emerged in the field of state housing policy. Since the beginning of the housing reform, the state has chosen a market approach to solving the housing issue, combined with special programs and projects aimed at protecting and targeted support of the interests of certain categories of the population. In the context of the crisis, the government had to pay closer attention to the problem of housing construction, and not only as a way to meet certain needs of the population, but also as a type of economic activity that contributes to the development of related industries: the building materials industry, the production of construction equipment, the creation of engineering and household infrastructure. A number of measures aimed at supporting the industry are of the nature of administrative management and inspection and control. These include the improvement of urban planning activities and constant monitoring of the dynamics of the state of the construction industry (including the industry of building materials) and housing and communal services. Support for the construction complex will also be provided by providing funds to the regions from the Housing and Utilities Reform Assistance Fund for the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock. Under the program for the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock, 253 emergency houses were resettled, in which 5,922 people lived.

As anti-crisis measures, support is provided for the building materials industry and individual construction companies. An impressive package of measures, addressed directly to the population, continues the directions of housing policy that have been initiated. These include: the implementation of the federal target program "Housing" (total - 61.4 billion rubles), namely the fulfillment of state obligations to certain categories of citizens: the implementation of state housing certificates (for military personnel dismissed from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; leaving the regions Far North), providing housing for young families, all veterans of the Great Patriotic War(subventions to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - 35.0 billion rubles).

It is planned to stimulate the demand of the population for housing, in addition to the implementation of temporary anti-crisis measures to maintain mortgage lending, tax breaks. The amount of the property deduction when calculating personal income tax when buying a home has been increased from 1 to 2 million rubles. In addition, organizations are allowed to include in expenses the amounts contributed to reimburse employees for the payment of interest on loans (credits) for the purchase and (or) construction of residential premises in an amount not exceeding 3% of the amount of labor costs.

Maintenance of the life support system of the population, which is covered by the concept of social infrastructure, is also one of the comprehensive social guarantees.

The growth of tariffs for housing and communal services, constantly outperforming the general consumer price index, entails a continuous increase in government spending to help families who are not able to fully pay for these services from their current income.

The general deterioration of the economic situation further aggravated the state of housing and communal services as an industry and the position of the population as the most important consumer of its services. For 10 months In 2009, tariffs for housing and communal services increased by an average of 19.1%, including for cold water supply and sanitation - by 23%, hot water supply - 24.4%, gas supply - 24.2%, electricity supply - by 25.1 %.

The anti-crisis support program for housing and communal services involves both the further development and continuation of previously selected areas (development of a set of measures to reform the housing and communal services for 2009-2011 and the formation of a system of targeted subsidies for the population), and new measures, in particular, budgetary subsidies for capital repairs of the housing stock.

The direct use of budget funds as anti-crisis measures is already yielding positive results. The total amount of funds provided for the provision of financial support to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the implementation of regional targeted programs for major repairs apartment buildings and resettlement of citizens from dilapidated housing stock at the expense of the Housing and Public Utilities Reform Assistance Fund from 2008 to 2011 amounted to 240 billion rubles. Some of these funds are expected, according to decision on the implementation of anti-crisis measures to allocate for the overhaul of apartment buildings and the resettlement of citizens from dilapidated housing according to 124 applications from 78 regions for a total of 55.02 billion rubles. The total volume of mastered financial resources taking into account the equity financing of the regions is 116.0 billion rubles. The implementation of regional targeted programs financed with the participation of the Fund provides employment for 1.5 million people.

Despite the cumulative reduction in demand, the satisfaction of such basic needs of the population as the education of children and maintaining health also remained among the priorities of the state's social policy even in times of crisis.

The degree of social protection of the population has always served, on the one hand, as evidence of the political orientation of state power, and on the other, as an indicator of the level of economic development. In the context of the crisis, the state not only fulfilled its earlier obligations to maintain the standard of living of certain groups of the population, primarily the low-income, but also extended its protection to the entire population, maintaining the previously identified social policy priorities and continuing, and in some areas even strengthening, budget financing . The accelerated growth of poverty and its transition to a stagnant form was prevented. This made it possible to avoid the growth of social tension, restrained manifestations of social apathy and escape from reality.

The authorities' efforts to preserve the social sphere, which is seen as the main positive result of 2009, and their intention to continue the planned measures, instilled confidence in the population in its ability to organize and lead the emerging turnaround in the economic situation and a gradual transition to growth.

Chapter 3. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection of the population

3.1 Problems of the system of social protection of the population

Social policy during the crisis period should be based on three main principles: the priority of the problems of social security of the population; increasing the role of personal labor income in meeting the socio-cultural and everyday needs of the population and the elimination of dependency on this basis; organization of a new mechanism for financing the social sphere, i.е. transition from state paternalism to social partnership.

Social security of the population in a crisis requires the differentiation of social support in terms of income, degree of ability to work, and in some cases - according to the principle of employment in social production. Almost all segments of the population need special social programs.

Financing of social programs is carried out not only at the expense of state funds, but also at the expense of local budgets, funds of enterprises, organizations, and the population. Charitable foundations for social assistance can play a certain role in the social protection of the population. The policy of social protection of the population in the conditions of transition to the market includes a system of social insurance and public assistance.

In today's crisis conditions, the problems of unemployment and inflation have acquired a special aspect. Social protection from unemployment is realized through training of personnel, organization of a fund to help the unemployed with the establishment of the amount of benefits. Protection against rising inflation, which significantly reduces the standard of living of the population, is indexation reaching, i.e. an increase in their nominal value to prevent a decrease in their real level.

Indexation is carried out by regulating nominal wages, incomes, and interest rates. Indexation may follow or precede a price increase. In the first case, it is carried out at certain intervals. In the second, salary increases are made in advance, taking into account the expected price increase. However, preliminary indexation encourages enterprises to factor wage growth into contract prices, thereby aggravating inflation.

The decline in the well-being of the population is unacceptable not only for humanitarian reasons, but also for economic ones, as it undermines incentives for effective activity. Therefore, social guarantees from the state are the most important factors in Russia's successful transition to market relations.

The conditions of the financial crisis necessitated the adjustment of the ongoing social policy. Such an adjustment will be effective only if it takes into account not only the negative, but also the positive results of the reforms.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that Russia is a social state. The construction of a state that could, with good reason, be called social is a task that cannot be solved in one day. The transition from a country of "developed socialism" with a low standard of living of the population to a rich and prosperous welfare state is very difficult.

Among the particular problems of improving social protection, the main ones are the following:

1. stabilization of the financial position of state non-budgetary social funds;

2. repayment of wage arrears to employees;

3. expansion of sources of financing of social services;

4. improvement of the targeted system of social support for the population;

5. introduction of a unified procedure for adjusting the scale and rates of income taxation.

3.2 Prospects for the development of the system of social protection of the population

The main tasks of the new social policy, built taking into account the provision of social support for the population in the conditions of the economic crisis, should be: consistent solution of complex problems covering issues of safe and sustainable social development; improving the level and quality of life of citizens; overcoming the excessive property stratification of society and the formation of a mass middle class; strengthening the institution of the family as the most stable form of self-organization and socialization of the individual; preservation and strengthening of the moral traditions and values ​​of the peoples inhabiting Russia; creating conditions for a decent life and work for future generations; enhancing the image of Russia in the world. A social policy built on the principles of social security should consist of the consistent implementation of two key tasks: the development of legislative support and the implementation of standards for the quality and standard of living of Russians, guaranteeing the quality and safety of life and health, education, life of all segments of the population, each family and each citizen Russia; creation and development of infrastructure of wide opportunities for self-realization, self-development, own investments of the society and each citizen in their future and the future of their families

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households.

In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

To this end, governments at the regional and local levels will have to make greater use of procedures for mandatory testing of the needs of recipients of social assistance. It also provides for the establishment of restrictions on the total number of types of social assistance and benefits that can be provided simultaneously to the same family.

Improving the targeting of assistance can significantly improve the situation of poor families. However, for a limited number of recipients, such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits remain regardless of their financial situation.

2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection.

In general, it is planned to transfer more powers to determine the amount and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure the targeting of state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary possibilities of the territories, living standards, employment characteristics, and local traditions.

The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the level of poverty and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. The new system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and model regulations.

3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

Taking into account international practice, as well as domestic experience, we can propose the following as the main principles of social protection of the working population:

Social responsibility of the state and society for respect for the individual and protection of his numerous rights;

Social justice, i.e. ensuring equal working conditions, its protection, health protection and obtaining compensation of a sufficient level in case of loss of health and disability, various types of rehabilitation assistance;

The universality and mandatory nature of the social protection of workers from social and professional risks, minimization of their level, openness and availability of information;

Multisubjectivity of social protection. Its subjects are the state, entrepreneurs, social insurance partnerships, professional organizations of workers and other organizational structures of society interested in the social protection of the population;

Solidarity of the subjects of social protection in order to ensure its greatest effectiveness, its multidimensionality and multidirectionality, minimization of social and professional risks, optimal distribution of the corresponding financial burden among the participants on the basis of the conclusion of social contracts;

Diversity of social protection, a wide range of its forms and the degree of coverage, ranging from guarantees for all workers and ending with the provision of certain categories of the population, including specific individuals;

The economic and social freedom of workers, combined with their personal responsibility for maintaining health and ability to work, with the right to form unions to ensure their own protection.

A high degree of social protection includes not only financial measures, but also medical, social and professional rehabilitation. Solving these problems today is not easy, but necessary. In order to increase protection, it is required to "combine the institution of compensation for damage, state social insurance and social security", the latter includes pensions, sanatorium treatment, etc., and "transform them into a single institution of social insurance against industrial accidents."

For this reason, it is undoubtedly difficult to count on significant success in the implementation of social policy and on achieving a high level of social protection of the population - until the country's economic situation is stabilized. But achieving economic stability is a very laborious task. Moreover, the stage of price liberalization turned out to be very painful for the population, the period of pursuing a tough financial policy, without which the transition to the market was impossible, it was impossible to stop the so-called inflationary spiral.

Conclusion

Considered in the course work, the problems of the social protection system in a crisis require an immediate solution. It is precisely because of social well-being that the efficiency of production and the welfare of the state depend. The social care of the state about its citizens requires large financial investments. At first glance, an invisible return on these investments will increase the welfare of not only the population, but also the state itself. How the state conducts social programs can be judged on the standard of living of the least well-off strata of society and what part this group of the population occupies in general population countries.

Transformations in the political, economic and social fields carried out in the state provide for an active social policy, which should be based on a properly built system of priorities, a phased solution of a range of social problems, the development of mechanisms for the effective use of resources allocated for social purposes, the harmonization of state obligations and real opportunities for their financing. The most important aspect state social policy is the social protection of the population. In modern conditions, a number of laws have been adopted declaring that the needy categories of the population are granted equal rights and freedoms with other citizens, as provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However, due to the difficult financial situation at the federal and regional levels, their implementation is often limited.

In the current economic conditions, measures are being taken to mitigate the negative consequences of a sharp drop in living standards and to partially compensate for the losses of the most needy groups of the population. Social support mechanisms are being created for families with children, veterans, the disabled, citizens who have lost their jobs and other categories of the population. However, many benefits, compensations, social payments and allowances are often introduced without taking into account the financial situation of families and the real possibilities of people to ensure their own well-being. As a result, the opportunity to provide assistance to those who really need it is limited.

The state plays an important role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, medical and social expertise, rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the fundamentals social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, ensuring foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population, etc. As for the subjects of the Russian Federation, they must ensure and solve production and economic tasks, develop planned and financial and economic activities, create various social assistance funds, solve economic problems, etc. the formation of stable links between different levels of the organizational system, which establishes social relations in society, provides people with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develops economic independence in management.

At the present stage, four priority areas are identified in the social protection of the population of the Russian Federation, which are based on the relevant legal acts. Firstly, this is the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence, secondly, this is the social protection of the able-bodied population, thirdly, this is the social protection of disabled citizens, and fourthly, this is the social protection of the family. However, each subject of the Russian Federation, based not only on the socio-economic situation in the country, but also on its own socio-economic problems, builds its own system of social protection of the population, giving more or less preference to one or another category of citizens in need of assistance, which are unique. and legal and financial framework for the organization of social protection of the population, due to the specifics of a particular region or municipality.

Therefore, an effective social policy of the state is one of the top priorities for the Russian economy to emerge from the crisis.

Bibliography

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) / RG. December 25, 1993

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10. Social policy: Textbook / Ed. ed. ON THE. Volgin. – M.: Exam, 2003. 737 p.

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The purpose of the course work is to study the problems of social protection in Russia.
The object of study is the problems of social protection in Russia.
The subject is the theoretical foundations and features, the current state, the problems of social protection in Russia and the prospects for their solution.

Introduction …………………………………………………………….….. 3
1. Theoretical foundations of social protection of the population……….. 5
1.1. The concept and essence of social protection of the population………….5
1.2. Methods of social protection of the population…………………………8
2. Analysis of the practice of social protection in Russia………………..13
2.1. The system of social protection of the population of Russia………..……..13
2.2. Problems of social protection in Russia……………………....18
3. Prospects for the development of the social protection system
population in Russia ……………………………………………………..25
Conclusion ………………………………………………….………..….30
Bibliography…………………

Files: 1 file

social services – state, municipal and non-state governing bodies, structures and specialized institutions and enterprises engaged in social work.

State social services include governing bodies, institutions and social service enterprises of the system of social protection of the population, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes social assistance to the population.

Municipal social services include institutions and enterprises of social services that are under the jurisdiction of local governments.

Non-state social services include institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other organizations and individuals.

For the implementation of specialized forms of social services in Russia, the following social services operate:

• pensions, including relevant structural units in federal and regional social protection services, as well as state and non-state pension funds;
• social services;
• financial assistance; social services at home;
• specialized stationary social services;
• prosthetics, orthotics and prosthetics;
• technical means of rehabilitation;
• special transport service;
• medical and social expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled;
• medical-social, socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical services to various groups of the population;
• children's specialized medical, preschool and school institutions;
• special professional educational institutions;
• family, women and children support;
• rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior;
• on social issues of military personnel and members of their families, refugees and migrants, the unemployed, crisis centers (for persons suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, subjected to sexual and physical violence), regulating humanitarian and technical assistance to Russia and its individual regions;
• on interaction with non-governmental organizations of disabled people, veterans, families with children, etc.;
• other.

Social services function both in the system of an independent social sector - social protection of the population, subordinated to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, and in the structure of health care, education, culture, justice, law enforcement agencies, etc., as well as at various enterprises and organizations .

Conclusion: The system of social protection of the population currently being created is largely based on the experience of the most developed foreign countries with market economies. However, if in Russia its main elements are created one-time, on a legislative basis and mainly on the state economic basis, then in most other countries the social protection system was the result of a fairly long development and is distinguished by many forms and economic sources. At the same time, social support systems also have common characteristics determined by the main features of the socialized economy, which makes it possible to creatively borrow the experience of other countries.

2. Analysis of the practice of social protection in Russia

2.1. The system of social protection of the population of Russia

A special place in the system of social protection of the population of Russia is occupied by people directly involved in relations regarding the social protection of the population.

Among citizens in need of social protection, there are five main groups:

- first group- able-bodied citizens of working age, including: persons dismissed from the Armed Forces; unemployed and unemployed citizens; refugees and forced migrants of working age; women on maternity leave, parental leave, as well as pregnant women;

- second group- disabled citizens of working age, including: disabled people; persons with an occupational disease;

- third group- citizens under the age of working age, including: disabled children; children from large and single-parent families; orphans, neglected children and teenagers; other categories of children in need of social protection;

- fourth group- persons older than working age, including: lonely elderly citizens; pensioners by age; invalids and participants of the Great Patriotic War; blockade; other persons older than working age;

- fifth group- other citizens in need of social assistance, including: low-income, i.e. those whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level; young families with children and family experience up to three years; other families in difficult situations.

Another participant in relations in the field of social protection are social workers, professionally engaged in social work. The most important component of social protection are the bodies of social protection of the population. Under the body of social protection of the population is understood as an education created in the prescribed manner, characterized by certain tasks, functions, structural features and relevant competence.

The following groups of bodies of social protection of the population are distinguished:

In accordance with the current legislation in Russia, there is a system of social services based on various forms of ownership, which includes:

a) State social services, which are the property of the Russian Federation or subjects of the Russian Federation and are under their jurisdiction. These services are not subject to privatization and cannot be re-profiled into other types of activities. They are also not entitled to lease or pledge the property assigned to them. The types of social protection institutions are defined both in federal laws, for example, in the Federal Law “On Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation”, and in the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

b) Municipal organizations of social protection and social services for the population, administered by local governments and representing the municipal sector of social protection of the population. At the same time, it should be noted that the bodies of social protection of the population have been transferred to the jurisdiction of state authorities.

In this regard, for example, in January 2006, the Republic of Dagestan adopted a decree of the Government of the Republic of Dagestan dated December 30, 2005 No. No. 242 "On the creation of territorial bodies of social protection of the population and subordinate institutions of social services for the population of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Republic of Dagestan."

c) Non-state social protection and social services based on forms of ownership that are not related to the state and municipal. Non-state social services of various organizational and legal forms, as well as private individuals carrying out activities in the field of social services in accordance with the established procedure, represent the non-state sector of social protection and social services. The non-state sector also includes social service organizations formed on the basis of the property of public associations, including professional associations, religious and public organizations, whose activities are related to social services.

Social service institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, enjoy preferential taxation, and organizations and legal entities(banks, enterprises, institutions) directing property, financial and intellectual values ​​to the development of social services and providing them with support, enjoy the benefits provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the social protection system is extensive and includes the following components: social security, social insurance, social assistance, social work, social support, rehabilitation and adaptation, social benefits and guarantees, self-defense and self-help, a system of social control over the functioning of social protection.

A feature of the structure of social protection is that its elements are both social institutions and the main functions of this system.

The central element and function of the social protection system is social security as a system created and regulated by the state and bearing the main burden of social protection.

Social security is an institution that has historically developed in society, through which the vital needs of people who need support from society are met.

Since the concepts of "social assistance" and " social support» are new for Russian science and practice, special attention should be paid to them.

Social assistance is a system of social relations that develops between citizens (families) with an average per capita income below the subsistence level, and state bodies regarding the provision of cash payments, natural assistance and services to citizens (families) in excess of their earnings, scholarships, pensions, benefits and others in order to ensure a living wage and meet their basic needs.

Social support, on the other hand, includes measures to provide assistance to persons (families) who have an income not lower than the subsistence level, but who need additional support due to a difficult life situation.

The presence of stable links and interaction of the structural components of the social protection system is important for its relatively independent sustainable functioning.

Social needs, which are primarily aimed at social policy, have a unifying value. Their satisfaction must be guaranteed by society, the state to every person.

Three rows of minimum can be distinguished: physiological, the level of income of which is intended only for the physical survival of a person, the second minimum - the level of income of which ensures the survival of a person in society as a social being; the third, necessary in order to fully live. However, the minimum guarantee is an important component in the system of social protection of the population.

An important role in the system of social protection belongs to the system of social standards and regulations, the creation and practical implementation of mechanisms for the introduction of social standardization and regulation at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

Social needs are not reduced to the minimum, guaranteed by the state, the society of the individual, are not exhausted by them. They involve the development of all forms of vigorous activity of a person and social groups, including: self-defense, self-help, a person’s concern for himself, etc. For Russian society, the problem of overcoming a dependent attitude to life and social status is topical.

There are two types of social protection: limited and absolute.

Limited social protection- providing all members of society with a guaranteed minimum standard of living, that is, a certain minimum in food, housing and clothing, sufficient to maintain health and performance. This type of security should not be considered as a privilege. This is a legitimate requirement of every member of society and a natural addition to the market system.

Absolute protection- represents the provision by the state of guaranteed relative well-being to some person or category of citizens in order to insure individual members of society from what is the norm for the market - from a possible decrease in their income level.

Social security is a complex of real rights and freedoms of citizens, providing a level of security and comfort of their life guaranteed by society. The degree of social protection is determined by the level of socio-economic development of the country and the established mechanisms to ensure security.

Conclusion: social protection of the population covers a wide range of measures for state and public support of the population, including measures related to social security, understood as the activities of the state to provide material support for citizens in old age, in case of disability, in connection with the birth and upbringing of children, medical care and treatment.

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Introduction

annotation

Chapter 1. Social protection. General provisions

1.1 The concept, functions and principles of social protection of the population

1.2 Factors of formation and development, mechanisms of social protection of the population

1.3 The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population

Chapter 2. Methods of social protection of the population

2.1 Organizational and administrative methods of social protection of the population

2.2 Socio-economic methods of social protection of the population

Chapter 3. Social protection of certain categories of citizens

3.1 Technology of social protection of the elderly

3.2 Technologies of social protection and social services for families

3.3 Technologies of social protection of servicemen and their families

Chapter 4. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection

4.1 Prospects for the development of social protection

4.2 Problems in the development of social protection

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

INTRODUCTION

social security elderly soldier

The transition period to market relations marks a new stage in the socio-economic development of Russia. At the same time, being progressive, in fact, it brought to life processes that even in the Western world became manageable only decades later.

In the conditions of Russia, this means that the existing experience and existing infrastructure should be used to the maximum, which will serve as the basis for the formation of a new concept of social security.

As a professional activity, social work over more than a century of history has accumulated vast empirical material, the theoretical understanding, generalization and systematization of which opens up new perspectives for practice in terms of increasing its efficiency and effectiveness.

One of the main tasks of social work at the present time is the further development and improvement of the existing forms, methods, methods and techniques of activity used by a specialist to solve the social problems of clients, stimulating the activation of their forces to change an unfavorable life situation.

When writing this work, the goal was set: to reveal the essence of the methods and mechanisms of social protection of the population.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be distinguished:

Give the concept of social protection of the population;

To reveal the functions and principles of social protection of the population;

Consider the factors of formation and development of social protection of the population;

Consider methods of social protection of the population.

An object research methods and technologies of social protection.

The subject of the study is the social protection of the population.

The methods used in writing the work are:

General scientific methods;

Private scientific methods (comparative-analytical, etc.).

The course work consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and an appendix. The first chapter discusses the essence, principles, functions of social protection of the population. The second chapter discusses the methods of social protection, the structure of social protection bodies. The third chapter reveals the technologies of social protection of certain groups of the population. The fourth chapter reveals the problems and prospects for the development of social protection in Russia.

ANNOTATION

The functions and principles of social protection, problems and prospects for the development of social protection are considered. The models and technologies of social protection of different categories of the population are analyzed.

Keywords Keywords: models and technologies of social protection, functions and principles of social protection.

Chapter 1.SOCIAL PROTECTION. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1 Pconcept, functions and principles of social protection of the population

Social protection of the population - a system of principles, methods, legally established by the state of social guarantees, measures and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and active existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, means of the state and society directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others; a set of state measures of a socio-economic and legal nature to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable segments of the population during the period of economic transformations (transition to market relations) and the associated decrease in their standard of living.

The purpose of the system of social protection of the population is to provide support and assistance to groups of the population and individual citizens in need of this with the help of regulatory, economic, socio-psychological, organizational and technical means and levers. Basic principles of social protection: humanity, social justice, targeting, comprehensiveness, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society.

The main goals of social protection of the population are to get rid of absolute poverty (when the average per capita total family income is below the subsistence level), to provide material assistance to the population in extreme conditions, and to promote the adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions of a market economy.

An integral element of social protection of the population in the crisis conditions of transition to market relations is social assistance, provision in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided subject to social guarantees legally established by the state; a set of social services, medical-social, socio-economic, social-domestic, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and other support of a person from state and non-state structures during his crisis, in difficult life situations. It performs the function of providing assistance for poverty to certain groups of the population in extreme conditions; is in the nature of periodic and one-time cash supplements to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to neutralize critical life situations, unfavorable economic conditions. Social assistance (support) is carried out at the expense of local authorities, enterprises (organizations), non-budgetary and charitable foundations in order to provide targeted, differentiated assistance to those in need.

The most important component of the social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activities is to pursue a state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly links between various levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management. The effectiveness of the work of the bodies of social protection of the population is expressed in resolving the problems of economic, socio-political and spiritual development, ensuring the stabilization of society. The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational teams of this system, as well as relations between people. The subjects of management are bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministry, committees, departments, administrations, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled by social institutions to ensure the achievement of goals. The main levels of social work bodies: republic (Federation), region, labor collective, non-state (charitable) public organizations. An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.

The main functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the federal level: the organization of pension services and the provision of benefits; social service; medical and social expertise, rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care; social assistance to families and children; preparation of legislation on social protection of the population; foreign economic and international cooperation, as well as the development of provisions on the basics of social policy, the analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population, the preparation of recommendations for the development of regional social programs, the development of social standards, etc.

The functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher bodies, with a certain independence, include: ensuring and solving production and economic problems, planned and financial and economic activities, creating various social assistance funds, solving economic problems, etc.

Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and funds for social assistance to the population.

Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on constitutional and legal guidelines and international pacts on the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social support (assistance). The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society. The main prerequisites for its development is a change in the form of ownership; changing the system of distribution of material goods and services and the formation of new relations between members of society; the need to solve a number of social problems (unemployment, guarantees of social protection in old age, medical care, etc.), social stratification of society, as well as providing a legislative basis for the protection of human rights and freedoms.

Social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support families, elderly people, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service and members of their families, development of the system of social services, implementation public policy in the field of pension provision and labor relations.

1.2 Factors of formation and development, mechanisms of social protection of the population

At present, the system of social protection of the population is developing as a social institution, characterized by a set of social norms, principles, institutions and organizations and determining sustainable forms social behavior and actions of people.

The institution of social protection can be viewed as a complex system that is being formed in society to solve numerous interrelated social problems caused by the need to help socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population. The formation and development of such an institution takes place on the basis of the emerging legislative and regulatory framework, the creative use of historical experience, under the influence of the political, socio-economic, spiritual and moral situation in society, existing ideas about the nature and forms of social assistance to people. Its development as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society is influenced by numerous factors: political, economic, ideological, moral and psychological, factors associated with social work as a professional activity, etc.

Legislative and executive bodies The authorities are taking concrete measures to counter the many potential and real threats to which Russia's vital interests are exposed in terms of:

* overcoming poverty;

* slowing down the decline in the standard of living of the population, the social differentiation of society;

* Elimination of various kinds of emergencies.

Important is the introduction of economic, market mechanisms in distribution channels and resource provision of social protection.

The growth of savings and investment in social protection makes it possible to carry out decent unemployment insurance and pension insurance, material support for disabled citizens, strengthen the material and technical base of social service institutions; reducing labor turnover and securing it at enterprises with social protection measures is a reflection of the influence of economic factors on the state and development of the social protection system.

Establishing interaction between people, assisting them in social functioning is the sphere of interests of the institute of social protection.

Thus, the development of the system of social protection of the population is actively influenced by factors associated with its deeper impact as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society.

Factors related to social work as a professional activity. The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely connected and interdependent. Becoming a professional activity, social work presupposes the existence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, everything that social protection as a social institution can provide. The system of social protection, primarily at the meso- and micro-level, is a kind of "organizational-legal field" for social work, where it fulfills its goals and objectives, implements its main functions. In turn, with the help of social work, the functions of social protection are implemented. The arrival of trained specialists in social work, an increase in the level of professionalism in working with clients, an increased ability to ensure interaction in activities to provide assistance and support to people with government organizations and public associations- all this increases the effectiveness of social protection measures.

The state level of social protection ensures the guaranteed provision of statutory pensions, services and benefits in accordance with monetary and social standards. At the regional level, taking into account local conditions and opportunities, the issues of an additional increase in the level of provision above the state level are being resolved. At the discretion of local authorities, it is possible to establish regional security standards, but not lower than those enshrined in legislation. A provision has been adopted on the territorial social service, which is intended to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of elderly and old citizens in need of social protection.

A feature of the social policy of states in modern conditions is the transfer of the center of gravity in the implementation of social protection of the elderly and old people directly to the field. Social protection for the next crisis period is a set of additional measures to provide material assistance to old people, carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, as well as specially created funds for social support of the population, in addition to the funds allocated by these funds, and in addition to social guarantees traditionally implemented by the system social security.

AT last years there is a significant growth of public and charitable organizations, the activation of their participation in the implementation of measures for the social protection of the population.

Among the mechanisms of social protection of the population, the following can be distinguished: legal, organizational and administrative, financial and material and personnel.

1.3 The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population

The system of social protection of each country has its own characteristics in connection with specific socio-economic conditions. The right to social security is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and is a complex of interrelated organizational and legislative measures.

Basically, in the Russian Federation, social protection of disabled and low-income groups of the population is carried out in two main areas - social security and social assistance.

Social security in Russia includes the following types:

Pensions (old age, disability, survivors, seniority, social):

Benefits (temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, large and single mothers, children in low-income families and military personnel military service, disabled children, etc.);

professional education and employment of disabled people:

Prosthetic and orthopedic care

medical and labor examination and rehabilitation of the disabled

Benefits and benefits for the disabled.

And although the entire social security system has common features, but at the same time, each type has its own characteristics.

The efficiency of the social system largely depends on the thoughtfulness of the financing mechanism. Social insurance payments are made from insurance funds, in which the funds collected in the form of taxes are concentrated. And state investments are made at the expense of appropriations from budgetary funds (republican and local budgets). As a result, funds for social security are concentrated primarily in the civil service and in the social insurance fund.

The existing system of social services includes state (see Appendix), municipal and non-state services. All social services are focused primarily on providing people in need with various types of social services.

Depending on the orientation of social services, the functions performed by them differ, which were grouped as follows:

a) the actual function of social assistance, which includes both registration, identification of persons to us and the prevention of poverty and home services for those in need, etc.;

b) the function of consulting, which includes consultations of specialists on various issues related to social aspects;

c) the function of informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs;

d) the function of participation, which provides for the development of emergency programs and assistance in overcoming the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts.

The importance of the following four principles should be noted:

The principle of the priority of state principles in the organization of social services and guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services:

The principle of relying on public participation:

Principle of territoriality:

The principle of awareness: meaning the right to collect information and information necessary for social services to perform their functions.

It is also necessary to note the role of the social service management system for the successful functioning of the social security system. At present, the management of the social service is carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population together with the bodies of health, public education, culture, physical education and sports, law enforcement agencies, state services for youth and employment and other government bodies, as well as with public, religious, charitable organizations and funds. In the future, the local administration, consisting of deputies, representatives of interested organizations, financial and sponsorship circles, can provide great assistance in coordinating social services to the population.

Chapter 2METHODS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION

2.1 Organizational and administrative methods of social protection of the population

Administrative (organizational) methods are of great importance in management practice. The management system uses a fairly large number of methods of administrative influence, which can be classified according to several criteria.

If, as a criterion, we consider the function that the methods of administrative influence perform in real management, then three large groups can be distinguished: regulatory, administrative and disciplinary methods.

Administrative methods are a hard type of influence. With their help, one or another system of organization is created, the tasks, rights and responsibilities of management structures are determined, certain rules are established, specific instructions for action, the framework for the behavior of managers and subordinates.

organizational methods. They are used when it is necessary to create a particular social system, when designing the organizational structure of an enterprise, institution.

disciplinary methods. In social work, when one has to solve numerous problems, a real impact on people is unthinkable without the appropriate order and rules of discipline. This means not only compliance labor discipline but also the establishment of personal and professional responsibility to clients, teams, groups. The right combination of different types of responsibility increases the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational management methods.

Classified methods and control functions. The concept of "function" in social practice associated with the activities, responsibilities, work of social services and institutions.

One of the most important functions social management- planning. Planning involves: determining the goals of the activity, choosing the means to achieve the goal, determining the form of organization of life and social assistance, creating a program to achieve the goal, taking into account the results of activities, adjusting the adopted programs, scientifically based prediction of the results of the program, setting new tasks and goals that appear after program implementation.

Forecasting - scientific prediction of the future, determination of the final state of the client for the future, its transitional states.

Simulation - ideal development various situations and the state of development of the object during the entire planning period.

Programming - identifying the stages of a sequential transition to a new state. This includes the development of the algorithm for the functioning of the system, the determination of the necessary resources, the choice of means and methods of activity. social institutions, services and specialists.

The main task of social work as a management process in the system of social protection of the population is to help develop the creative, life potential contained in each individual, through powers and administrative methods, to protect socially disadvantaged sections of the population from the negative impact of spontaneous market relations, negative consequences socio-economic reforms in society.

2.2 Socio-economic methods of social protection of the population

The transition to a socially oriented market economy requires the creation of a holistic, diverse and effective system of social protection, including economic and legal guarantees for ensuring the basic rights of citizens - legislatively fixed state forms and levels of satisfaction of the needs of different groups of the population.

Methods of social protection should be built on the basis of social standards, which are scientifically based indicators of the level of consumption of various goods and services, the amount of cash income and other living conditions of the population. The most important among social standards is the minimum consumer budget. It is a system of social norms that express the ideas that have developed in society about the minimum socially necessary level of consumption that ensures the satisfaction of the most urgent needs. Its total volume corresponds to the level of nominal income, which makes it possible to satisfy nutritional needs at the level of the minimum physiological consumption norms that cover energy costs and the body's need for basic nutrients necessary for the life of adults, for the growth and development of children. Incomes must also be sufficient to meet the minimum needs for the necessary items of clothing, footwear, cultural and household items and household items, basic types of services.

The system of social protection of the population currently being created is largely based on the experience of the most developed foreign countries with market economies. However, if in Russia its main elements are created one-time, on a legislative basis and mainly on the state economic basis, then in most other countries the social protection system was the result of a fairly long development and is distinguished by many forms and economic sources. At the same time, social support systems also have common characteristics determined by the main features of the socialized economy, which makes it possible to creatively borrow the experience of other countries.

The minimum consumer budget is the normative basis of the system of social protection of the population. What specific functions does it involve?

1) First of all, the volume of the minimum consumer budget is the boundary that outlines the level of poverty. All persons whose income level is below it should automatically be objects of social protection and have the right to the assistance of the society, because. they fall into the category of poverty.

The poverty line is the minimum level of real income that allows citizens of a given country in a given period of time at a given price level to cover the costs of meeting the most basic material needs, i.e. provide a living wage. Living wage - minimum set food, industrial goods and services necessary to meet the basic physiological needs of man.

At present, two technologies for determining poverty have developed in the social sciences.

a) Absolute approach. Based on the understanding of poverty as an absolute category. The poverty rate is determined on the basis of the subsistence minimum. With this approach, the poverty lines are determined by experts, by studying the level of satisfaction of the social needs of families of different types and incomes.

b) Relative approach. Poverty is seen as a relative category. Families are considered poor if their incomes fall far short of the standard of well-being accepted in a given society and do not allow them to lead a lifestyle that is most common in society.

In this case, the indicator “average per capita family income” can be taken as a basis. The poor will be classified as such a layer of people who have an income that is half the average per capita income in a given country for a given period. The beggars will include people whose income is half the income of the poor, or only a quarter of the average per capita income in the country.

In practice, the "administrative" definition of the poor is widespread. In this case, the subsistence minimum practically does not play the role of a guideline in social policy, and the status of "poor" is given to certain categories of the population with the greatest risk of impoverishment (large families, single mothers, pensioners).

However, it should be noted that it is extremely difficult to measure poverty today. There is no clear information about housing conditions, the availability of durables, the share of the second job, real income, etc. is unknown.

The problem of the poor is one of the most difficult for any government. On the one hand, the degree of civilization of a country is directly determined by how tolerable living conditions it can provide for its poor. On the other hand, excessive concern for the poor weakens the incentives to work for the most gifted, able-bodied and hard-working citizens and threatens to reduce the overall level of the country's economic development. This is the real contradiction of economics.

Support for disabled citizens, for example, disabled children, large and single-parent families - everyone who, for objective reasons, is simply not able to earn at least a living wage for himself, is carried out at the expense of tax and other revenues to the state budget.

At the same time, the state acts as a redistributor of income between various groups of citizens (such redistributions are usually called transfer payments - from the English word "transfer" - movement, transfer).

2) The second most important function of the minimum budget is the actual function of the normative framework for social protection. The size of the legally established minimum wage depends on the minimum budget, and on it, in turn, the size of all pensions, allowances, scholarships and other payments established as a percentage of the minimum wage.

The level of poverty can provide only the most necessary needs - food and some services. Typically, the amount of social benefits is 20-30% of the average salary.

The norms of the minimum consumer budget are also the basis for establishing and revising consumption norms in institutions in the field of social and cultural services that operate free of charge: hospitals, children's preschool institutions and institutions of social protection.

3) And finally, the third function. The "consumer basket" - a set of items included in the minimum consumer budget - serves as the basis for registering the price index for goods and services, which in turn is the most important element in the formation of a system of social support for the population.

Indexation should correspond to the current price increase. To register it, a price monitoring service is created. For this purpose, about a thousand representative products and about a hundred services are selected.

Indexation is a mechanism for adjusting the monetary income of the population, taking into account the consumer price level index. The indexation mechanism consists of an index by which income is adjusted, of the types of income that are subject to indexation, and the frequency of their regulation.

The main directions of the state social policy in the field of income from 1993 to the present have been the regulation of the minimum level of income for various categories of the population (wages, pensions, benefits). The main instrument of such regulation is the “living wage” indicator, which is the minimum allowable consumption of 19 essential foodstuffs by one person.

When indexing, the following manipulations are usually allowed:

* "basket" includes, as a rule, the cheapest and poor-quality goods with different possibilities rising prices;

* the volume of consumption is determined by the physiological minimum

* and often even significantly below this minimum;

* Income indexation is carried out with a significant delay and lagging behind the actual price growth, opening up opportunities to additionally "pocket" the population's income.

Thus, the experience of carrying out social protection measures shows that they can be an effective tool for maintaining living standards, however, the main elements of the new system currently being introduced are not absolute, and some of them, for example, income indexation, are applied in the context of economic reform. in extremely limited and inefficient forms.

At present, a system of targeted social assistance to low-income strata of the population is being put into practice. The main differences between the targeted social protection program and those adopted earlier are: the exclusion of massive “equalizing” benefits for large groups of the population with different income levels; assistance planning (material, in-kind targeting, etc.) only to socially unprotected groups of the population with a per capita income below the cost of the food basket of the minimum consumer budget. Methods of influencing social and economic needs and interests are used in the form of in-kind and monetary assistance, the establishment of benefits and the payment of lump-sum allowances and compensations, patronage and consumer services, moral encouragement and sanctions, etc.

Chapter 3SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS

3.1 Social Security Technologyelderlyof people

One of the trends observed in recent decades in the developed countries of the world is the growth in the absolute number and relative proportion of the population of older people. There is a steady, fairly rapid process of reducing the proportion of children and young people in the total population and increasing the proportion of the elderly. Today, every fifth inhabitant of Russia is an old-age pensioner. In almost all families, at least one of the family members - old man. The problems of third generation people can be considered universal. Elderly people need increased attention from society and the state, and are a specific object of social work.

The goal of the state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation is a sustainable increase in the level and quality of life of older people based on social solidarity and justice, maintaining a balance of interests of all socio-demographic groups of the population and rational use of financial and other resources.

Social protection is implemented through prevention and rehabilitation aimed at maintaining the well-being of the old person by reducing risk factors; through support, which is the help that older people need to maintain the highest possible level of autonomy; and through representation, i.e. protection of the interests of old people recognized as incapacitated, on their behalf to provide necessary assistance. Social protection of the strategic level is the direction of the state social policy in relation to the elderly. Its peculiarity at the present stage is the transfer of the center of gravity directly to the places (targeting, "district principle"). It can be both institutions of social protection and social services, and the family of an elderly person.

Social protection and social services are implemented at the state, municipal levels and in the sector of non-state social services.

To ensure a decent life for the elderly in the system of social protection, social service centers have proven themselves very positively, helping lonely elderly and disabled people to adapt in a difficult life situation.

In the last decade, they have actively begun to update stationary institutions for the elderly: boarding houses and geriatric centers. There was a system of hospitals for day stay of pensioners. Residential high-rise buildings are being built, in which only the elderly and old people move in. Clubs of social mutual assistance for the elderly have become more active. The fear of loneliness, the loss of many industrial and friendly contacts lead to the fact that many pensioners take part in organizations based on age community in order to regulate both inside and outside this socio-demographic group.

3.2 Technologies of social protection and social services for families

In relation to families of various categories of clients: disabled people, pensioners, military personnel, refugees, etc. - different technologies of social work are used. Types and forms of social assistance, the purpose of which is to preserve the family as a social institution as a whole and each specific family in need of support, can be divided into emergency, i.e. aimed at family survival (emergency assistance, urgent social assistance, immediate removal from the family of children in danger or left without parental care), aimed at maintaining family stability, social development family and its members.

Social work focused on the stabilization of family ties includes the normalization of relations between spouses, between parents and children, the relationship of all these family members with others.

Sometimes parents do not allow their child to go to school, and children who attend school do not participate much in school affairs, they have few or no friends, they lag behind in development, and study poorly. The child does not trust adults, he may try to run away from home, commit suicide. In addition, signs of beatings, abrasions or burns on the skin, hemorrhages in the whites of the eyes, traces of blood or semen on clothes may indicate abuse of the child in the family.

The technologies used in cases of domestic violence also include the organization of social shelters (hotels, shelters), which enable women and children (there are shelters abroad for men who are abused in the family) to wait out the crisis of the family situation in a safe place. However, as a rule, it is unproductive to be limited only to this type of assistance, because unresolved family conflicts periodically become aggravated. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to medium-term assistance programs aimed at stabilizing the family, restoring its functional ties, normalizing relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationship of all these family members with others.

Thus, work with "difficult" children and adolescents involves diagnosing the family and school situation, identifying the child's primary social network, and obligatory analysis of his medical-social and intellectual-psychological status. Based on the data obtained, a program is drawn up to work with the child's family, resolve his school problems, involve him in a more favorable social network. Such a program is carried out by a team of specialists, including a social worker, a social educator, a psychologist, sometimes a lawyer, with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies, cultural and sports centers. In the course of such work, socio-psychological counseling of the family is carried out in parallel in order to eliminate mutual misunderstanding, unproductive types of family interaction, conflict in relationships; social and legal counseling, which allows the family to realize and learn how to defend their rights in relationships with social environment, primarily with educational system; pedagogical counseling, as well as pedagogical assistance, which helps to overcome the school difficulties of the child (children). Of great importance are also psychocorrective measures, changes in self-esteem of adults and children, the elimination of negative stereotypes and the development of a benevolent and respectful attitude towards each other. Often, such activities also contain social components proper - for example, assistance in finding a job for parents, improving housing conditions (which, of course, for all its importance depends primarily on the socio-economic situation in the country and in a particular locality).

3.3 Technologies of social protection of servicemen and their families

Social work with the families of military personnel differs depending on the nature and depth of their social problems, which is largely determined by belonging to the draft or contract contingent, a certain composition of military personnel, and the length of their stay in military service. So, of course, the material difficulties and social restrictions experienced by conscripts and their families (small allowance, life in the barracks, away from the family) may not be typical for soldiers of special specialties (musicians, athletes), who sometimes live in a family and receive a certain remuneration for their work during the period of military service.

The goals of social work in the most general form are to restore the physical and mental strength of military personnel, to correct their personal attitudes, by teaching them to be tolerant of forced communication with others; to introduce elements of social justice into the subordinate relations characteristic of military service.

Social work with military personnel is carried out directly in the conditions of the Armed Forces, and in society as a whole. It would be wrong to think that in the army it is the responsibility of only deputy commanders for work with personnel. Of course, it is they who are primarily obliged to deal with the social protection of military personnel, just like military psychologists, lawyers, and specialists from military medical institutions. However, combat commanders and leaders of any rank must also ensure, within their competence, the social security of their subordinate military personnel and their families. One of the most important tasks is the observance of all the rights and benefits that are due to servicemen in accordance with the current legislation, the provision of such social and living conditions that do not destroy the health and working capacity of people performing military service.

An important role is played by the elimination of at least the most rude manifestations of informal relations in the Armed Forces within the framework of the "grandfather" and "compatriot" status systems.

Social work with parents of retirement age of conscripts is similar to social work with other elderly clients. Of course, during armed conflicts, military family members especially need information about the life and health of their relatives, but only the Russian Ministry of Defense and other ministries and departments whose employees are in the combat zone, and not social service institutions, are able to organize such work.

The main social problems of contract servicemen belonging to different compositions (officer, warrant officer, foreman or soldier) may be similar: problems with the education and upbringing of children; health problems of the soldier himself and his family members; housing problems; problems with the work and social status of the wife of a serviceman. Tension in the family of a serviceman can be caused not only by general family problems, but also by a number of specific factors: uncertainty about the future, fatigue from material deprivation and frequent moves to undeveloped places, difficult and stressful service; dissatisfaction of the wife with the insufficient participation of her husband in family life and the upbringing of children, the unfulfillment of their opportunities; concern for the fate of children, etc.

This condition can be exacerbated by the feeling of being forced to stay in military service, the inability to change one's life, the uncertainty of one's future, since dismissal from military service entails the loss of the right to some benefits (it's no secret that for a significant part of contract servicemen, military service is - this is the only or most suitable opportunity to get a living space for a family).

Military personnel subject to early dismissal from military service, as well as recently discharged, experience a social and psychological crisis, the depth of which depends on the length of their stay in military service, age, character traits, forced or voluntary dismissal from military service, the degree of solution of their social problems.

The unpredictability of relationships, characteristic of civilians, is contrary to the clarity and certainty of military service; skills of directive dealing with people are not always applicable in civilian conditions. The tasks of social work with military personnel serving under the contract are social and legal advice on all issues related to their rights and opportunities before and after dismissal, the rights of their family members, protection of their interests before the command of the unit, higher authorities, local authorities . In case of violation of such rights, the social work officer sends information about this in the order of subordination and facilitates the restoration of rights. His duties include explaining to military personnel and members of their families the regulatory framework for permits conflict situations, assistance in applying to the authorities competent to resolve the conflict.

An important role is played by social and pedagogical assistance to the children of military personnel. The system of children's military sports camps, clubs and circles has considerable educational potential, helping to revive in adolescents the idea of ​​the high social status of military service and respect for the work of parents.

One of the important functions of social work is the development of social communications, the elimination of interpersonal tensions, conflicts, the rallying of military teams (especially in closed military camps, garrisons, cut off from family and society for a long time). For this purpose, conflictological procedures, mediation technologies, group therapy methods in the form of conversations, games, etc., communication training and communication skills training, identification of psychological compatibility or incompatibility of individuals to recruit the most viable or stable teams are used.

The technologies of psychological training, psychotherapy and psychocorrection are most common in working with large groups of people, which, of course, include military personnel. Stimulation of positive psychological reactions and suppression or smoothing of negative reactions are necessary in conditions of constant and forced communication with other people. It is necessary to teach people to soften the negative traits of their character, to practice attractive (attractive) communication, which neutralizes possible aggression from others, to resolve problems at the pre-conflict stage. With the help of auto-training, military personnel can learn to manage their emotions, self-recover after heavy loads. Carrying out such work is also possible in the form of group therapy, i.e. in the form of self-help and mutual support groups.

Organizers of social work can perform the functions of consultants and managers, intermediaries in the contacts of associations and associations of wives of military personnel with social protection authorities, medical institutions, other bodies and institutions.

The development of a special system of family counseling and family therapy is of great importance to alleviate tension in the families of military personnel, to prevent conflicts or crisis situations. In cases of living far from large cities, the presence of such a service will be the only opportunity for families of military personnel to receive professional help in family stabilization.

Chapter 4PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION

4.1 Prospects for the development of social protection

The Social Sector Reform Strategy proposed by the current Russian government, includes proposals for the development of individual sectors of the social sphere complex (education, health care, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical care and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creation of economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide a higher level of social consumption at the expense of their own incomes.

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households. In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

The transition to targeted assistance can significantly improve the situation of low-income families. However, for a limited number of recipients, such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits remain regardless of their financial situation. These benefits are expected to be converted into cash payments and made from the federal budget. Benefits established for various categories of civil servants, law enforcement officers and military personnel should also be converted into cash payments and included in wages.

2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection. In general, it is planned to transfer more powers to determine the amount and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure the targeting of state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary possibilities of the territories, living standards, employment characteristics, and local traditions.

The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the level of poverty and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. The new system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and model regulations.

3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

Some of these proposals are included in the "Action Plan of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of social policy and modernization of the economy for 2000-2001" approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1072 (July 2000). The main tasks in the field of social support for the population include assistance to households whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level; reduction of budget subsidies to producers of goods and services; reduction of socially unjustified benefits; transfer of in-kind benefits and payments established for certain categories of civil servants, military personnel and law enforcement officers into the form of wages and monetary allowances; expanding the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in determining the priorities for the provision of social assistance. The needs of the regions in financing social assistance will be taken into account in the formula for interbudget equalization.

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Section 2. Prospects for the development of social protection of the population

The strategy for reforming the social sector, proposed by the current Russian government, includes proposals for the development of certain sectors of the social sphere complex (education, health care, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical care and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creation of economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide a higher level of social consumption at the expense of their own incomes.

The social protection reform is based on the following principles:

1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households.

In order to release the necessary budgetary resources, it is envisaged to reduce budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise the federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided primarily in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.

To this end, governments at the regional and local levels will have to make greater use of procedures for mandatory testing of the needs of recipients of social assistance. It also provides for the establishment of restrictions on the total number of types of social assistance and benefits that can be provided simultaneously to the same family.

2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The strategy for reforming the social sector involves changing the current procedure for interaction between federal and regional authorities and local governments in the field of social protection.

In general, it is planned to transfer more powers to determine the amount and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure the targeting of state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary possibilities of the territories, living standards, employment characteristics, and local traditions.

The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the level of poverty and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. The new system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and model regulations.

3) Service diversification. The priority tasks in this area are to expand the opportunities for citizens using free or subsidized services to choose service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as to diversify the forms of service provision based on the active involvement of the non-state sector. It is envisaged to ensure equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social contracting for state and non-state organizations providing social services.

The main tasks in the field of social support for the population include assistance to households whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level; reduction of budget subsidies to producers of goods and services; reduction of socially unjustified benefits; transfer of in-kind benefits and payments established for certain categories of civil servants, military personnel and law enforcement officers into the form of wages and monetary allowances; expanding the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in determining the priorities for the provision of social assistance. The needs of the regions in financing social assistance will be taken into account in the formula for interbudget equalization. Only the so-called "socially unjustified benefits" are being reduced, part of the assistance will continue to be provided without regard to need. Nevertheless, this is a definite step in the field of practical implementation of the strategy.

On July 30, 2014, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation approved the action plan for 2013-2018. In accordance with it, the following goals of the Ministry were indicated: See: Activity Plan of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2013-2018 (revised). http://www.rosmintrud.ru/2018/Plan_Mintruda_2013-2018_ot_170314_VPRM.pdf

1. Decent work, fair wages;

2. Decent pension for long conscientious work;

3. Improving the demographic situation. Families with children state support;

4. Social support will get closer to the person, social support will become targeted;

5. State civil service - open and professional.

Goal 1. Decent work, fair wages

Activities aimed at achieving this goal:

1. Approval of the rules for the development, approval and application professional standards, recommendations for their development, qualification levels, professional standard layout;

2. Approval of a comprehensive action plan for the development of professional standards, their independent professional and public examination and application for 2014-2016;

3. Adoption of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the establishment of a national council professional qualifications under the President of the Russian Federation

4. Adoption of the federal law on the system of independent certification of qualifications;

5. Development and annual updating of the national classifier (list) of types of professional activity, taking into account their demand in the labor market;

6. Create a base center vocational training, retraining and advanced training of workers in order to disseminate the best programs preparation, support of regional and corporate systems for training workers, coordination of the activities of centers for assessing and certification of workers' qualifications;

7. Determination of the procedure for accreditation of organizations engaged in activities to improve the professional level of workers;

8. Adoption of the Federal Law on the minimum wage;

9. Increasing wages for social workers in conjunction with the achievement of specific indicators of the quality and quantity of services provided, the complexity and responsibility of the work performed, the efficiency of institutions;

10. Ensuring transparency of remuneration;

11. Simplification of hiring and obtaining information about vacancies;

12. The basic requirements for equipping (equipping) special workplaces for the employment of disabled people have been established, taking into account impaired functions and restrictions on their life activity;

13. Encouragement of employees who have achieved the highest achievements in their professional activities, etc.

For 2015, at least 800 professional standards were developed, the share of qualified workers increased, certification councils were created, the information portal "Work in Russia" provided access to information about: vacancies (vacancies), working conditions, social guarantees, transport accessibility workplace, living conditions, availability of infrastructure and other information aimed at increasing the mobility of citizens, including online; citizens who want to find a job, including those outside the place of permanent residence, laid-off and part-time workers. The size of real wages has grown one and a half times, the number of jobs has increased by 1.3 times, the number of jobs for the disabled has increased three times.

Goal 2. Decent pension for long-term conscientious work

0main activities:

1. Ensuring the growth of labor pensions;

2. Development of the distribution component of the pension system;

3. Ensuring a simpler and more understandable system of pensions for citizens;

4. Provide citizens with the right to choose the option of their pension provision with the ability to independently determine: to form their pension rights exclusively in the insurance or also in the funded component of the pension system;

5. Establishment of a legal mechanism for the implementation of a new pension formula, aimed at increasing the level of pension provision in the distributive component of the pension system;

6. The level of pensions for agricultural workers has been increased;

7. Development of the funded component of mandatory pension insurance;

8. Creation of a regulatory and legal mechanism and adoption of by-laws aimed at implementation federal law"On funded pension";

9. Creation of a mechanism to guarantee the safety of pension savings of citizens who form their pension savings through the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

10. Extending the term for citizens to enter the system of state co-financing of pension savings of citizens in order to increase their pension provision in the future by increasing the size of the funded pension, etc.

In 2014, information and explanatory work was carried out on the new pension legislation: video and radio materials, printed materials are produced and distributed, including in the media, a call center operates; Citizens were informed about their pension rights in electronic form, including through the “Insured Person’s Cabinet”, the ratio of old-age labor pensions to the pensioner’s subsistence level doubled.

Goal 3. Improving the demographic situation. Families with children will receive state support

Activities are necessary to achieve the goal:

1. Protection of citizens from fraud when using maternity capital funds;

2. Making decisions on additional measures to support families with the birth of children from 2017;

3. Families with the birth of a third and subsequent children in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with an unfavorable demographic situation should receive a monthly payment in the amount of the child's subsistence minimum until the child reaches the age of three;

4. Citizens who are not subject to compulsory social insurance in case of temporary disability due to motherhood receive state benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children;

5. Approval of the Concept of the state family policy;

6. Women who are on leave to care for a child until the child reaches the age of three should have the opportunity to undergo vocational training and retraining free of charge;

To date, the incentive system for second and subsequent births has been improved, decisions have been made on additional measures to support families with the birth of children since 2017, the number of women undergoing free retraining has tripled.

Goal 4. Approaching the person of social protection, social support will become targeted

Events:

1. Provision of social services taking into account individual real estate;

2. Creation of a regulatory and legal mechanism and adoption of legal acts establishing uniform approaches to organizing the availability of social services;

3. Approval of an approximate list of social services by types of social services;

4. Establishing the procedure for calculating the average per capita income for the provision of social services free of charge;

5. Establishment of per capita norms for financing social services;

6. Establishment of a mechanism of public control in the field of social services;

7. Determining the procedure for obtaining social services in various types of social service institutions;

8. Make information about organizations providing social services for citizens;

9. Giving citizens the right to choose an organization to receive social services;

10. Providing benefits and preferences to non-governmental organizations;

11. Simplification of the procedure for establishing disability;

12. Creation of conditions for increasing labor productivity, creating and modernizing high-performance jobs.

To date, almost all areas aimed at achieving this goal have been implemented, in addition, the availability of social, transport, engineering infrastructure for the disabled has increased to 45%.

Goal 5. Public civil service - open and professional

Measures necessary to achieve the goal:

Providing feedback with society on solving issues of the social and labor sphere on the basis of the standard of openness of the activity of the Ministry of Labor of Russia;

Providing expert groups and representatives of professional communities with the opportunity public discussion progress in the implementation of the activity plan of the Ministry of Labor of Russia;

Providing citizens with objective information on the issues of combating corruption in government bodies and other state organizations;

Providing participation of representatives of civil society to participate in competitions for the selection and certification of civil servants;

Obtaining access by citizens to a single database of vacancies for the state civil service on the Internet and the choice of employment options for the state civil service;

Creation of a single mechanism effective management personnel of state bodies;

Conducting pilot testing of a unified information system for managing the personnel of the state civil service;

Providing guarantees for an objective and transparent procedure for selecting candidates for the civil service;

Inclusion of eligible citizens qualification requirements to government civil servants;

Conducting mandatory tests and professional adaptation upon entering the service;

Increasing the legal protection of persons;

Compliance by public civil servants with the standard of openness;

Ensuring access to receive public services on the principle of "one window";

Ensuring the possibility of obtaining all services in electronic form;

Providing opportunities for citizens to influence the quality of public services.

The following was achieved: citizens participate in the decision-making process, civil servants undergo a mandatory rotation procedure, an objective and transparent selection of candidates for civil service has been introduced, all legislative initiatives are subject to expert discussion, 80% of citizens trust civil servants, citizens receive 100% of public services in the social and labor sphere principle of "one window", 70% - in electronic form.

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