FACTORS AFFECTING RECOGNITION OR REMOVAL Employers are now in a strong position to choose whether or not they recognize a union, which union and under what conditions they would grant recognition, such as a single union and an agreement not to strike.

We offer to understand what wages are and what are the factors of wages. To understand this, it is not necessary to have an accounting or economic education. So, let's begin.

A wage is the monetary compensation an employee receives in exchange for their work. That is, he did the job, get the money. Now consider the factors that determine wages. There are several. And the first one is the form of payment. Two are commonly used:

• Time wages are paid in proportion to the hours worked by the employee. When hiring, the standard of hours worked is discussed. It can be an hourly rate, a weekly rate, or a monthly salary. If the latter option is used, then the number of days and hours that will need to be worked out is specified.
• Piece-rate pay - the employee receives money for the amount of work performed. That is, you need to hand over 100 kg of finished products, and for how much you will make it in a day or a week, this is already your problem. Most importantly, you must get the job done. Sometimes, with this form of payment, terms can also be negotiated.

Other systems may apply based on these forms of payment. There are many, but the most popular are:

• Taylorism - wages are charged for the fulfillment of very strict norms given to the worker for the day. If everything is done on time and with high quality, the salary is high. If you fail, penalties apply. Work performed above the norm is encouraged by a bonus. That is, a person who wants to earn good money must work to the maximum;
• The profit sharing system is used where the final result depends on the clarity and coherence of the team. If the work is completed on time and without marriage, the owner accrues a bonus;
• Fordism - used in assembly line production. I.e. Where the result depends on the speed of the conveyor. If speed increases, wages also increase;
• The system of analytical evaluation of work. Here the following factors influence the salary: qualification, labor discipline, innovation ability.

What affects salary?

Consider the factors that affect wages. There are many, but we list the main ones below.

1. Supply and demand. It all depends on the demand for a particular profession in the labor market or a separate enterprise. If there is economic growth in a certain area of ​​production, those working in it will receive more. Accordingly, if the decline, then less.
2. Qualification. Naturally, a person with a higher level of skill gets more. Education also plays a role in this.
3. Age. It is believed that people aged 24 to 45 are most interested in wage growth. They are willing to spend as much time and effort as possible. Therefore, employers give preference to them.
4. Floor. Strange as it may seem, this is also important. It is believed that women in the first place family and children. And then work. Consequently, it cannot give the maximum of its forces to production. Although modern women, in my opinion, proved the opposite.
5. Form of payment. Time and piecework payments are not always effective. More preferable are those forms where the work of a particular person, his contribution to the cause, responsibility and initiative are evaluated.
6. Stimulation of labor. How better man works, the more they pay. This refers to various awards, bonuses, incentives. Sometimes their size can reach up to 40% of the basic salary. Naturally, workers give their best to work, because it is their money.

As you can see, the wage formation factors are diverse, although not everything can be taken into account when looking for a job. The most important thing is the desire to make good money and perseverance in achieving this goal.

What influences the wage rate of an employee? The range of opinions here is quite wide. Traditionally, the level of remuneration depends on the status of the employee and his place in the organizational hierarchy. In fact, the level of wages depends on the influence of various factors, which are quite difficult to take into account. Therefore, there are several features that classify the factors that affect the level of wages.

In accordance with the first sign, all factors contributing to both the increase and decrease in wages are classified into internal and external.

The internal factors affecting the level of wages include:

the scope of activities and the level of profitability of the organization;

· the level of labor productivity - ie. from the results of both the individual work of each employee, and from the joint results of the activities of the entire collective of the agricultural organization, this determines the combination of individual and collective material interest of workers in the growth of individual and collective labor productivity - as the main basis for the economic well-being of the organization;

professional and qualification level of employees;

· wage systems used in the organization (on a tariff or non-tariff basis);

The quality of work and the personal labor contribution of the employee to the final result.

External factors that affect wages include:

standard of living in the region;

· price work force established in the labor market;

· economic condition industries;

Competitiveness of products (services);

Demand for workers - in conditions when demand exceeds supply, the price of labor increases, therefore, in conditions of a shortage of labor, wages will increase;

accounting for wages in other organizations;

The level of inflation

The ratio of the volume of vital needs with the nominal salary(PM);

the level of wages in the region and in the country (minimum wage).

The most important criteria determining the amount of wages are, of course, the professional and qualification level of employees and their attitude to work, which are directly reflected in the level of labor productivity. Only a highly qualified worker is able to increase the productivity of his labor - to increase the quantitative and improve the qualitative parameters of work, which should be reflected in the amount of wages.

The second feature is the classification of factors affecting the level of wages into objective and subjective, which, in turn, can be divided into several groups:

· internal economic factors - improvement of the financial position and solvency of the organization, production growth and a corresponding increase in labor productivity;

· inflationary processes - the growth of consumer prices and the increase in the cost of living;

Changes in national wage standards - increasing the minimum wage, increasing tariff rate 1st category ETS;

· signals from the local labor market - wage growth in neighboring organizations, difficulties with recruitment and retention of personnel;

pressure from the staff of organizations;

length of service - the reason for the periodic increase in wages for length of service is the fact that employees gain additional experience every year, their work is increasingly valued by the employer and they thus deserve higher wages; systems of such payments differ from each other depending on the categories of workers, industry and organizations;

change in the attitude of staff to work.

On the one hand, the demands for higher wages for agricultural workers are justified and objectively fair. Here it is necessary to search for conditions and factors that contribute to its increase. On the other hand, wage increases should begin with the creation of efficient jobs that create competitive products, and only then raise questions about raising workers' wages.

Ultimately, wages depend on economic development country, on the quantity and quality of the work of an individual worker and the collective results of the organization.

In a market economy, the level of wages, its functions and principles of organization are influenced by the following groups of factors: production, social, market, institutional (Fig. 1.3). All these factors are interconnected and together determine the amount of wages, production costs and the well-being of the whole society and representatives of various social groups.

Production factors

Main factor of production, which determines the amount of wages, is the level of development of production and technical progress. So, in economic developed countries the high level of wages is due to high labor productivity and the use of modern technologies production. Technological progress leads to the use of labor-replacing and labor-saving technologies, an increase in labor productivity, an increase in output and, accordingly, an increase in wages.

Technical progress, the production need to improve product quality and expand the functions of the contractor lead to greater complexity of labor and higher qualification requirements for workers. The operation of modern technology involves greater labor intensity and makes increased demands on the cognitive and emotional-volitional processes of the employee - the distribution, switching, concentration and stability of attention, the speed and accuracy of work, the speed of decision-making, which leads to fatigue, a temporary decrease in efficiency and requires significant funds to restore the cost of nervous energy.

Rice. 1.3.

Changes in the complexity of work involve the use of more skilled workers with a corresponding increase in the level of their pay. The essence of the organization of remuneration in these conditions is to adequately assess the complexity of work and the qualifications of workers and, depending on this, choose the form and system of remuneration that takes into account the peculiarities to the maximum extent possible. technological process and the individual contribution of the performer.

Working conditions are a combination of factors production environment and the labor process, which affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process, costs and results of labor. According to the content, they distinguish production and environmental (temperature, humidity, noise, illumination, etc.), organizational and technical (tempo, content technological operations, ergonomic and aesthetic conditions) and socio-economic (relationships in the team, the presence of industrial and interpersonal conflicts) working conditions. According to the degree of impact on the body of an employee - comfortable, permissible, harmful (unfavorable) and extreme (traumatic) working conditions.

Working conditions and production environment depend on the equipment and technologies used, the organization of labor processes, the psycho-physiological and socio-psychological compatibility of workers. Improvement of working conditions contributes to high efficiency, reduction of loss of working time due to illness and injury, reduction of surcharges for harmful conditions labor and production risk.

The salary change is related to results (manufacturer n awn) labor. It is necessary to analyze due to what factors there is an increase in labor productivity, its relationship with the intensity of labor, the amount of time worked, the complexity of labor and the qualifications of workers.

Quality labor activity - this is the quality of products and the implementation of the labor process.

Social factors also affect the level of wages, so it is necessary to take into account the mentality of the population, ideas about social justice when introducing social guarantees and social protection population.

Living wage- this is the cost of the minimum necessary set of means of life for a person, goods that allow him to maintain life.

Consumer basket represents minimum set products, goods and services that are required for human life. The consumer basket is established for Russia as a whole and for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and is used to calculate the subsistence minimum.

The structure of the consumer basket consists of three parts: food, non-grocery goods and services. The volume of consumption is calculated on average per person for each of the main socio-demographic groups of the population, such as the working-age population, children and pensioners.

In the conditions of market relations, an increase in the subsistence minimum and an expansion of the structure of the consumer basket lead to an increase in the purchasing power of the population and the wage rate.

Minimum wage acts as a state guarantee in the field of wages.

Increasing the share of "social wages"(regular payments for a child, guarantees provided by the state, region, employer) in the total income of an employee acts as a factor restraining the amount of wages.

Conditions for labor mobility provide an opportunity for individuals and social groups to move, move to other regions, which increases their competitiveness in the labor market and wages. At the state level, labor movements are due to a mismatch between the distribution labor resources according to the areas of application of labor and the requirements of production or the employee. At the level of an enterprise or organization, the cause of labor movements is the discrepancy between the needs, motives, interests of the employee and the requirements placed on him.

Market factors affect the size and regulation of wages and depend on the level of development of the labor market.

Reaching high employment rate is one of the main goals of the macroeconomic policy of the state. An economic system that creates an additional number of jobs aims to increase the amount of the social product and thereby satisfy the material needs of the population to a greater extent. With incomplete use of available labor resources, the economic system functions without reaching the frontier of its production possibilities.

The labor market is one of essential conditions market mechanism. It allows you to effectively use the labor potential of employees, creates competition for workplace, contributes to the growth of staff qualifications and reduce their turnover. Also, the labor market increases the mobility of personnel and promotes the spread of various forms of employment.

In Art. 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991 No. 1032-1 "On employment in Russian Federation"Employment is defined as "the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income." The main features of employment are:

availability of labor and socially useful activities;

• - legality of this activity;
• - the presence, as a rule, of income (although there may not be income, for example, for students of a full-time university).

Employment management implies a targeted impact on the labor market, expanding the demand for labor, ensuring a balance between the demand and supply of labor in various fields and sectors of the economy, which involves the allocation of the main types of employment.

Employment rate and fluctuations in labor supply and demand, i.e. market conditions are closely interrelated due to the inflexibility of wages due to the influence of institutional factors (for example, contractual regulation of wage conditions, trade union activities, etc.). The demand for labor in the labor market is derived from the demand for goods and services. Thus, a decrease in demand for certain professions and types of work leads to a decrease in the non-guaranteed flexible part of wages for the relevant workers and has a downward effect on job security.

Longevity established in employment contract working conditions and a firm's focus on wages offered by competitors help to limit the impact of lower labor demand on wages. Excess demand in the labor market for certain categories of workers, respectively, leads to an increase in the wage rate.

Cost of production for labor also act as one of the market factors that determine the amount of wages. On the one hand, the employer is interested in cheap labor, and on the other hand, the level of development of technology, modern equipment, the complexity of labor place high demands on the performer, his qualifications, labor skills, which increases production costs

for the labor force. In addition, the influence of social and institutional factors also hinders the reduction of these costs. But at the same time, the high share of labor costs in total production costs restrains the growth of real wages, if it is not accompanied by a decrease in its unit costs per unit (ruble) of output.

Dynamics of prices for consumer goods and services, as well as inflation expectations of workers(expectations of the expected level of inflation in the future period due to the factors of the current period) is also a market factor affecting the level of nominal and real wages, since the real and expected increase in the cost of living increases the "price" of the reproduction minimum in the wage rate, which is reflected in ce level, purchasing power, on its mass and share in costs, on its unit costs per ruble of production.

Institutional factors(from lat. institutio - directions, instructions) are associated with the management and regulation of various spheres of economic and social relations. They determine the volume, directions and methods of state and regional economic regulation in the organization of wages. These include: the activities of trade unions, associations of employers on the contractual regulation of the conditions of remuneration, the development and formalization of the system of social partnership.

The considered groups of factors have an impact on the level of commemorative and real wages, the ratio of growth rates of labor productivity and production costs, the validity of wage differentiation in various fields and industries.

• Life safety / ed. V. M. Maslova. M., 2014. S. 77.
• URL: center-yf.ru/data/economy/Potrebitelskaya-kor2ina.php.

The wages of workers in the market are affected by whole system various factors that can be grouped.

The first group is internal factors related to the nature of the worker and his activities.

1) A social and production factor that determines the normal functioning of an employee and his reproduction. This is due to the subsistence minimum, which, in accordance with world economic practice, includes two main parts: food and non-food products. Before the transition to the market in our country, the living wage was not legally established. This first happened in 1992 when the biological living wage was introduced;

2) Classification of the worker. Pay should encourage a high level of classification. So, for example, workers who perform complex and responsible work have a higher level of remuneration (adjusters, repairmen, mechanics and assembly mechanics). Low level - for workers who are employed in jobs that do not require special training (for example, cleaners);

3) Productivity and labor intensity. There is a direct correlation here: with their growth, wages should also increase;

4) Working conditions, i.e. what they are worse (severe, harmful or hazardous work), the higher the payment should be in order to attract workers to this field of activity.

The second group is the factors of the enterprise (firm): performance efficiency, profitability and interaction with trade unions. When analyzing the amount of wages provided by the enterprise, it is necessary to take into account its capabilities. The second group of factors also includes the influence of trade unions, which usually act as a collective representative of workers in negotiations with the administration on the level of pay. The level of payment not only in the current but also in the future period depends on the position of the trade unions. At the same time, the coordination of the activities of the administration and trade unions plays a significant role for the enterprise. This is especially important in critical situations at the enterprise. Mutual understanding of these two parties can contribute to the exit of the enterprise from the crisis.

The third group is the factors of the external environment.

1) The role of the state, which legislatively manages the wage system, introduces the starting points for assessing the level of payment (such as: “minimum wage”, “living wage”, etc.). In addition, it determines the length of the working day, the amount of paid leave, etc. Along with this, the state is an attribute through the judiciary in disputes between employees and business leaders;

2) The market environment, where, first of all, it is necessary to take into account supply and demand in the labor market. In this situation, demand is the desire of the employer (administration of the enterprise), and supply is the desire of the employee this case there is a typical dependence: if demand grows, then wages increase, and vice versa; if the supply of labor increases, then wages decrease, and vice versa;

Labor supply is most often affected by:

a. population size and growth;

b. share of the working-age population in total strength population;

c. length of the working day, week and paid vacation;

d. the quantity and quality of labor, the qualifications of workers.

3) The impact of competition, which, ceteris paribus on a national scale, leads to the equalization of wages for workers in a particular profession with an equal level of education and qualifications;

4) Unemployment, which significantly affects the supply of labor and wages (the higher the unemployment rate, the lower wages) and the level of wages of workers, because with an increase in unemployment, firstly, the growth of wages is restrained; secondly, there is often some decrease in it. In addition, unemployment leads to a decrease in the level of classification of workers who have lost their jobs. Long-term foreign practice has shown that after losing a job, returning to it is associated with a transition to a lower level of qualification. Along with this, it often leads to psychological destruction of the personality, including illness and suicide;

5) Inflation. First of all, it reduces the level of real wages, since inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services. Therefore, the amount of money received as wages (nominal wages) can be used to purchase a smaller amount of goods compared to the pre-inflationary period.

Along with this, inflation causes an increase in the wages of workers who are trying in this way to compensate for their losses in the acquisition of goods. This increase in wages leads to an increase in production costs, which contributes to a new increase in the prices of goods.

In addition, due to inflation, it becomes difficult for enterprises to carry out technical upgrades, and selling products at increasing prices becomes problematic when the market is open to companies. All this worsens the financial position of the enterprise and limits the growth of wages;

6) Impact of scientific and technical progress ( scientific and technological progress), which leads to the emergence of new professions (for example, CNC machine tool adjuster, programmer) and the death of old ones, for example, such as a locomotive driver.