Professional ethics in various fields of activity. What is ethics? The concept of professional ethics

• Systems of professional moral standards (for example, "professional ethics of a lawyer")
• Directions for Ethical Research on Grounds professional activity

Profession - a certain kind labor activity, requiring necessary knowledge and skills acquired through training and long-term labor practices. Professionalism is considered as a moral personality trait .

Professional ethics is understood as a set of norms, principles, ideals, as well as forms of practical behavior and mechanisms that contribute to their transmission (rituals, customs, rituals, traditions, etc.).

Professional ethics regulates the moral relations of people in the labor sphere, ensures the moral prestige of professional groups in society.

The tasks of professional ethics include the identification of moral norms and assessments, judgments and concepts that characterize people in the role of representatives of a particular profession. Professional ethics develops norms, standards, requirements specific to certain types of activities.

The term "ethics" is used here in the sense of "morality", most likely, such word usage is associated with the specifics of the formation of professional morality and the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were fixed in writing, introduced into law, supported by various professional prescriptions. The norms within professional moral codes have become divided into two distinct groups: - norms and principles that determine communication and relationships within the profession; - norms that determine the relationship of representatives of the profession with the rest of the population. Moral norms, and later codes of such social institutions like army, church, medicine, etc. . These norms united by common moral requirements people whose activity could no longer be defined only as a profession. The ongoing differentiation of the norms of professional morality has led to the fact that there are practically no professions left that would not have special moral requirements as part of their activities. The process is based, first of all, on the deepening cooperation of labor in all spheres. human activity. Thus, everyone becomes increasingly dependent on the results of everyone's work. The content of professional ethics are codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationship between people and ways to justify these codes.

Professional ethics studies:

Relations between labor collectives and each specialist individually;

Moral qualities, the personality of a specialist, which ensure the best performance of professional duty;

Relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral standards inherent in this profession;
- features of professional education.
Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of various professional groups. It's just that society shows increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activity.

Basically these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires the coordination of actions of all its participants. Is given Special attention the moral qualities of workers in that area that are associated with the right to dispose of people's lives, here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but first of all about the proper performance of their professional duties.

These are professions from the services, transport, management, healthcare, and education sectors. The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, is not amenable to preliminary regulation, does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative.

The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability.

General moral norms should be specified in the labor activity of a person, taking into account the specifics of his profession.
Each type of human activity, scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc., corresponds to certain types of professional ethics.

Types of professional ethics

Professional types of ethics are those specific features of professional activity that are directed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society and concern only those types of professional activity in which there is a different kind of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, that is, the consequences or the processes of these actions have a special impact on the life and destinies of other people or humanity.

In this regard, traditional types of professional ethics are distinguished, such as pedagogical, medical, legal, ethics of a scientist, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which is associated with an increase in the role of " human factor» in this type of activity (engineering ethics) or the strengthening of its influence in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics).

a) professional solidarity (sometimes degenerating into corporatism);
b) a special understanding of duty and honor;

c) a special form of responsibility due to the subject and type of activity.

Private principles stem from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements in relation to specialists.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important quality characteristics moral character of the individual. They are of paramount importance in the personal assessment of the individual.

Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in those professions that are associated with the right to dispose of people's lives, significant material values, some professions from the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education, and so on. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about the duty, which, left unfulfilled, can in any way hinder the performance of professional functions.

medical ethics set out in the "Russian Doctor's Code of Ethics", adopted in 1994 by the Association of Russian Doctors. Earlier, in 1971, the doctor's oath was created Soviet Union. The idea of ​​a high moral character and a model of ethical behavior of a doctor is associated with the name of Hippocrates. Traditional medical ethics addresses the issue of personal contact and personal qualities of the doctor-patient relationship, as well as the doctor's guarantees not to harm a particular individual.

biomedical ethics(bioethics) is a specific form of modern professional ethics of a doctor, it is a system of knowledge about the permissible limits of manipulating the life and death of a person. Manipulation should be regulated morally. Bioethics is a form of protection of human biological life. The main problem of bioethics: suicide, euthanasia, the definition of death, transplantology, experimentation on animals and humans, the relationship between doctor and patient, attitude towards mentally disabled people, the organization of hospices, childbirth (genetic engineering, artificial insemination, "surrogate" motherhood, abortion, contraception) . The goal of bioethics is to develop appropriate regulations for modern biomedical activity. In 1998, the Council on Biomedical Ethics was established under the Moscow Patriarchate with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II. It included well-known theologians, clergymen, doctors, scientists, lawyers.

Professional morality in journalism began to take shape along with journalistic activities. However, the process of its formation dragged on for centuries and reached certainty only with the transformation of the journalistic profession into a mass one. It ended only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the first codes were created and the professional and moral consciousness of the journalistic community acquired a documented form of existence. A journalist, mastering the postulates of professional morality in the course of his professional development, enters into professional and moral relations with colleagues, which, in contrast to moral relations as such, suggest the possibility of institutionally organized and direct intervention of a corporation in his behavior. However, this intervention differs significantly from administrative influence, since its purpose is not coercion, but inducement.

The professional ethics of a journalist, like other types of professional ethics, began to form directly in labor activity. It manifested itself in the course of codifying those professional and moral ideas that spontaneously developed within the framework of the method of journalistic activity and were somehow fixed by the professional consciousness of the journalistic community. The appearance of the first codes meant the completion of a long process of formation of professional journalistic morality and at the same time opened a new stage in its development. This new stage was based on a purposeful self-knowledge of journalistic activity and practical application his results.

A special manifestation of professional ethics is economic ethics(“business ethics”, “business ethics”). Economic ethics is an ancient science. Its beginning was laid by Aristotle in the works "Ethics", "Nicomachean Ethics", "Politics". Aristotle does not separate economics from economic ethics. He advises his son Nicomachus to engage only in the production of goods. Its principles were developed in the ideas and concepts of Catholic and Protestant theologians, who for a long time thought hard about the problems of business ethics. One of the first ethical and economic concepts was that of Henry Ford, one of the founders of the US automobile industry. He believed that happiness and well-being are obtained only by honest work and that this is an ethical common sense, the essence of Ford's economic ethics lies in the idea that the product produced is not just a realized "business theory", but "something more" - a theory whose goal is to create a source of joy from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and possessions are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. These economic installations of G. Ford are of practical importance at the present time.

Economic ethics is a set of norms of behavior of an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, their social appearance. Economic ethics includes business etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country. The main postulates of the ethical code of the entrepreneur are as follows: he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole; proceeds from the fact that the people around him want and know how to work; believes in business, regards it as attractive creativity; recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation; respects any property, social movements, respects professionalism and competence, laws; values ​​education, science and technology. These basic principles of the ethics of a business person can be specified in relation to various areas of his professional activity. For Russia, the problems of economic ethics are of great importance. This is due to the rapid formation of market relations in our country.

AT legal activity The main problem is the relationship between law and justice. The conservatism of legislation, the complexity of the relations it regulates, can create situations in which some versions of the verdict, formally corresponding to the letter of the law, will contradict it in spirit, will be unfair. For the legal profession, justice is the main postulate, the goal of activity.

Strict subordination of the lawyer to the law contributes to his independence. Both judges and prosecution authorities, within the limits of their competence, exercise their powers independently of state authorities and administration, public and political organizations, and movements. A judge, prosecutor, investigator shall not have the right to yield to local influences, be guided by the advice, instructions or requests of individuals or institutions. The principle of independence and subordination only to the law dictates important requirements of a moral nature. A lawyer (judge, prosecutor, lawyer, etc.) is a specialist who is driven solely by a sense of duty, should not allow compromises, deals with conscience, succumb to any influence, he should serve only law and justice.

The work of a lawyer is directly related to the protection of human dignity. Therefore, moral norms based on the recognition of the value of a person as a person are integral components of the professional ethics of a lawyer. It is important to resist deformation, spiritual callousness, turning into a kind of cog in legal proceedings. This approach requires legal worker high personal qualities, but it is he who fills justice and legal activity with humanistic content.

The specifics of the work of a lawyer is associated with special moral situations that are not found in representatives of other professions. For example, in the operational work of the criminal police, secrecy (secrecy), misinformation (lie) or pretense (moral disguise) in relation to criminals is allowed. As for the process of legal proceedings, then, a lawyer who has learned from the defendant that it was he who committed the crime, despite the fact that the client falsely insists on his innocence in court, is not entitled to testify against him. These examples are a typical conflict between the general and the particular in morality. Therefore, it should be noted once again that such a moral specificity of the profession does not contradict the general principles of morality, but is their addition and specification in relation to the conditions of legal activity. It is important to emphasize this also because the workers legal sphere constantly confronted with the negative manifestations of human nature, must have a moral justification for what they have done professional choice, a kind of moral "immunity".

Actual violations of moral norms in the legal environment, as a rule, cause a huge public outcry. And this is natural - the increased moral requirements for employees of the legal profession during their official and off-duty hours (for example, the Code of Honor of Judges of the Russian Federation of 1993) are explained by the special trust in them on the part of society, the responsible nature of the functions they perform. People who decide the fate of others, requiring them to comply with the law, should have not only an official, but also a moral right to do so.

Entrepreneurial Ethics in modern scientific literature, it coincides with the concepts of "business ethics", "economic ethics", "business ethics", "market ethics", etc. First of all, this is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur in negotiations, when communicating, compiling documentation, etc. reflecting the specifics of its activities, and also often due to the historical conditions of a particular country.

For the development of the ethics of an entrepreneur, certain conditions are needed: political and economic freedom, stability of legislation, the presence of traditions, etc.

Business ethics is already formed within the framework of the "economic cell" - the workforce. Service relations should be based on partnership, proceed from mutual requests and needs, from the interests of the cause. Such cooperation, no doubt, increases labor and creative activity, is an important factor technological process production, business.

When interacting with other "cells" these rules are preserved. Respect for a business partner does not allow you to manipulate him in your own interests, to suppress him. Honesty increases the degree of trust and understanding between partners. A conscientious attitude to one's duties contributes to the fulfillment of the plans. Thus, the foundations of long-term mutually beneficial cooperation are being laid.

At present, a certain order of conduct in the field of business and in business contacts, the so-called business etiquette, has been developed. It helps to avoid misses or smooth them out in accessible, generally accepted ways. Therefore, the main function or meaning of the etiquette of a business person can be defined as the formation of such rules of conduct in the business community that contribute to mutual understanding of people in the process of communication.

Etiquette is one of the main "tools" for creating an image. AT modern business The face of the company plays a significant role. Those firms in which etiquette is not respected lose a lot. Where it is, higher productivity, better results. It is more convenient to work with such a company, that is, etiquette creates a comfortable psychological climate conducive to business contacts.

For Russia, the problems of economic ethics are of particular importance. They are greatly influenced by the complex nature of the formation of market relations, ambiguous historical traditions and a wide range of manifestations of mass consciousness. Entrepreneurs in Russia should remember that personal enrichment is not a criterion for a person's moral attitude to work, and profit is not the goal of personal development.

Ethics of social work is a manifestation of the general norms of morality in social services. In the professional activity of such specialists, which consists in helping individuals, families, social groups or communities, moral ethical standards play a special role. They are reflected in the professional and ethical code of a social worker in Russia.

The main principles of the professional ethics of a social worker include: responsibility to the client, responsibility to the profession and colleagues, responsibility to society.

The requirements for the personal and moral qualities of a social worker are also dictated by the specifics of his work. He must have developed a sense of duty, goodness and justice, his own dignity and respect for the dignity of another person; tolerance, politeness, decency, emotional stability; personal adequacy to self-esteem, the level of claims and social adaptation. It is also important to have certain pedagogical skills. Compliance with experts social work ethical standards warns Negative consequences social service.

You can also talk about the etiquette of a social worker. It includes: a) communication skills, international norms of behavior social workers; b) the established procedure for the behavior of social service workers when meeting and introducing, dealing with colleagues and clients; c) the art of conversation, telephone conversations, negotiations, business correspondence, etiquette of protocol events at national and international conferences, symposiums; d) norms of behavior on the street, in the community, in the client's family, at the client's work, in public transport, in public associations, churches, etc.

Management ethics- a science that considers the actions and behavior of a person acting in the field of management, and the functioning of the organization as a "cumulative 18 manager" in relation to its internal and external environment in the aspect in which the actions of the manager and the organization correlate with universal ethical requirements.

Currently, the basic principles and rules of business conduct are formulated in ethical codes. These can be the standards by which individual firms live (corporate codes), or the rules that govern relationships within an entire industry (professional codes). 2.3.3. Basic principles of professional ethics Professional ethics regulates the relationship of people in business communication. Professional ethics are based on certain norms, requirements and principles.

Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly shape their behavior, their actions in the business sphere. Principles provide a particular worker in any organization with a conceptual ethical platform for decisions, actions, actions, interactions, etc. The order of consideration ethical principles not determined by their importance.

Essence first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow in relation to your subordinates, to management, to colleagues, to clients, etc. such actions that you would not want to see in relation to yourself.”

Second principle: justice is needed in providing employees with the resources necessary for their official activities (cash, raw materials, material, etc.).

Third principle requires mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.

Fourth principle- the principle of maximum progress: the official behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view.

Fifth principle- the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical, if they at least do not violate ethical standards.

Sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the employees of the organization to the moral principles, traditions, etc. that take place in other organizations, regions, countries.

Eighth principle: individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis for the development and decision-making in business relations.

Ninth principle: you should not be afraid to have your own opinion when solving any official issues. However, nonconformism as a personality trait should be manifested within reasonable limits.

The tenth principle no violence, i.e., "pressure" on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, command manner of conducting an official conversation.

Eleventh principle - the constancy of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of the organization not by a one-time order, but only with the help of ongoing efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.

The twelfth principle when exposed (on a team, individual employee, consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible counteraction. The fact is that, recognizing the value and necessity of ethical norms in theory, many workers, faced with them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another, begin to oppose them.

Thirteenth Principle consists in the advisability of advancing with trust - a sense of responsibility of the employee, to his competence, to a sense of duty.

Fourteenth Principle strongly recommends striving for non-conflict. Although conflict in the business sphere has not only dysfunctional, but also functional consequences, nevertheless, conflict is a fertile ground for ethical violations.

Fifteenth Principle- freedom that does not restrict the freedom of others; usually this principle, although in an implicit form, is due to job descriptions.

Sixteenth Principle: the employee must not only act ethically himself, but also promote the same behavior of his colleagues.

Seventeenth Principle: Do not criticize a competitor. This means not only a competing organization, but also an “internal competitor” - a team of another department, a colleague in which one can “see” a competitor. These principles should serve as the basis for the development by each employee of any company of his own personal ethical system. The content of ethical codes of firms originates from the principles of ethics.

The requirements of professional ethics are becoming more and more complex. Society cannot rely only on traditional mechanisms for their assimilation. Therefore, the practice of professional ethical education includes: - the creation of ethical associations; - the practice of various instructions, memos, which draw attention to possible deviations from ethical standards, is widely spread. 2.3.4. Service ethics Service ethics is the broadest concept in the field of professional ethics. Service ethics is understood as a set of the most general norms, rules and principles of human behavior in the sphere of his professional, production and official activities. . These rules must be observed by every person who has begun to work. The number of these rules is small. The vast majority of them are formulated in an extremely general form in order to be detailed in relation to specific types of activity. Service ethics requirements: 1. Discipline; 2. Saving material resources provided to the employee for implementation production activities; 3. Correctness interpersonal relationships. A person in the sphere of his work activity should behave in such a way that interpersonal conflicts arise as little as possible, and that other people feel comfortable working next to him in direct and indirect interpersonal contact. All these requirements are divided into two subgroups: The first group: includes requirements in interpersonal contacts along the vertical (subordinate - leader). Here the main requirement for the subordinate is the recognition of the very right of the leader to give orders, which includes the functional duties assumed by the person according to employment contract. The subordinate must, based on these duties, build his behavior accordingly, and not use various forms of evasion from the execution of orders. Evasion can be open, public, with certain conditions imposed on the leader. It can be hidden, take on the character of a secret (with the help of facial expressions, gestures, individual words) provoking the leader to open actions against a subordinate. In these situations, the subordinate for the environment can often be presented as the suffering side, and the reaction of the leader to him is inadequate. One of the reasons for such behavior of subordinates may be the desire to acquire a certain social capital, to look persecuted, to acquire the status of an informal leader, to achieve some benefits for themselves, etc. 2.3.5. Management Ethics Management ethics is the second largest concept after service ethics. This is a set of norms, rules, principles, ideals that determine the behavior of people in the sphere of exercising power-administrative powers, i.e. in the field of management. All norms of management ethics can be divided into two groups: the norms associated with the decision-making process and the norms governing the process of communication with subordinates and other leaders (horizontally and vertically). The rules governing the decision-making process can conditionally be divided into three subgroups: A. Rules governing the process of raising a problem and preparing a solution. All decisions of the leader must be permeated with responsibility. The peculiarity of moral consequences is that they can change the meaning from a positive initial result to a negative one later, and vice versa. In a broad sense, a leader needs such qualities as professionalism, competence, confidence in his competence, will, organizational skills and common set qualities of a leader: self-confidence, the ability to captivate people, the ability to “ignite” interest in a business, etc. But any of these qualities, presented in excess, can turn into its opposite. So the will to achieve the goal turns into the imposition of one's desires, confidence in one's competence - into faith in one's infallibility. Faith in infallibility, combined with excess will, gives rise to a specific type of leader who feels himself always right and strives under any conditions and, regardless of possible consequences, insist on your own at all costs. At the first stage of preparing managerial decisions, a contradiction often arises between knowledge of the need for specific changes and ignorance of the specific ways, methods and means of these changes, ignorance of the functioning mechanism of the object that needs to be managed. It is necessary to clearly understand the fact that any emerging management problem has at least two, and more often many possible solutions. Solutions differ in: The duration of achieving the desired result; Material costs; The amount of funds and structures involved; The peculiarity of satisfying the palette of interests of various people, social groups, organizations, political forces interested in this decision. B. Rules governing the process of discussion and decision making. At the stage of discussion and decision-making, the leader should strive to ensure that, if possible, representatives of all groups, strata of the population, all those whose interests may be affected by the decision taken, take part in the discussion. It is necessary that the fullest possible examination data and statistical data on possible solutions be presented for discussion. If during the discussion it becomes obvious that the decision preferred by the leader is less satisfying to the interests of various groups than any other, the leader leading the discussion must have the courage to abandon his opinion in favor of the majority, and not insist on the wrong solution that he chose it's him. C. Enforcement and enforcement of the decision. There is a point of view that the execution of a decision is a purely administrative process, which includes the execution of a decision, the identification of executors, bringing to their attention the tasks set, drawing up a plan for the implementation of the decision, etc. In fact, the main thing in the execution of the decision is that at the moment of its execution, the decision made in relation to any organization (system) can introduce this system into a state of instability. Main duty manager in the process of monitoring the execution of the decision - to monitor the state of the system to detect signs of instability. If such signs appear, it is necessary either to stop the process of executing the decision, or to carry out any corrective actions.

2.3.6. Stages of formation and development of professional morality

The specificity of the formation of professional morality is characterized by the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were fixed in writing, introduced into law, supported by various professional prescriptions.

The formation of the norms of professional ethics refers to the period of the early slave-owning society, when the first relatively mass professions began to take shape.

In early written sources there is evidence that already more than 4000 years ago people realized the need for certain moral prohibitions in a number of professions, and that the professions themselves, or rather belonging to them, can form in people a number of both positive and negative moral qualities. .

However, a long time passed until the first prototypes of future professional moral codes began to take shape in the slave-owning society of Ancient Greece.

First stage. Almost the first oath of allegiance to the profession appeared among people called to serve a person. In the promise-oath given in Ancient Greece by doctors graduating from the so-called school of Asclepiades, it was said: “I will arrange the way of life of the sick to the best of my ability and understanding for their benefit, and I will protect them from all harm and vice. Whatever happens to see and hear during my medical activities, I will remain silent, and consider a secret that which is not subject to disclosure.

The provisions developed by the Asklepiad school echoed the ideas of the famous Hippocratic oath, which has not lost its significance to this day.

Professional morality initially develops in the environment of professions, whose representatives, directly in the performance of their professional duty, came into contact with people: doctors, teachers, educators, politicians, scribes, priests, ministers at temples, etc. In these contacts, they could influence the physical and moral state of people, harm them, and destabilize the social situation.

The number of norms in the first professional codes was small. They touched upon the most general aspects of professional activity, many of them were descriptive in nature and did not reach the degree of general abstraction, as was the case in later periods of the formation of professional moral standards.

Second phase in the development of professional morality comes in the era of the late Middle Ages, there were several reasons for this.

First of all, the strengthening of statehood and the formation of the norms of absolutist power, which predetermined the formation and strengthening of such social institutions as the army, church, public service. Secondly, the rapid growth of cities in medieval Europe, which gave rise to the isolation of professions serving the population and made people dependent on each other's work.

A new stage in the development of professional morality was marked by the formation of several trends:

The range of professions for which moral requirements were formed has significantly expanded, mainly due to professions that did not contact the population directly, but through the result of their work. Clear evidence this process are the codes of craft workshops (statutes), which included requirements for the fulfillment of certain moral obligations.

Secondly, the norms within professional moral codes began to be divided into two distinct groups: the norms and principles that determine communication and relationships within the profession and the norms that determine the relationship of representatives of the profession with the rest of the population. This division was due to the fact that by that time people had assessed how much the assessment and recognition of their work depends on the characteristics of work, behavior and attitude towards the profession of their colleagues in the craft.

This is due to the fact that cities and trade were rapidly developing in Western Europe at that time, so when buying a product, people least of all thought about the person who made this product.

First of all, the new moral norms were aimed at ensuring the proper quality of labor and manufactured products by all members of the professional fraternity, then a number of norms determined the specifics of communication between people of the same profession in order to create a favorable professional community.

The practical significance of ethics is manifested primarily in the sphere of human communication, an important component of which is the communication of people in the process of joint activity. The joint activity of people cannot be neutral in relation to morality. Historically, morality, and not law, was the first form of regulation of relations between people. This form of regulation of business relations is of particular importance in a democratic society in which there is no strict control of the state over the economic and other activities of people.

The concept of etiquette

The established norms of morality are the result of a long process of establishing relationships between people. Without observing these norms, political, economic, cultural relations are impossible, because it is impossible to exist without respecting each other, without imposing certain restrictions on oneself.

Etiquette is a word of French origin, meaning demeanor. It includes the rules of courtesy and politeness adopted in society.

Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all peoples from antiquity to the present day. Basically, these rules of conduct are universal, since they are observed by representatives not only of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems that exist in modern world. The peoples of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, due to the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.

As the conditions of human life change, the growth of formations and culture, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What used to be considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute: their observance depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under one circumstance may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances.

The norms of etiquette, in contrast to the norms of morality, are conditional, they are in the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in people's behavior and what is not. Every cultured person should not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships. Manners largely reflect the internal culture of a person, his moral and intellectual qualities. The ability to behave correctly in society is very important: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, contributes to the achievement of mutual understanding, creates good, stable relationships.

It should be noted that a tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette not only at official ceremonies, but also at home. Genuine courtesy based on benevolence, is determined by an act, a sense of proportion, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances. Such a person will never violate public order, will not offend another by word or deed, will not offend his dignity.

So, etiquette- a very large and important part of human culture, morality, morality developed over many centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with their ideas of goodness, justice, humanity - in the field of moral culture and beauty, order, improvement, everyday expediency - in the field of culture material.

The origin of professional ethics.

To find out the origin of professional ethics is to trace the relationship of moral requirements with the division of social labor and the emergence of a profession. Aristotle, then Comte, Durkheim paid attention to these questions many years ago. They talked about the relationship between the division of social labor and the moral principles of society.. For the first time the materialistic substantiation of these problems was given by K. Marx and F. Engels.

The emergence of the first professional and ethical codes refers to the period of the handicraft division of labor in the conditions of the formation of medieval workshops in the XI-XII centuries. It was then that for the first time they state the presence in the shop charters of a number of moral requirements in relation to the profession, the nature of work, and partners in work.

However, a number of professions that are of vital importance for all members of society arose in ancient times, and therefore, such professional and ethical codes as the Hippocratic Oath, the moral regulations of priests who performed judicial functions, are known much earlier.

The appearance of professional ethics in time preceded the creation of scientific ethical teachings, theories about it. Everyday experience, the need to regulate the relationship of people of a particular profession led to the realization and formalization of certain requirements of professional ethics. Professional ethics, having arisen as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness, then developed on the basis of a generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were contained both in written and unwritten codes of conduct and in the form of theoretical conclusions. Thus, this indicates a transition from ordinary consciousness to theoretical consciousness in the sphere of professional morality. Public opinion plays an important role in the formation and assimilation of the norms of professional ethics. The norms of professional morality do not immediately become universally recognized, this is sometimes associated with a struggle of opinions. The relationship between professional ethics and public consciousness also exists in the form of tradition. Different types of professional ethics have their own traditions, which indicates the continuity of the basic ethical standards developed by representatives of a particular profession over the centuries.
Professionalism as a moral personality trait.

Professional ethics is a set of moral norms that determine a person's attitude to his professional duty.

The moral relations of people in the labor sphere are regulated by professional ethics. Society can function normally and develop only as a result of a continuous process of production of material and valuables.

Professional ethics studies:

relations of labor collectives and each specialist individually;

moral qualities, personalities of a specialist, which ensure the best performance of professional duty;

Relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral standards inherent in a given profession;

Features of professional education.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important characteristics of the moral character of a person. . They are of paramount importance in the personal characteristics of the individual, but on various stages historical development their content and evaluation varied significantly. In a class society they were determined social inequality types of labor, the opposite of mental and physical labor, the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions. The class character of morality in the sphere of work is evidenced by a work written in the first third of the 2nd century BC. the Christian biblical book "The Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach", in which there is a lesson on how to treat a slave: "feed, stick and burden - for the donkey; bread, punishment and work - for the slave. Keep the slave busy and you will have peace loosen his hands and he will seek freedom. In ancient Greece, physical labor in terms of value and significance was at the lowest rating. And in a feudal society, religion considered labor as a punishment for original sin, and paradise was presented as eternal life without labor. Under capitalism, the alienation of workers from the means of production and the results of labor gave rise to two types of morality: the predatory-predatory capitalist and the collectivist-emancipating working class, which also extended to the sphere of labor. F. Engels writes about this: "... every class and even profession has its own morality."

The situations in which people find themselves in the process of performing their professional tasks have a strong influence on the formation of professional ethics. In the process of labor, certain moral relations develop between people. They have a number of elements inherent in all types of professional ethics.

First of all, this is the attitude to social labor, to the participants in the labor process.

Secondly, these are the moral relations that arise in the area of ​​direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and with society.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of various professional groups. It’s just that society shows increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activity.. Basically, these are such professional areas in which the labor process itself requires the coordination of actions of all its participants. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in the field that are associated with the right to dispose of people's lives, here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of one's professional duties (these are professions from the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education) . The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, is not amenable to preliminary regulation, does not fit within the framework of official instructions. She is inherently creative. . The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people.- objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability. General moral norms should be specified in the labor activity of a person, taking into account the specifics of his profession.

Thus, professional morality should be considered in unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Violation of the work ethic is accompanied by the destruction of general moral principles, and vice versa. The irresponsible attitude of an employee to professional duties poses a danger to others, harms society, and can ultimately lead to the degradation of the individual himself.

At the moment, in the countries of the former Soviet Union, including Kazakhstan, there is a need to develop a new type of professional morality, which reflects the ideology of labor activity based on the development of market relations. This is primarily about the moral ideology of the new middle class, which constitutes the vast majority work force in an economically developed society.

In modern society personal qualities an individual begins with his business characteristics, attitude to work, level of professional suitability. All this determines exceptional relevance of the issues constituting the content of professional ethics. Genuine professionalism is based on such moral norms as duty, honesty, exactingness towards oneself and one's colleagues, responsibility for the results of one's work.

Types of professional ethics.

Each type of human activity (scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc.) corresponds to certain types of professional ethics.

Professional types of ethics- these are those specific features of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society. The study of the types of professional ethics shows the diversity, versatility of moral relations. For each profession, certain professional moral norms acquire some special significance. Professional moral norms are rules, samples, the order of internal self-regulation of a person based on ethical ideals.

The main types of professional ethics are : medical ethics, pedagogical ethics, ethics of a scientist, actor, artist, entrepreneur, engineer, etc.. Each type of professional ethics is determined by the uniqueness of professional activity, has its own specific requirements in the field of morality. For example, scientist ethics presupposes, first of all, such moral qualities as scientific conscientiousness, personal honesty, and, of course, patriotism. Judicial ethics demands honesty, fairness, frankness, humanism (even towards the defendant when he is guilty), fidelity to the law. Professional ethics in conditions of military service requires a clear performance of duty, courage, discipline, devotion to the Motherland.

Necessary professional and human qualities.

Compliance with the rules of etiquette - good manners should be the norm of behavior both in society and in the performance of one's professional duties. Compliance with these unspoken rules gives each person the key to success at work, understanding in society and simply human peace, success and happiness in life. One of the basic principles of modern life is the maintenance of normal relations between people and the desire to avoid conflicts. In turn, respect and attention can be earned only if courtesy and restraint. Therefore, nothing is valued by the people around us as dearly as politeness and delicacy.

Society considers good manners modesty and restraint person, the ability to control their actions, carefully and tactfully communicate with other people. bad manners it is customary to consider the habits of speaking loudly, not embarrassed in expressions, swagger in gestures and behavior, slovenliness in clothes, rudeness, manifested in frank hostility to others, in disregard for other people's interests and requests, in shamelessly imposing one's will and desires on other people, in the inability to to restrain his irritation, in a deliberate insult to the dignity of those around him, in tactlessness, foul language, the use of humiliating nicknames. Such behavior is unacceptable for a cultured and educated person both in society and at work.

Communication is essential delicacy. Delicacy should not be excessive, turn into flattery, lead to unjustified praise of what is seen or heard.

One of the main elements courtesy consider the ability to remember names. F. Roosevelt knew that one of the simplest, most intelligible and most effective ways to win the favor of others is to remember their names and inspire them with a sense of their own significance.

Tact, sensitivity- this is also a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in personal and official relations, the ability to feel the boundary beyond which, as a result of our words and actions, a person experiences undeserved resentment, grief, and sometimes pain. A tactful person always takes into account specific circumstances: the difference in age, gender, social status, the place of conversation, the presence or absence of strangers.

Tact, sensitivity also imply the ability to quickly and accurately determine the reaction of the interlocutors to our statement, actions, and, in necessary cases, self-critically, without a sense of false shame, apologize for the mistake made. This will not only not lower your dignity, but, on the contrary, will strengthen it in the opinion of thinking people, showing them your extremely valuable human trait - modesty.

Respect for others- a prerequisite for tact, even between good comrades. A culture of behavior is equally required and from the side of the lower in relation to the higher. It is expressed primarily in an honest attitude to one's duties, in strict discipline, as well as in respect, courtesy, tact in relation to the leader. The same is true for colleagues. Demanding a respectful attitude towards yourself, ask yourself more often the question: do you answer them the same.

Humble person never strives to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, his qualities, does not require any privileges, special amenities, services for himself. However, modesty should not be associated with either timidity or shyness. These are completely different categories. Very often, modest people are much firmer and more active in critical circumstances, but at the same time, it is known that it is impossible to convince them that they are right by arguing.

D. Carnegie considers the following as one of the golden rules: "People must be taught as if you had not taught them. And unfamiliar things should be presented as forgotten." Calmness, diplomacy, a deep understanding of the interlocutor's argumentation, well-thought-out counter-argumentation based on accurate facts - this is the solution to this contradiction between the requirements of "good manners" in discussions and firmness in defending one's opinion.

In our time, almost everywhere there is a desire to simplify many of the conventions prescribed by general civil etiquette. This is one of the signs of the times: the pace of life, which has changed and continues to change rapidly in social conditions, has a strong influence on etiquette. Therefore, a lot of what was accepted at the beginning or middle of our century may now seem absurd. Nevertheless, the main, best traditions of general civil etiquette, even having changed in form, remain to live in their spirit. Ease, naturalness, sense of proportion, politeness, tact, and, most importantly, benevolence towards people - these are the qualities that will help you in any life situation without fail, even when you are not familiar with any small rules of civil etiquette that exist on The earth is in abundance.

Medical ethics.

The peculiarity of medical ethics lies in the fact that in it, all norms, principles and assessments are focused on human health, its improvement and preservation. These norms were originally enshrined in the Hippocratic Oath, which became the starting point for the creation of other professional and moral medical codes.

For example, the World Medical Association, which arose in 1947, began its activities with the adoption of the "Geneva Declaration" - the modern version of the Hippocratic Oath. "Geneva Declaration" simply confirmed the fundamental role of the humanistic ideal in medicine, but also became a moral and ethical guarantee of independence medical profession from political regimes and ideological dictates.

AND I. Ivanyushkin, Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosophy, Candidate medical sciences writes: "The Code of Ethics for Russian nurses" acquires special significance in the context of the history of Russian medicine in the 20th century. On the one hand, a huge number of nurses and doctors were faithful to their professional duty at that time (for example, during the Great Patriotic War). On the other hand, we must not forget the following facts. Back in the 1920s, the official leaders of Soviet health care interpreted professional medical ethics as a "bourgeois relic", they were convinced that the concept of "medical secret" for Soviet medicine would die out in the future. A similar attitude in these years was to the concept of " nurse", which was proposed to be replaced by the concepts of "doctor", "deputy doctor", "medical technician", etc.: "The very word "sister", and even "sister of mercy", as a concept that includes something religious, monastic, does not correspond to the tasks Soviet health care and the type of health worker we need...".

In a somewhat smoothed form, this attitude to professional ethics in our health care persisted throughout the entire Soviet period. The "Oath of the Doctor of the Soviet Union" was created in 1971, that is, 23 years later than the "Geneva Declaration". In addition, there are significant, fundamental differences in their content. For example, in the Soviet medical oath there is absolutely no moral and ethical assessment of induced abortion. Although all our doctors in the 70-80s. made an oath not to disclose confidential information about the patient, in practice, writing the name of the disease on the disability certificate was mandatory until 1993. In other words, ethical nihilism was officially implanted in the professional environment of Soviet doctors for many years.

Ethics of business and business relations.

A special manifestation of professional ethics is economic ethics ("business ethics", "business ethics"). This problem is currently receiving a lot of attention. Economic ethics is an ancient science. Its beginning was laid by Aristotle in the works "Ethics", "Nicomachean Ethics", "Politics". Aristotle does not separate economics from economic ethics. He advised his son Nicomachus to engage only in the production of goods. its principles were developed in the ideas and concepts of Catholic and Protestant theologians, who for a long time thought hard on the problems of business ethics. The emergence of capitalism in Europe in the 16th century was closely connected with the Protestant Reformation. It can be said that Protestantism made possible the formation of business ethics. Had he followed the medieval Catholic ideology that "making money" was morally condemnable, he would not have been able to set the moral standards to achieve his goals. Thus, Thomas Aquinas believed that most forms of trading for profit are necessarily immoral. By rejecting these attitudes, Protestantism made possible the formation of business ethics as a result of the moral sanctification of the pursuit of profit. He argues that the work of a businessman can be approved by God. The desire for profit and the desire for God have become not only compatible, but also mutually conditioned. And the reward of financial success began to be understood as a sign of God's favor. The secular version of the Protestant business ethic has become an important part of Western public culture. Good ethics mean good business these days. It is possible to be both virtuous and successful in business, and that moral virtue is a necessary condition for success.

One of the first ethical and economic concepts was the concept of G. Ford. He believed that happiness and well-being are obtained only by honest work and that this is ethical common sense. the essence of Ford's economic ethics lies in the idea that the product produced is not just a realized "business theory", but "something more" - a theory whose goal is to create a source of joys from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and possessions are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. Ford's ethical and economic principles are of practical importance even today. Economic ethics is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, their social appearance. This is information about ethical concepts, about moral requirements for the style of work and the appearance of a business person, adapted to the practical needs of a businessman. These are the ethics of negotiating with partners, the ethics of drawing up documentation, the use of ethical methods of competition.

Economic ethics includes Business Etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country. Business Etiquette- these are the norms regulating the style of work, the manner of communication between firms, the image of a businessman, etc. The ethics of entrepreneurship cannot arise from subjective desire. Its formation is a complex and lengthy process. The conditions for its formation are: political and economic freedom, strong executive power, stability of legislation, propaganda, law,

The main postulates of the ethical code of the entrepreneur are the following:

he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole;

proceeds from the fact that people around him want and know how to work,

believes in business, regards it as attractive creativity,

recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation,

respects any property, social movements, respects professionalism and competence, laws,

values ​​education. science and technology,

These basic principles of the ethics of a business person can be specified in relation to various areas of his professional activity.

For Kazakhstan, the problems of economic ethics are of great importance. This is due to the rapid formation of market relations in our country. If we look back at times past, and today, there are dramatic changes. Take, for example, the service industry. If the previously existing slogan "The customer is always right" was only formal, now everything has fallen into place. In most stores, but not all (some stores have not yet been rebuilt, or rather people), you are greeted with a smile, offering their help in choosing goods. This suggests that, after all, economic ethics in our country is developing.

Conclusion.

Currently, the importance of professional ethics in the regulation of various types of labor activity is increasing. This is due to the desire to constantly improve professional standards in relation to changing social relations.

The professional ethics of society cannot represent the absolute truth in the behavior of people. Each generation must solve them again and again independently. But new developments must be based on the moral stock created by previous generations.

Today, when there is a rapid development of technical aspects and a lag in cultural aspects, it is very important to understand that ethical knowledge is necessary to stabilize society.

This manual is a short reference book on the main issues of professional ethics and etiquette. The allowance is designed for students of special educational institutions. It can also be used by current professionals.

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The following excerpt from the book Professional ethics and etiquette (N. G. Schroeder, 2009) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.

Chapter 2. Features of professional ethics

2.1. Essence of professional ethics

In the system of ethical knowledge, an important place is occupied by various types of applied ethics, which determine and develop the moral norms of people's communication in relation to various fields of activity. In the process of the historical development of society, especially in the 20th century, many special types morality, among which a prominent place is occupied by professional ethics.

A society can function and develop normally only as a result of a continuous process of production of material and spiritual values, and the well-being of the subjects of labor and society largely depends on what moral goals and content are the relations of people in ensuring this process.

Professional ethics is a set of moral norms, rules, principles that regulate the attitude of a person to his professional duties, duty, as well as the relationship of people in labor activity.

♦ norms of behavior prescribing a certain type of moral relationship between people that are optimal from the point of view of their professional activities;

♦ substantiation, interpretation of codes, tasks and goals of the profession.

Professional ethics as an integral part of morality is based on its general principles and attitudes, but considers them from the standpoint of specific problems in various types of work.

The structure of professional ethics is determined by the presence of the following elements:

♦ people's attitude to work, and through its characteristics to other people (industriousness, conscientiousness, thrift, accuracy, dedication, etc.; antipodes - laziness, dishonesty, negligence, etc.);

♦ motivation of labor activity (public good, earnings, organization of personal life, etc.; antipodes - careerism, vanity, greed, etc.);

♦ management and production regulation job duties(setting the goal of production activities, organizing work in a team, encouraging conscientious workers, etc.);

♦ means of achieving goals (training, education, example, authority of the leader, etc.);

♦ assessment of performance results (economic, economic, managerial, moral, etc.), their social significance;

♦ theoretical development of issues of professional ethics in connection with the development of social production, the deepening of the division of labor, the emergence of new types of activity.

Professional ethics studies:

♦ qualities of a specialist's personality necessary for the performance of professional duties;

♦ moral relationships between specialists and objects of their activity (teacher - student, doctor - patient, seller - buyer);

♦ relationships between people within the workforce and the norms that govern them;

♦ goals and methods vocational training and upbringing.

Professional Ethics:

♦ is a responsible, obligatory, but at the same time voluntary, ie free, activity of people who obey the rules, but are personally independent, comply with the law, but fulfill their duty;

♦ exists in a society with an established morality and reflects the differences between the moral requirements for specialists from universal or generally accepted in society norms and traditions of behavior. In this regard, professional ethics is sometimes called professional morality;

♦ affects the area of ​​human relations, develops especially in those professions where work requires direct contact with people. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of those workers who are associated with the right to dispose of people's lives (these are representatives of management, transport, services, healthcare, education). The irresponsible attitude of workers in these areas to their duties is dangerous for others, harms the team and leads to degradation of the individual;

♦ establishes standards of behavior for specialists, understanding the quality of their work as the best result for people, reliability and efficiency of goods and services;

♦ specifies the society's requirements for moral aspects activities of specialists. The principles of professional ethics highlight the moral values ​​of the best, most educated and competent part of society, which takes responsibility for the state of affairs in enterprises.

Professional ethics in some cases is called professional deontology, or the doctrine of duty. The term "deontology" was originally identified with the doctrine of morality, then began to be understood as one of the concepts of morality, and finally as one of the sections of ethics. But professional ethics is a broader concept, since, along with deontological aspects, it also implies certain obligations and norms both within the professional environment and outside of work.

The main function of the norms of professional ethics is to exclude the influence of random, purely subjective motives and circumstances, psychological states, to ensure reliability, predictability, standardization and generally accepted behavior. Norms form expected behavior that is understandable to others.

Professional morality cannot be considered outside of unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Only on the basis of the principles and norms of general morality is it possible to generalize a new moral experience in the sphere of work, to define new norms and prohibitions of professional morality, to overcome obsolete rules and assessments. In turn, the violation of work ethics is accompanied by a violation of general moral principles. If there is a discrepancy between the system of morality and the content of professional codes, a conflict between them, preference should be given to the general principles of morality, since they deeper and more thoroughly determine changes in the conditions of people's life, including in the field of professional activity.

2.2. The origin of professional ethics

The division of labor led to the emergence of many professions. Some of them arose already in ancient times. Questions of the professional division of labor were considered by such thinkers of antiquity as Plato, Aristotle, and others. It is to this period that the moral institutions of the priests who performed judicial functions, the Hippocratic oath in medical practice, and other professional and ethical codes that regulate the attitude of workers to their professional duties belong.

The first professional-moral codes as charters for the intended purpose appeared in the 12th century, when the formation of the medieval guild organization of labor took place. Their emergence reflected the interests of certain social groups, united by social status and the nature of labor activity. Professional moral norms and requirements, fixed in the workshop charters of artisans of the Middle Ages, changed and were refined depending on the level of division of labor in society and changes in the content of the activities of representatives of the professions themselves. Numerous statutes determined the life of workshops and manufactories in cities (distribution of orders, sale of goods, purchase of raw materials, training of craftsmen, etc.).

The emergence of professional ethics in time preceded the creation of relevant scientific ethical theories. Everyday experience, the need to regulate the relationship of people of a particular profession led to the realization and formalization of certain requirements of professional ethics. Having arisen as a manifestation of everyday, ordinary moral consciousness, professional ethics further developed on the basis of a generalization of the practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were summed up both in written and unwritten codes of conduct of various professional groups, as well as in the form of theoretical conclusions, which testified to the transition from ordinary to theoretical consciousness in the sphere of professional morality.

In recent times, these questions have been considered by O. Comte, E. Durkheim and other representatives of positivism. A scientific explanation of them from a materialistic standpoint was first given by K. Marx and F. Engels.

Today, specialized moral codes are widely represented abroad, which regulate the process of labor activity to the smallest detail - the behavior of people of various ranks in production, communication between managers and subordinates, manner of dressing, gestures, etc.

Public opinion plays an active role in the formation and assimilation of the norms of professional ethics. When people interact, public opinion turns into a moral norm, which in turn can be the subject of criticism from public opinion. Different types of professional ethics have their own traditions. These are, first of all, those universal moral norms in the sphere of labor that humanity has carried through various social eras and preserved, although often in a modified form.

The formation of the modern information society is associated with an increase in the importance of professionalism, competence, the emergence of new professions, changes are taking place in traditional areas of work. Emerging professions give birth to corresponding moral codes labor relations, professional codes are becoming more complicated and supplemented, making up a systemic education based on general norms and principles of morality, in the aggregate they cover all types of professional relations.

2.3. Types of professional ethics

The development of society, accompanied by a constant deepening of the specialization of production, its complication, differentiation of working conditions, requires continuous improvement of professional activity. This entails a corresponding specification

professional duties, determines the need to develop new systems of moral requirements in various areas of work. A typological analysis of the sphere of labor activity allows not only to determine the objective grounds for the norms of professional ethics, but also to identify its main types.

Depending on the sphere of labor activity (production-economic, scientific, pedagogical, artistic, environmental, etc.), professional ethics is divided into the corresponding types: the ethics of a doctor, teacher, journalist, scientist, actor, artist, entrepreneur, engineer, builder and etc. Within the types of professional activity, there are many subspecies. For example, the ethics of an engineer is subdivided depending on the specifics of the activity into such subspecies as the ethics of a software engineer, a communications engineer, etc. In pedagogical ethics, the ethics of teachers of general education institutions, teachers of higher education, teachers preschool education etc.

The identification of types and subtypes of professional ethics indicates the diversity of regulatory requirements for specialists, the need to take into account the specifics of moral relations in each specific area of ​​professional work. At the same time, there are general professional moral norms that act as guiding principles, rules, models, requirements for a person's professional activity based on humanistic ideals.

Depending on the specifics of moral requirements in various types of professional activity, the significance of moral norms regulating the relations of specialists is determined. But some professions are characterized by increased moral requirements. These are professions whose objects are a person, his life, health, the formation of his professional and spiritual qualities (medicine, education, training, etc.). These areas of work are not amenable to programmed technological orderliness, strict regulation is impossible for them, creative activity, maximum humanism and dedication of a professional are required. Increased moral requirements determine for them the paramount importance of a sense of duty and a high measure of responsibility. They necessarily include additional moral standards of behavior - decency in public and private life, disinterestedness, selflessness, etc.

Each type of professional ethics is determined by the uniqueness of professional activity, has its own specific aspects in the implementation of the norms and principles of morality, which is the content of professional moral code. Thus, the ethics of a scientist presupposes such moral qualities as scientific conscientiousness, honesty, and responsibility for the environment. The professional and moral position of a journalist is determined by such categories as professional duty, professional conscience, dignity, honor.

On the present stage the ethics of business and business relations are being revived in Russia. Etiquette entrepreneurial activity presupposes, first of all:

♦ respect for authorities, laws, business partners;

♦ purposefulness. The moral values ​​of a business person should not run counter to the goals and values ​​of the organization;

♦ loyalty to the word;

♦ benevolence in relations with members of the team;

♦ honesty and truthfulness, positive image;

♦ respect for the right of private property;

♦ attentiveness to people, consumers of goods and services;

♦ continuous improvement (for example, to become the world's best entrepreneur).

Many features of professional ethics have spread to other professions from medicine. This is due to the fact that it was in medicine that the commandments of professional behavior in relation to the patient were first formulated. According to medical ethics, a medical worker must devote all his knowledge and energy to the protection and improvement of human health, the treatment and prevention of diseases; be always ready to give medical care; be attentive and caring to the patient; keep medical secrets; constantly improve their professional skills; in all actions be guided by the principles of morality, etc.

Pedagogical ethics, which studies the features of pedagogical morality, its principles and functions, has also been sufficiently developed. On the basis of pedagogical ethics, the foundations of pedagogical etiquette are developed, which are a set of rules for communication and behavior of people professionally involved in teaching and educating the younger generation: a teacher must love his profession, must know the psychology of students, be interested in their inner world, study their individual abilities.

Today there are more than a thousand professions, and their number is constantly increasing. The humanization of relations between people actualizes the importance of representatives of the humanitarian professions - journalists, psychologists, librarians, museum workers, teachers, artists. In the humanitarian field, professional ethics is connected, first of all, with the increment of humanitarian values. But the duty of humanitarians is not limited to the narrow framework of specific responsibility at the place of work - it is also participation in the formation of public opinion. The humanist as a professional creates and promotes socially significant ideas. Humanitarians are called upon to satisfy the need of society for the publication of knowledge, information, for the promotion of the new, progressive in culture. The professional duty of a humanist is to have communication skills, the ability to speak correctly and intelligibly, to easily express one's thoughts orally and in writing.

Requirements for the behavior of a representative of different professions are not always expressed in a clear, orderly system. Many of the rules of operation are simply generally accepted. Some of the new professions do not yet have well-established traditions and a long history (programmers, roboticists, etc.). But there are areas of activity where deviation from the rules is excluded, for example, diplomatic protocol implies strict adherence to etiquette rules.

2.4. Principles and norms of professional ethics

"Golden Rule" morality is considered the rule according to which you should not do to others what you do not want yourself. There is also a positive inverse formulation this rule“Treat others the way you would like to be treated. AT difficult situations When a person finds it difficult to choose a line of behavior, he can mentally put himself in the place of the interlocutor and imagine what he would like to see and hear in this situation.

In everyday life and in business communication, you can also use such a hint principle “If you don’t know what to do, do it according to the law.”

In fact, all ethical principles and prescribed standards of conduct are formulated with these provisions in mind.

Private principles follow from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession. Some of the specific principles include:

♦ common sense principle: the norms of professional ethics should not be contrary to common sense, and common sense suggests that professional etiquette in general is aimed at maintaining order, organization, saving time and other reasonable goals;

♦ convenience principle: ethical standards should not constrain business relationships. Everything should be comfortable in professional activities - from the layout of the office space to the placement of equipment in it, from business clothes to the rules of conduct at work. Moreover, convenience should be provided to all participants in business processes;

♦ expediency principle. The essence of this principle is that each prescription business ethics should serve certain purposes;

♦ principle of conservatism. Conservatism in the appearance of a business person, in his manners, inclinations involuntarily evokes associations with something unshakable, durable, reliable, and a reliable partner in business is a desire for every business person. Reliability, fundamentality, stability are attractive features in the business world. They have a meaningful connection with conservatism;

♦ the principle of nonchalance. It is important that professional ethics does not turn into an artificially imposed phenomenon. Ethical norms should be natural, easy and without tension to be fulfilled;

♦ principle "do no harm". The consequence of this principle is that there is no room for error. The laws of almost all civilized states provide for sanctions for the erroneous actions of professionals. Professionalism implies a full consciousness of responsibility, concentration, maximum concentration on work. Of course, people remain people, which means they can make mistakes, but negligence, a mistake due to oversight, laziness or indifference are unacceptable;

♦ the principle of the highest quality of work is common to all professions within the limits of the stipulated possibilities. The ability of a professional to develop creatively, improve his skills not only adds to his experience, but also strengthens his authority;

♦ principle of professional secrecy, confidentiality (from Latin confidentia - “trust”) information about customers, information requests, services, technologies, recipes. If sincerity and openness are expected from a person in personal relationships, then professional morality dictates that a specialist should always remember the need to keep special information related to his work secret. Professional secrecy dates back to the Hippocratic oath. A professional secret is fundamental in state, military service, banking, etc. A professional secret can have the status of state, military, commercial, medical, provide for various degrees of responsibility - from official to criminally punishable;

♦ conflict of interest. In all professions, a refusal to use one's official position for personal gain is required. Professional ethics affirms primacy official duties and secondary personal debt. A professional does not have the right to receive other income for work, except for the agreed wages. Briefly, this principle can be understood as the absence of privileges in connection with the profession. The conflict of interest is overcome by the performance of professional duty;

♦ the principle of collegiality. This principle is a direct consequence of the social essence of man, orienting the latter to the subordination of his personal interests to the public. A person guided by the principle of collegiality feels a sense of belonging to the affairs of the team, its goals and tasks.

The adoption of collective decisions regarding the development strategy of a corporation, an organization, the unification of efforts for a prompt response in difficult situations does not lose its relevance at the present stage, when the degree of individual responsibility is increasing. In many professions, collective searches for solutions to difficult professional problems are no exception, production meetings are regularly held - planning meetings, five-minute meetings, departments, etc., in which all employees are required to take an active part.

Anniversaries, birthdays, weddings of employees are celebrated in production teams, congratulations on special successes. Sorrowful events do not go unnoticed, when this or that person especially needs support and compassion;

♦ the right to criticism. A professional must be able to criticize the work of colleagues without prejudice to the dignity of other employees, as well as correctly accept criticism addressed to him. Understanding the need for a critical analysis of activities, a constructive search for the best result is a condition for moving forward. But in this matter, it is most important to take care of the ethics of employee relations, not to allow criticism of the individual, and not ideas, settling scores, psychological confrontation;

♦ hedonistic principle. Hedonism is the principle of ethics, according to which the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of suffering is a natural human right. Hedonism in the professional

activity welcomes everything that prolongs the pleasure of life, softens inconveniences and smooths out troubles. Hedonism communicates to goods and services, along with utility and efficiency, comfort and pleasantness. The outward friendliness and friendliness of the employees leave not only a pleasant impression on the client, but also give him a good mood.

Hedonism obliges a professional to be optimistic, energetic, and able to inspire. A smile plays a special role. It opens the way to the hearts of other people. In sales, for example, a smile increases sales.

Consequently, etiquette culture should be a manifestation of a general moral culture, a person’s upbringing, his internal attitude towards others.

Professional ethics is also based on general moral norms. One of the most necessary norms is politeness, which is manifested in many specific rules of behavior: in greeting, addressing a person, in the ability to remember his name and patronymic, the most important dates of his life. True politeness is certainly benevolent, since it is one of the manifestations of sincere benevolence towards people. Kindness is the essential basis of politeness. Sincerity is a prerequisite for politeness.

Other important norms are tact and sensitivity. The content of these qualities is attention, deep respect for those with whom we communicate, the desire and ability to understand them, to feel what can give them pleasure, joy, or, conversely, cause irritation, annoyance, resentment.

Tact, sensitivity are manifested in a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in business contacts, in the ability to feel the boundary beyond which words and deeds can cause undeserved resentment, grief, pain in a person.

A tactful person always takes into account specific circumstances: the difference in age, gender, social status, the place of conversation, the presence or absence of strangers. At the heart of tactful behavior is also the ability to control oneself.

A prerequisite for tact is respect for the other, manifested, in particular, in the ability to listen to him, in the ability to quickly and accurately determine the interlocutor's reaction to a particular statement.

An important etiquette norm is modesty, which manifests itself in the fact that a person does not strive to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, does not require any privileges, special amenities, services for himself. However, modesty should not be manifested in timidity and shyness.

The constant companion and adviser should be delicacy. This word most capaciously expresses what we mean when we talk about a sensitive, subtle attitude towards others, towards their feelings. But delicacy should not turn into flattery, lead to praising everything seen and heard.

Along with these generally accepted norms, honesty, truthfulness, commitment, diligence, justice, keeping promises and contracts are also important moral norms in professional ethics.

These principles and norms are not always taken into account in the actual practice of business relations. Sometimes the very language of ethics is seen as a hindrance in business dealings. Often in the business world they generally try to avoid talking about morality, ethical ideals, duty, social obligations, and responsibility. These problems are perceived as "irrelevant". But the observance of ethical principles and norms is important, it is necessary both to increase the efficiency of production and to strengthen business ties, business relations in general.

The principles and norms of ethically competent behavior are specified in the rules of etiquette in specific situations.

2.5. Classification of ethical codes

The issue of codes (from codex - "book, set of laws") deserves special attention. Codes of professional associations are created as an addition to the legislation regulating the activities of professionals, as a rule, on their own initiative, as a result of self-determination, with the participation of lawyers, ethicists, in order to increase the responsibility of specialists for their actions. They remind of the moral goals of the profession, are the result of understanding specific ethical problems. The codes formulate standards of professional conduct, highlight the most important rules activities.

Arising as a way to concretize official duties in the historical past, ethical codes originate from the famous Hippocratic oath. Gradually, they become codes of laws within corporate use, an effective form of control over the activities of specialists.

In professionally homogeneous organizations such as banks and consulting companies, codes are often developed that describe in the first place professional problems. The content of ethical codes regulates the behavior of employees in difficult professional ethical situations. For example, in banking, the code describes how to handle information about the stability of the bank, with confidential information about the client; prohibits the use of this information for personal purposes.

Development corporate culture contributes to the inclusion in the code of the ideological part of the mission and values ​​of the company. At the same time, the code can be of considerable volume, have complex specific content and be addressed to all employees of the company.

The structural code may contain the following sections:

♦ introduction;

♦ message from the head of the organization;

♦ the main mission of the organization, its goals;

♦ what should be the employee of the organization;

♦ labor dynasties;

♦ traditions and rituals of the organization;

♦ professional skill competitions;

♦ relationships with other organizations;

♦ public life of the organization;

♦ relationships between managers and subordinates;

♦ relationships between leaders;

♦ attitude towards women - employees of the organization;

♦ attitude towards young people working in the organization;

♦ attitude of the organization towards pensioners;

♦ requirements for the business suit of the employees of the organization.

Creating a code is not limited to writing the text of a document. There is a specificity in the execution of such documents: it is impossible to force the implementation of the code of ethics. In order for the code to really work, even at the stage of its creation, it is envisaged that all employees of the company be included in the document development process, if possible. Only under the condition that each employee accepts the code of corporate ethics will it be actually implemented.

Professional codes perform the following functions:

♦ reputational– building confidence in the company on the part of external groups (description of policies traditionally fixed in international practice in relation to customers, suppliers, contractors, etc.) in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the company. The presence of a company code of corporate ethics becomes a global standard for doing business;

♦ managerial- regulation of behavior in difficult ethical situations;

♦ development of corporate culture.

The Code provides for ways to improve the efficiency of employees:

♦ regulation of priorities in interaction with significant external groups;

♦ determining the order of decision-making in complex ethical situations, as well as unacceptable forms of behavior.

Classification of codes. There are currently three types of ethical codes:

1) a regulatory document with specifically developed rules, including sanctions against violators. Such codes are developed by authoritative experts and adopted at special symposiums;

2) relatively short charters, declarations are created in the process of forming a professional community. This is a kind of declaration of intent;

3) detailed codes of individual firms, organizations, including specific obligations of employees to customers and partners, employees and society.

Many large corporations, in an effort to maintain their image in the eyes of the general public and find their own line of conduct, develop codes of ethics. Their characteristic feature is that the sections containing recommendations for solving ethical problems are developed in more detail and carefully than other sections. Most codes are based on internal corporate control over their observance. Public (external) from the side public organizations and state control over compliance with the code requires the creation of an appropriate state structure, which is quite expensive, which is burdensome for the budget of any country. The development of unified system motivation of employees to comply with the code of ethics. Of course, it is impossible to characterize and consider in the code any ethical problem that workers may encounter. At the same time, the presence of office instructions allows solving ethical issues that are most common.

Codes are a kind of guide to correct behavior. The very existence of a code of ethics as a collective ethical standard helps employees understand the ethical nature of their business decisions. The written form gives the codes even more significance. Codes can provide a certain level of legal protection both to the company as a whole and to each employee individually.

Many companies form special divisions or hire special workers to create codes of ethics. At the same time, company employees are introduced to the provisions of these codes. A system is also being created to encourage employees who take into account ethical issues when making decisions and subject to the compliance of their official behavior with the ethical standards recorded in the codes.

2.6. The culture of business man clothing

The basis of etiquette culture in clothing is taste. Dressing with taste means paying attention to others. Of course, opinions about what “good taste” is may differ, but they have a lot in common. It is good taste that will always tell a person his own style - in clothes, hair, etc. Good taste allows, following fashion, to apply and adapt it to your own appearance, character. Blindly following fashion, its exaggerated perception is tasteless. The appearance of a business person largely determines the effectiveness of professional relations and contributes to the creation of the necessary working atmosphere.

Clothes should be neat, cleaned and ironed, as neatness and smartness in clothes are often associated with organization in work, with the ability to value one's own and other people's time. Untidiness is a synonym for fussiness, forgetfulness.

Each professional group of people has its own style of dress, appearance. But one can single out a general characteristic of the style of a business person - conservatism (since the business sphere is almost not subject to random influences); moderation, (there should not be too sharp color contrasts, excessively fanciful styles of clothes or shoes, etc.) A business person should look self-confident, solid, elegant, inspiring confidence, not devoid of taste, reliable, decent, neat.

Business etiquette is more lenient towards a woman, allowing her to deviate from rigid standards. Deviations concern, first of all, color. Although the main type of business casual wear for a woman, like for a man, is a suit, the gamut of colors of a women's suit is very extensive, in contrast to a man's suit, which is prescribed an extremely sparing choice - gray and blue, for special occasions - black.

The ability to find your own style in clothes, look attractive and fresh is especially important in working with people. Employees who spare no effort to achieve this are often perceived as more competent and move up the corporate ladder more easily.

2.7. Behavior in public places

Professionals, of course, spend most of their time at work. But they have to get to work every day by public transport, they visit shops, exhibitions, conferences, go to the theater, to the cinema, go on business trips. The mood and state of mind of not only them, but also those around them depend on how they behave in public places. Therefore, both on the street and in public places, it is unacceptable to violate the rules of good manners.

Rules of conduct on the street not any special ones. In our country, right-hand traffic, so it is customary to keep the right side on the street. When driving down the street, it is important not to touch others with elbows, an umbrella, a bag. If the sidewalk is wide enough, you should not go in the middle, and even more so against the movement. But if there is no other way, then you definitely need to apologize if you interfere with someone walking towards you. It is impossible with a large flow of people to abruptly cross the pedestrian zone and squeeze through the crowd. The one walking in front is bypassed on the left, and those coming towards them are bypassed on the right. If the sidewalk is narrow, then the man must give way to a woman, an elderly person, and, if necessary, even get off the sidewalk (of course, the younger must give way to the older). You should talk with the interlocutor, moving away from the walking mass of pedestrians.

A bag, briefcase, various things are best kept in the right hand. You should not wave your arms, especially if you have an umbrella, a cane, a briefcase in your hands.

Loud laughter and conversation, exclamations and gestures that attract the attention of others are not accepted on the street. Do not look back at passing pedestrians. It is necessary to be friendly and benevolent when addressing someone with a particular question. If on the street there is a need to ask a passerby with a question, then the question must be formulated briefly and accurately in advance. Having stopped a passerby or turning to a police officer (policeman), it is imperative to apologize for the inconvenience caused. Thank you for the clarification. In this case, you should not forget about the smile. By asking questions, you will make a favorable impression and are more likely to get the information you need.

Eating outside is strictly not recommended. If you get hungry, go to the cafe, in extreme cases, you can stop at the bistro kiosk for a bite to eat. Chewing gum should not be used on the street, as a chewing person does not look aesthetically pleasing and his appearance may be unpleasant for others.

You can't spit on the street. If something has happened to you and you need to spit it out, it is better to use a handkerchief or paper napkin.

Usually men smoke on the street (in some countries this is prohibited). A woman on the street can smoke only in the most exceptional cases. If a man was asked to light a cigarette, it would be more polite to hold out a lighter or matches than a smoking cigarette.

Rules of conduct in public transport are also based on generally accepted rules. It is the violation of the “passenger code of conduct”, which is still not uncommon, that causes poor health and low performance. The rules for passengers are quite simple, they are easy to remember: in the subway, tram, trolleybus, bus, you are first given the opportunity to get off. Outgoing ones have advantages, and only then comes the turn of incoming ones.

A man must let a woman, an elderly man, a disabled person go ahead, and, if necessary, help them when landing. If the transport is crowded, you should try to get up so as to interfere with others as little as possible.

Young people should give way to older people, pregnant women, women with small children. To accept the offer to take a given place should be with words of gratitude.

In transport, it is indecent to talk loudly and gesticulate; it is not at all necessary for others to take part in solving family or official affairs.

If you are reading a newspaper or a book on public transport, try to hold it so as not to disturb your neighbors. It is indecent to look over your shoulder at a book, newspaper or magazine that another passenger is reading.

In transport, it is not customary to comb your hair and put yourself in order. It is absolutely unacceptable to be in the salon with ice cream, a hot dog or an open bun. You can not ride in transport in dirty, soiling clothes.

You should not respond to rude remarks of other passengers in transport, enter into polemics with them. By not arguing, not answering rudeness with rudeness, you will look more attractive.

Rules of conduct in a trade enterprise. The business person often plays the role of the buyer. While in the store, you need to follow generally the same rules as in any other public place.

When entering the store, you should skip those leaving. AT small shop accepted to welcome the seller. In such a store, the buyer can be offered assistance in selecting the right product. When leaving, do not forget to say goodbye.

The selected goods should be handled with care, try not to wrinkle or stain. Products should not be touched by hands (there are special forks, spatulas for this).

Approaching the checkout, you need to have ready the approximate amount needed for the purchase. You should only address the seller as “you”, regardless of his age. Refusing to purchase, you should thank the seller for the attention shown.

In the store, as in any other public place, you should try not to draw special attention to yourself, not to discuss your problems loudly.

In large supermarkets in each department there is a sales assistant on duty who can be contacted for advice and assistance. But usually in such stores, the buyer independently selects the desired product in a special basket.

widespread in many countries, and in recent times and in Russia, the practice of ordering goods by phone with delivery by special messengers to your home or work has received. For ordering household goods by phone, there is also such a service as "goods by mail", when the item of interest can be ordered by selecting it from the catalog. Now the practice of ordering goods via the Internet is becoming more and more widespread.

In any trading establishment, the buyer usually deals with the seller and the cashier. By the way they look, they judge the level of the store as a whole. No wonder they say that the seller is the face of the store.

The seller must behave in a friendly manner, be neat and cleanly dressed, regardless of what he is selling. The seller must always be ready to help the buyer.

Rules for visiting cultural institutions. To visit the theater, cinema - they prepare in advance: they buy tickets and plan their time in such a way so as not to be late for the performance. In the theater, they usually put on an elegant dress, a dress suit. It is customary to come to the theater in advance in order to have time to undress, pass outerwear to the wardrobe. Entering the lobby of the theater, the men take off their hats. A man enters the auditorium first. Walking along the row to your place should be facing those sitting.

Acquaintances in the auditorium are greeted with a slight nod of the head, a smile, a hand is given only to those who are nearby.

It is customary to observe silence in the theater, except when the action is interrupted by applause.

Rules for visiting exhibitions, museums. Visiting a museum, an exhibition, an art gallery, etc. requires a lot of free time, and people prepare for a visit to a museum in advance. This means that you need to learn about exposure as much as possible. this museum, an art gallery, and if the museum is large enough, it is better to decide in advance what exactly you should see. To do this, you can use the catalog of the museum or the guide to the exhibition. Since it is known that a person is able to fully perceive information while maintaining attention, within about three hours it is worth choosing either the works of interest to you, or the work of one artist or sculptor, or any one department dedicated to a certain period.

In museums and at many exhibitions, it is customary to take off outerwear, hand over bags and briefcases to the cloakroom or storage room, in a number of museums you need to wear special shoes.

When viewing, one should not get too close to the exhibits and, moreover, touch them with their hands. An educated person will not react violently to what he sees in museum halls, expressing his delight or indignation.

During the tour, well-mannered people silently listen to the guide's story. It is not customary to have discussions with tour guides. You can not talk loudly with other members of the group, and questions can only be asked during pauses that the guide specifically makes, or at the end of the tour. You should be restrained in both words and gestures.

Business trip rules. Going on the road, you should not forget the basic rules of behavior on the train, plane, while staying in a hotel.

To the train it is advisable to arrive a little earlier so that there is enough time to calmly enter the car and unpack the luggage. If you are not traveling alone, but with a companion or companion older than you, you should enter the car first, unpack your luggage, and only then help your companion or an elderly person enter the car. Upon entering the compartment, you should say hello, but it is not necessary to introduce yourself and introduce your companions to your compartment neighbors. Usually, seats on the train are taken according to the tickets purchased, but a polite person will offer his lower (more convenient) seat to an elderly person, a woman, a mother with a child. It is customary to help unpack their luggage.

If the trip is short and the travel time falls on a day, then it is not necessary to change clothes on the train. It is only important to ensure that the clothes do not wrinkle much, do not lose their appearance, do not become untidy. If the trip is long, it is better to change into a travel (you can wear a sports) suit. A woman in a dressing gown and a man in pajamas look indecent. Comfortable shoes should be on the feet, but not slippers. It is not necessary to meet fellow travelers. You may not have long conversations with random people. Loquacity is a sign of bad parenting. However, if there is a common topic for conversation with fellow travelers, then it should be supported. A long trip together with people who have not known before will not be tiring if all fellow travelers are helpful to each other, tactful and polite.

The food that the passenger takes with him on the train should not have a strong smell, should not be perishable. Stock up on napkins. You need to eat (as, indeed, everywhere), carefully. Paper, cans, bags should be carefully collected and discarded. The rest of the food is better to put in a bag, leaving nothing on the table.

It is not entirely tactful when people occupying the lower places in the compartment, as it were, appropriate preemptive right table use.

It is not customary to smoke in the compartments and corridors of the car. Usually a vestibule is used for this purpose. You can also smoke in the dining car. But in the train restaurant, unlike ordinary restaurants, it is not customary to stay too long so as not to delay other passengers who want to eat.

When approaching your destination, you need to put yourself in order in time, change clothes and collect your luggage. Leaving the compartment, you need to politely say goodbye to your neighbors and wish them a happy journey. If a man is traveling with a woman, he must go out first, take out the luggage and help his companion get out.

End of introductory segment.

Professional ethics is one of the branches of ethical science. Professional ethics is a system of moral principles, norms and rules of conduct for a specialist, taking into account the characteristics of his professional activity and specific situation. Professional ethics should be an integral part of the training of each specialist.

A) professional solidarity (sometimes degenerating into corporatism);

B) a special understanding of duty and honor; c) a special form of responsibility due to the subject and type of activity.

Private principles stem from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements in relation to specialists.

Professional ethics, as a rule, concern only those types of professional activity in which there is a different kind of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, i.e. the consequences or processes of these actions have a special impact on the lives and destinies of other people or humanity. In this regard, traditional types of professional ethics are distinguished, such as pedagogical, medical, legal, ethics of a scientist, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which are associated with an increase in the role of the “human factor” in this type of activity (engineering ethics) or an increase in its influence. in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics)

Professionalism and attitude to work are important qualitative characteristics of the moral character of a person. They are of paramount importance in the personal assessment of the individual, but at various stages of historical development their content and assessment varied significantly. In a class-differentiated society, they are determined by the social inequality of the types of labor, the opposite of mental and physical labor, the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions, they depend on the degree of class self-awareness of professional groups, the sources of their replenishment, the level of the general culture of the individual, etc.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of various professional groups. But society imposes increased moral requirements on certain types of professional activity. There are such professional spheres in which the labor process itself is based on the high coordination of the actions of its participants, exacerbating the need for solidarity behavior. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in those professions that are associated with the right to dispose of people's lives, significant material values, some professions from the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education, etc. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about an obligation that, if left unfulfilled, may in any way hinder the performance of professional functions.

A profession is a certain type of labor activity that requires the necessary knowledge and skills acquired as a result of training and long-term work experience.

Professional types of ethics are those specific features of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society.

Professional moral norms are guiding principles, rules, samples, standards, the order of internal self-regulation of a person based on ethical and humanistic ideals. The emergence of professional ethics in time preceded the creation of scientific ethical theories about it. Everyday experience, the need to regulate the relationship of people of a particular profession led to the realization and formalization of certain requirements of professional ethics. Public opinion plays an active role in the formation and assimilation of the norms of professional ethics.

Professional ethics, having arisen initially as a manifestation of everyday, ordinary moral consciousness, later developed on the basis of a generalized practice of the behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were summed up both in written and unwritten codes of conduct of various professional groups, and in the form of theoretical conclusions, which testified to the transition from ordinary to theoretical consciousness in the sphere of professional morality.

The main types of professional ethics are: medical ethics, pedagogical ethics, ethics of a scientist, ethics of law, entrepreneur (businessman), engineer, etc. Each type of professional ethics is determined by the uniqueness of professional activity, has its own specific aspects in the implementation of the norms and principles of morality and in aggregate is professional code morals.

More on the topic Professional ethics:

1. Professional and personal qualities of a psychologist. Professional ethics of a psychologist
2. Correlation between the concepts of professional orientation, professional self-determination and professional suitability of a person
3. Improving the style of professional activity, optimizing the relationship between individual groups of professional skills and abilities, increasing the number of "degrees of freedom" of the subject of professional activity

It seems that each person has his own pyramid of values ​​created throughout life. In fact, it is laid in the subconscious in childhood. Information received by a child under the age of 6 goes there directly. This also applies to the ethical standards of behavior that children receive by watching the actions of their parents and listening to their conversations.

Ethics is a very ancient concept, aimed at studying the actions of people and their legitimacy, their moral and moral qualities.

Science of good and evil

The word ethika, once used by Aristotle, later became a science, the study and development of which many philosophers of the world devoted themselves to. If the ancient thinker was interested in finding an answer to the question of what underlies human actions, then subsequent generations of sages were interested in the concept of ethics and morality in the pyramid of human values.

As a science she studies:

• what place does morality occupy in social relations;
• its existing categories;
• main problems.

The concept and subject of ethics relate to the following areas:

• normative indicators, the main study of which is the actions of people from the standpoint of such categories as good and evil;
• metaethics deals with the study of its types;
• applied science of this plan studies individual situations from the standpoint of morality.

Modern ethics is a broader concept than its ancient philosophers imagined. Today, it helps not only to evaluate any actions from the position of correctness, but also awakens the evaluative consciousness in people.

Ethics in antiquity

The sages of antiquity did not distinguish it as a separate scientific discipline, but ranked it among the sections of philosophy and law.

Most of all in those days, she resembled moralizing aphorisms that helped to awaken in people their best and noble character traits. It was Aristotle who singled it out as a separate discipline, placing it between psychology and politics.

In a work entitled "Eudemic Ethics", Aristotle touches on issues related to human happiness and the reasons for its occurrence. The deep reflections of this scientist were aimed at the fact that, in fact, for prosperity, a person needs to have a goal and energy for its implementation. As he believed, not subordinating life to its achievement is a great recklessness.

For Aristotle himself, the concept and content of ethics became the foundation for the formation in the minds of his contemporaries of such norms as human virtues. Ancient philosophers attributed justice to them, and others.

Even before the emergence of the Greek word ethika, which began to denote a science that studies the morality and legitimacy of people's actions, at different times mankind was interested in questions of good, evil and the meaning of life. They are fundamental today.

The concept of morality

The main criterion of the morality of a person is the ability to distinguish between the concepts of good and evil and the choice of non-violence, love for one's neighbor, following the spiritual laws of goodness.

Sometimes concepts are considered synonyms, denoting the same thing. This is not true. In fact, morality and morality are categories that ethics, as a science, studies. Spiritual laws, designated by people in ancient times, require a person to live according to the rules of honor, conscience, justice, love and kindness. The study and observance of the laws of morality was once monitored by the church, teaching believers the 10 commandments. Today, this is done more at the level of the family and the school where ethics is taught.

A person who practices and propagates spiritual laws has always been called righteous. The concept of ethics of morality is the correspondence of the categories of goodness and love to the actions that a person performs.

History is well aware of examples of the destruction of strong empires after the spiritual values ​​of their peoples were replaced. by the most a prime example is destruction ancient rome- a powerful prosperous empire defeated by barbarians.

Morality

Morality is the degree of human perfection in such virtues as goodness, justice, honor, freedom and love for the world around. It characterizes the behavior and actions of people from the standpoint of these values ​​and is divided into personal and public.

Public morality is characterized by such features as:

• observance of the prohibitions generally accepted for a particular group of the population or religion (for example, Jews cannot eat pork meat);
• characteristic of this society (for example, in Mursi a plate is inserted into the lips of women, which is completely unacceptable for the peoples of other countries);

• actions prescribed by religious canons (for example, keeping the commandments);
• education in every member of society of such a moral quality as self-sacrifice.

On the basis of moral values, not only interpersonal relations are built, but also between countries and peoples. Wars occur when one of the parties violates the accepted norms that were previously the basis for peaceful coexistence.

History of professional ethics

The concept of professional ethics appeared as long ago as the first crafts. The Hippocratic oath known to all doctors, for example, is one of the types of such ancient charters. Soldiers, Olympic athletes, priests, judges, senators and other members of the population had their own ethical standards. Some were stated orally (do not go into a foreign monastery with your charter), others were written on tablets or papyri that have survived to this day.

Some of these rules of antiquity today are perceived as recommendations and prohibitions.

More like a concept workshop charter, which was compiled in the 11-12th centuries in each craft community in its own way. They indicated not only the duties of each guild worker in relation to colleagues and artels, but also their rights.

Violation of such a charter was followed by expulsion from the community of artisans, which was tantamount to ruin. Such a concept as a merchant's word is well known, which can also be called an example of an oral agreement between representatives of one or different guilds.

Types of professional ethics

The concept and in each profession implies those features of activity that are inherent in this particular work. Existing for each profession determine the actions of workers within the framework of accepted rules and procedures.

For example, there is such a thing as medical, legal, economic, military secrets and even confessions. Professional ethics include not only the rules of conduct inherent in any human activity, but also a single team.

If, in violation of the work charter, the employee expects administrative punishment or dismissal, then if the moral code of the profession is not observed, he can be judged according to the laws of the country. For example, if a health worker is convicted of carrying out euthanasia, he will be arrested for murder.

The main types of professional ethics include:

• medical;
• military;
• legal;
• economic;
• pedagogical;
• creative and others.

The main rule in this case is high professionalism and dedication to their work.

Business ethics

The concept of business ethics belongs to the category of professional morality. There are many unwritten (in some cases, they are indicated in the charters of companies) laws that prescribe to businessmen and business people not only the style of dress, but also communication, transactions or record keeping. Only the person who observes the moral standards of honor and decency is called a businessman.

Business ethics is a concept that has been used since the time people made their first deal. Different countries have their own rules for negotiating, no matter whether it concerns business or diplomatic relations, or places where transactions are made. There have always been stereotypes successful person. In ancient times, these were rich houses, servants or the number of lands and slaves, in our time - expensive accessories, an office in a prestigious area, and much more.

Ethical Categories

• goodness - a virtue that personifies everything positive that exists in this world;
• evil is the opposite of good and general concept immorality and meanness;

• good - concerns the quality of life;
• justice - a category indicating the same rights and equality of people;
• duty - the ability to subordinate one's own interests for the benefit of others;
• conscience - the individual ability of a person to evaluate his actions from the standpoint of good and evil;
• dignity - assessment of human qualities by society.

Communication ethics

The concept of communication ethics includes the skills of establishing communication with other people. This branch of science deals with the study of the level of human culture through his speech, the quality and usefulness of the information he presents, his moral and moral values.