37 qualification directory of positions. Positions in the company: CEO, Chief Engineer, Technical Director

Single qualification guide positions of managers, specialists and employees

The size wages managers, specialists and other employees, as a general rule, is determined mainly by the amount of the official salary paid for the performance by these employees of their official duties in their positions. In this regard, a clear fixation of these duties - their content, scope, technology and responsibility, is of paramount importance for employees.

The qualification characteristics of each position consist of three sections: "Job Responsibilities"; "Must know" and "Qualification requirements".

The "Responsibilities" section contains a list of the main functions that can be entrusted in whole or in part to an employee holding this position.

The "Must Know" section contains the basic requirements for an employee in relation to special knowledge, as well as knowledge of regulatory legal acts, methods and means that the employee must be able to apply in the performance of official duties.

The "Qualification Requirements" section determines the level of professional training of the employee necessary to perform the duties assigned to him, and the required length of service.

As an example, we give the qualification characteristics of the position of director (general director, manager) of an enterprise *(1) .

Job responsibilities. Manages, in accordance with applicable law, the production, economic and financial and economic activities of the enterprise, bearing full responsibility for the consequences of decisions made, the safety and efficient use of the property of the enterprise, as well as the financial and economic results of its activities. Organizes the work and effective interaction of all structural divisions, workshops and production units, directs their activities towards the development and improvement of production, taking into account social and market priorities, increasing the efficiency of the enterprise, increasing sales volumes and increasing profits, quality and competitiveness of products, their compliance with international standards in order to conquer domestic and foreign market and meet the needs of the population in the relevant types of domestic products. Ensures the fulfillment by the enterprise of all obligations to the federal, regional and local budgets, state non-budgetary social funds, suppliers, customers and creditors, including bank institutions, as well as economic and employment contracts(contracts) and business plans. Organizes production and economic activities on the basis of widespread use latest technology and technology, progressive forms of management and organization of labor, scientifically based standards of material, financial and labor costs, market research and best practices (domestic and foreign) in order to increase technical level and quality of products (services), economic efficiency of its production, rational use of production reserves and economical use of all types of resources. Takes measures to provide the enterprise with qualified personnel, rational use and development of their professional knowledge and experience, creation of safe and favorable working conditions for life and health, compliance with the requirements of environmental protection legislation. Provides the right combination of economic and administrative methods of leadership, unity of command and collegiality in discussing and resolving issues, material and moral incentives to improve production efficiency, application of the principle of material interest and responsibility of each employee for the work entrusted to him and the results of the work of the entire team, payment of wages on time . Together with labor collectives and trade union organizations, based on the principles of social partnership, ensures the development, conclusion and implementation of a collective agreement, compliance with labor and production discipline, promotes the development of labor motivation, initiative and activity of workers and employees of the enterprise. Resolves issues related to the financial, economic and production and economic activities of the enterprise, within the rights granted to him by law, entrusts the conduct of certain areas of activity to other officials - deputy directors, heads of production units and branches of enterprises, as well as functional and production divisions. Ensures compliance with the law in the activities of the enterprise and the implementation of its economic and economic relations, the use of legal means for financial management and functioning in market conditions, strengthening contractual and financial discipline, regulating social and labor relations, ensuring the investment attractiveness of the enterprise in order to maintain and expand the scale of entrepreneurial activity. Protects the property interests of the enterprise in court, arbitration, state authorities and administration.

Must know: legislative and regulatory legal acts regulating the production, economic and financial and economic activities of the enterprise, resolutions of federal, regional and local government and government bodies that determine priority areas for the development of the economy and the relevant industry; methodological and regulatory materials of other bodies relating to the activities of the enterprise; profile, specialization and features of the structure of the enterprise; prospects for technical, economic and social development industries and enterprises; production capacities and human resources of the enterprise; production technology of the enterprise; tax and environmental legislation; the procedure for compiling and coordinating business plans for the production, economic and financial and economic activities of the enterprise; market methods business and enterprise management; a system of economic indicators that allow the company to determine its position in the market and develop programs for entering new markets; the procedure for concluding and executing economic and financial contracts; market conditions; scientific and technological achievements and best practices in the relevant industry; management of the economy and finances of the enterprise, organization of production and labor; the procedure for the development and conclusion of sectoral tariff agreements, collective agreements and regulation of social labor relations; labor legislation; labor protection rules and regulations.

Qualification requirements. Higher professional (technical or engineering-economic) education and work experience in managerial positions in the industry corresponding to the profile of the enterprise for at least 5 years.

Qualification characteristics are given in the Qualification Directory for the positions of managers, specialists and other employees, approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of August 21, 1998 N 37 (as amended by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2006 N 749).

The Qualification Handbook contains two sections. The first section lists the qualifications industry-wide positions managers, specialists and other employees ( technical executors), widespread in enterprises, institutions and organizations, primarily in the manufacturing sectors of the economy, including those on budget financing. The second section contains qualification characteristics positions of employees employed in research institutions, design, technological, design and survey organizations, as well as editorial and publishing divisions.

This guide was developed in accordance with the accepted classification of employees into three categories: managers, specialists and other employees (technical performers). The assignment of employees to categories is carried out depending on the nature of the predominantly performed work that makes up the content of the worker's work (organizational-administrative, analytical-constructive, information-technical).

The names of the positions of employees, the qualification characteristics of which are included in the Directory, are established in accordance with All-Russian classifier professions of workers, positions of employees and tariff categories OK-016-94 (OKPDTR) (as amended by 5/2004 OKPDTR, approved by Rostekhregulirovanie), put into effect on January 1, 1996.

In connection with the foregoing, we draw the attention of readers to the fact that, according to Art. 57 "Content of the employment contract" of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, if in accordance with federal laws the provision of compensations and benefits or the presence of restrictions is associated with the performance of work in certain positions, professions, specialties, then the names of these positions, professions or specialties and the qualification requirements for them must correspond to the names and requirements specified in the qualification reference books approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation .

Thus, if, for example, the remuneration of a specialist in accordance with Art. 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is made in an increased amount for work during harmful conditions labor, then the employer is obliged to be guided by the relevant qualification characteristic included in the Qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and other employees, that is, the name of the position, profession, specialty and qualification requirements for them must correspond to the qualification characteristic.

If, in accordance with federal laws, the provision of compensations and benefits (increased wages, additional leave, therapeutic and preventive nutrition, etc.) or the presence of restrictions is not associated with the performance of work in this position, profession, specialty, then the employer is free to choice - to be guided or not to be guided by the qualification characteristic in the given case. In other words, the employer has the right to independently decide on the name of the position, profession, specialty and qualification requirements for them.

In the practical application of the Qualification Directory for the positions of managers, specialists and other employees, the following must be borne in mind.

1. The Directory does not include the qualification characteristics of secondary positions (senior and leading specialists, as well as deputy heads of departments). The duties of these employees, the requirements for their knowledge and qualifications are determined on the basis of the characteristics of the corresponding basic positions contained in the Directory. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that the use of the official title "senior" is possible provided that the employee, along with the fulfillment of the duties provided for by the position held, manages the executors subordinate to him.

The position of "senior" may be established as an exception and in the absence of performers in the direct subordination of the employee, if he is assigned the functions of managing an independent area of ​​work.

For positions of specialists for which qualification categories are provided, the official title "senior" is not applied. In these cases, the functions of managing subordinate performers are assigned to specialist I qualification category(for qualification categories of specialists, see below).

The job responsibilities of the "leaders" are established on the basis of the characteristics of the respective positions of specialists. In addition, they are entrusted with the functions of a manager and responsible executor of work in one of the areas of activity of an enterprise, institution, organization or their structural divisions, or duties of coordination and methodological leadership of groups of performers created in departments (bureaus). The requirements for the required work experience of leading specialists are increased by 2-3 years compared to those provided for specialists of the first qualification category.

Job responsibilities, requirements for knowledge and qualifications of deputy heads of structural divisions are determined on the basis of the characteristics of the respective positions of heads.

2. In the qualification characteristics of the positions of specialists, within the same position without changing its name, an intra-position qualification categorization for remuneration is provided. Qualification categories for remuneration of specialists are established by the head of the enterprise, institution, organization.

This takes into account the degree of independence of the employee in the performance of official duties, his responsibility for decisions made, attitude to work, efficiency and quality of work, as well as professional knowledge, practical experience, determined by work experience in the specialty, etc.

As an example, we will cite the requirements for the qualification of a design engineer (designer) set out in the qualification description of this position.

Engineer: higher professional education without presenting requirements for work experience.

3. The qualification characteristics of the positions of heads (heads) of departments serve as the basis for determining job responsibilities, requirements for knowledge and qualifications.

4. Qualification characteristics can be used as normative documents of direct action or serve as the basis for the development of internal organizational and administrative documents - job descriptions containing a specific list of job responsibilities of employees, taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of production, labor and management, as well as their rights and responsibilities. If necessary, the duties included in the description of a particular position can be distributed among several performers.

The qualification characteristics present the most characteristic work for each position. Therefore, when developing job descriptions, it is allowed to clarify the list of works that are characteristic of the corresponding position in specific organizational and technical conditions, and the requirements for the necessary special training of employees are established.

5. In the process of taking measures to improve the organization and increase labor efficiency, it is possible to expand the range of duties of employees in comparison with the established corresponding characteristics. In these cases, without changing the job title, the employee may be entrusted with the performance of duties stipulated by the characteristics of other positions, similar in content to work, equal in complexity, the performance of which does not require a different specialty and qualifications.

6. Compliance of the duties actually performed and the qualifications of employees with the requirements of qualification characteristics is determined by the certification commission in accordance with the current regulation on the certification procedure. Wherein Special attention paid attention to the quality and efficiency of work.

7. Persons who do not have special training or work experience established by qualification requirements, but who have sufficient practical experience and performing qualitatively and in full the duties assigned to them, on the recommendation of the attestation commission, as an exception, they can be appointed to the relevant positions in the same way as persons with special training and work experience.

8. The Directory includes the qualification characteristics of mass positions common to all sectors of the economy, the most widely used in practice. Qualification characteristics of positions specific to individual industries are developed by ministries (departments) and approved in the prescribed manner.

The Government of the Russian Federation by Decree of October 31, 2002 N 787 (as amended on December 20, 2003 N 766) approved the procedure for approving the Unified Qualification Directory for the positions of managers, specialists and employees. The Government of the Russian Federation has established (thereby confirming) that the Unified Qualification Directory for the positions of managers, specialists and employees consists of qualification characteristics for the positions of managers, specialists and employees, containing job duties and requirements for the level of knowledge and qualifications of these employees.

This resolution instructed the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation to organize, together with the federal executive authorities, which are entrusted with the management, regulation and coordination of activities in the relevant sector (sub-sector) of the economy, the development of a Unified qualification directory for the positions of managers, specialists and employees and the procedure for their application, as well as to approve the specified directory and the procedure for its application.

In pursuance of the aforementioned Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, by Decree No. 9 of February 9, 2004, approved the Procedure for the Application of the Unified Qualification Handbook for the Positions of Managers, Specialists and Employees. The specified order basically repeats the text of the section " General provisions"Qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and other employees.

4th edition, revised
(approved by resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of August 21, 1998 N 37)

With changes and additions from:

January 21, August 4, 2000, April 20, 2001, May 31, June 20, 2002, July 28, November 12, 2003, July 25, 2005, November 7, 2006, September 17, 2007 , April 29, 2008, March 14, 2011, May 15, 2013, February 12, 2014, March 27, 2018

The qualification directory of the positions of managers, specialists and other employees is a regulatory document developed by the Institute of Labor and approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of August 21, 1998 N 37. This publication includes additions made by decrees of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of December 24, 1998 N 52, dated February 22, 1999 N 3, January 21, 2000 N 7, August 4, 2000 N 57, April 20, 2001 N 35, May 31, 2002 and June 20, 2002 N 44. The directory is recommended for use in enterprises, institutions and organizations of various sectors of the economy, regardless of ownership and organizational and legal forms in order to ensure the correct selection, placement and use of personnel.

The new Qualification Handbook is designed to ensure a rational division of labor, create an effective mechanism for delimiting functions, powers and responsibilities based on clear regulation labor activity workers in modern conditions. The directory contains new qualification characteristics of civil servants' positions related to the development of market relations. All previously valid qualification characteristics have been revised, significant changes have been made to them in connection with the transformations carried out in the country and taking into account the practice of applying characteristics.

In the qualification characteristics, the unification of the labor regulation standards for employees was carried out to ensure a unified approach to the selection of personnel of appropriate qualifications and compliance with the unified principles of billing work based on their complexity. The Qualifications take into account the latest legislative and regulatory legal acts Russian Federation.

Qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and other employees

General provisions

1. The qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and other employees (technical performers) is intended to address issues related to the regulation of labor relations, ensuring an effective personnel management system at enterprises * (1), in institutions and organizations of various sectors of the economy, regardless of ownership and organizational and legal forms of activity.

The qualification characteristics included in this issue of the Handbook are regulatory documents designed to justify the rational division and organization of labor, the correct selection, placement and use of personnel, ensuring unity in determining the duties of employees and the requirements for them. qualification requirements, as well as decisions made on compliance with the positions held during the certification of managers and specialists.

2. The construction of the Directory is based on the job description, since the requirements for the qualifications of employees are determined by their job responsibilities, which, in turn, determine the names of the positions.

The directory was developed in accordance with the accepted classification of employees into three categories: managers, specialists and other employees (technical performers). The assignment of employees to categories is carried out depending on the nature of the predominantly performed work that makes up the content of the worker's work (organizational-administrative, analytical-constructive, information-technical).

The names of the positions of employees, the qualification characteristics of which are included in the Directory, are established in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations of Workers, Positions of Employees and Pay Grades OK-016-94 (OKPDTR), which entered into force on January 1, 1996.

3. The qualification guide contains two sections. The first section provides the qualification characteristics of industry-wide positions of managers, specialists and other employees (technical performers), which are widespread in enterprises, institutions and organizations, primarily in the manufacturing sectors of the economy, including those on budget financing. The second section contains the qualification characteristics of the positions of employees employed in research institutions, design, technological, design and survey organizations, as well as editorial and publishing departments.

4. Qualification characteristics in enterprises, institutions and organizations can be used as normative documents direct action or serve as the basis for the development of internal organizational and administrative documents - job descriptions containing a specific list of job duties of employees, taking into account the specifics of the organization of production, labor and management, as well as their rights and responsibilities. If necessary, the duties included in the description of a particular position can be distributed among several performers.

Since qualification characteristics apply to employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their industry affiliation and departmental subordination, they present the most typical work for each position. Therefore, when developing job descriptions, it is allowed to clarify the list of works that are characteristic of the corresponding position in specific organizational and technical conditions, and the requirements for the necessary special training of employees are established.

In the process of organizational, technical and economic development, development of modern management technologies, the introduction of the latest technical means, the implementation of measures to improve the organization and increase labor efficiency, it is possible to expand the range of duties of employees in comparison with the established corresponding characteristics. In these cases, without changing the job title, the employee may be entrusted with the performance of duties stipulated by the characteristics of other positions, similar in content to work, equal in complexity, the performance of which does not require a different specialty and qualifications.

5. Qualification characteristics of each position has three sections.

The section "Job Responsibilities" establishes the main labor functions that can be entrusted in whole or in part to the employee holding this position, taking into account the technological homogeneity and interconnectedness of work, allowing for optimal specialization of employees.

The "Must Know" section contains the basic requirements for an employee with regard to special knowledge, as well as knowledge of legislative and regulatory legal acts, regulations, instructions and other guidance materials, methods and means that the employee must apply in the performance of job duties.

In the "Qualification Requirements" section, the level vocational training the employee necessary to perform the prescribed job duties, and the requirements for work experience. The levels of required vocational training are given in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education".

6. In the characteristics of the positions of specialists, within the same position without changing its name, an intra-position qualification categorization for remuneration is provided.

Qualification categories for remuneration of specialists are established by the head of the enterprise, institution, organization. This takes into account the degree of independence of the employee in the performance of official duties, his responsibility for decisions, attitude to work, efficiency and quality of work, as well as professional knowledge, experience. practical activities, determined by the work experience in the specialty, etc.

7. The Directory does not include the qualification characteristics of secondary positions (senior and leading specialists, as well as deputy heads of departments). The duties of these employees, the requirements for their knowledge and qualifications are determined on the basis of the characteristics of the corresponding basic positions contained in the Directory.

The issue of the distribution of duties of deputy heads of enterprises, institutions and organizations is decided on the basis of internal organizational and administrative documents.

The use of the official title "senior" is possible provided that the employee, along with the fulfillment of the duties stipulated by the position held, manages the executors subordinate to him. The position of "senior" may be established as an exception and in the absence of performers in the direct subordination of the employee, if he is assigned the functions of managing an independent area of ​​work. For positions of specialists for which qualification categories are provided, the official title "senior" is not applied. In these cases, the functions of managing subordinate executors are assigned to a specialist of the first qualification category.

The job responsibilities of the "leaders" are established on the basis of the characteristics of the respective positions of specialists. In addition, they are entrusted with the functions of a manager and a responsible executor of work in one of the areas of activity of an enterprise, institution, organization or their structural divisions, or duties of coordination and methodological leadership of groups of performers created in departments (bureaus), taking into account the rational division of labor in specific organizational units. -technical conditions. The requirements for the required work experience are increased by 2-3 years compared to those provided for specialists of the first qualification category. Job responsibilities, requirements for knowledge and qualifications of deputy heads of structural divisions are determined on the basis of the characteristics of the respective positions of heads.

The qualification characteristics of the positions of heads (heads) of departments serve as the basis for determining the job responsibilities, knowledge requirements and qualifications of the heads of the relevant bureaus when they are created instead of functional departments (taking into account industry specifics).

8. Compliance of actually performed duties and qualifications of employees with the requirements job descriptions is determined by the certification commission in accordance with the current regulation on the procedure for conducting certification. At the same time, special attention is paid to the quality and efficient performance of work.

9. The need to ensure the safety of life and health of workers in the course of work puts forward the problems of labor protection and environment among urgent social tasks, the solution of which is directly related to the observance by managers and each employee of an enterprise, institution, organization of existing legislative, intersectoral and other regulatory legal acts on labor protection, environmental standards and regulations.

In this regard, the official duties of employees (managers, specialists and technical performers), along with the performance of the functions provided for by the relevant qualification characteristics of the position, provide for mandatory compliance with labor protection requirements at each workplace, and the official duties of managers - ensuring healthy and safe working conditions for subordinate performers, as well as monitoring their compliance with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal acts on labor protection.

When appointed to a position, it is necessary to take into account the requirements for the employee to know the relevant labor safety standards, environmental legislation, norms, rules and instructions for labor protection, means of collective and personal protection from the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors.

10. Persons who do not have special training or work experience, established requirements to qualification, but having sufficient practical experience and performing qualitatively and in full the tasks assigned to them official duties, by recommendation attestation commission as an exception, they can be appointed to the relevant positions in the same way as persons with special training and work experience.

This section presents the releases of the Unified Qualification Directory for the Positions of Managers, Specialists and Other Employees (hereinafter referred to as the CSA). The EKS is intended for billing of works and assignment of tariff categories. On the basis of the EKS, it is possible to draw up job descriptions and programs for the training and advanced training of specialists in various industries and fields of activity. Section updated October 17, 2018 - added releases, fixed technical errors.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2002 N 787 established that the EKS consists of qualification characteristics for the positions of managers, specialists and employees, containing job duties and requirements for the level of knowledge and qualifications of managers, specialists and employees.

The development of the CSA is carried out by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation together with the federal executive authorities, which are entrusted with the management, regulation and coordination of activities in the relevant sector (sub-sector) of the economy (paragraph 2 of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2002 N 787). Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of 09.02.2004 N 9 approved the Procedure for the application of the CEN.

This section contains a list of TEN issues valid on the territory of the Russian Federation, relevant as of June 15, 2014. We also draw your attention to the fact that this guide is often erroneously called ETKS positions of managers and specialists(see ETKS works and occupations of workers).

Positions alphabetically

If you know the name of the position in the directory, but do not know in which section of the CSA it is described, then you can use the alphabetical index to quickly find its description:

List of positions by sections of the directory

Download all issues of the CEN in one archive from our website, unfortunately, on this moment it is forbidden. However, you can find the positions you are interested in using the alphabetical index of positions or the rubricator of the issues of the EKS operating in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Where does any company start? From the idea and the people who jointly implement it. Each of the participants has a specific role, a list of responsibilities and competencies. All this is determined by the position held. This article discusses what positions are in the company depending on the industry and line of business, the minimum staffing table, as well as a brief digression into the responsibilities leadership positions, professionals and workers.

What positions can be

Positions in the company are like roles for actors in the theater - each has its own scenario of work, duties, competencies, tasks, functions. Each individual position requires a specific person with a specialized set of knowledge, skills, experience and personal qualities. In any organization, all existing positions can be divided into three groups:

• specialists;
• work positions.

Each group requires certain knowledge and skills, experience and education.

Most important position

Any group of people united by common goals and interests cannot function normally without a leader. One person or a group of people must be at the helm of the company, make important decisions, correct the course of the organization and solve internal problems. AT Russian companies this role is performed by the person holding the highest position in the company. Depending on the type of company, legal form, the number of owners and accounting policies, the dominant position can be different names. In societies with limited liability- director or CEO. AT joint-stock companies- board of directors or shareholders. In agricultural production cooperatives- chairman.

An LLC can be opened by one person. In this case, the founder of the company and the director can be one and the same person, make decisions individually and independently manage all the processes of the organization. In OJSC and CJSC it is already more difficult. In joint-stock companies, the directors are elected by the board of shareholders. In carrying out his official duties, he is obliged to listen to the opinion of the shareholders of the company.

Company leaders

A newly opened LLC, with a staff of no more than two or three people, is unlikely to need a large number of leadership positions. But if the company grows, departments appear that perform fundamentally different functions, the staff increases to tens and even hundreds of people, then you simply cannot do without middle managers. A person holding such a position does not have absolute power over his subordinates, does not make solely important decisions, and does not manage the company as a whole. His task is to control the work of his department, to coordinate the employment of his people, to resolve issues within his competence. The most common leadership positions include:

• financial director, or head of the financial department;
• Technical Director;
• director of production and production;
• Chief Engineer;
• head of the personnel department;
• Chief Accountant;
• head of the trade department;
• head of the purchasing department;
• head of public relations department.

Of course, every organization has the right to be included in staffing positions that are needed in their direction. The names of departments and positions of the people who manage them may vary, while the functionality of the employees is quite similar.

The job of the chief engineer

Chief engineer - a position that is found in organizations that manufacture products that contain their own fleet of vehicles or a fleet of specialized equipment: agricultural organizations, factories, factories, transport companies, and so on. The work of a chief engineer requires a higher technical education in the direction of the organization. It is on him that the technical equipment of the enterprise with spare parts, fuels and lubricants, the necessary equipment and machines, the well-coordinated work of mechanics and service personnel. From his proposal, purchases of all technical units, their spare parts, hiring of people who service all these machines and devices are made. The job of a technical director is similar. In some organizations, these are identical concepts.

Production Director

Production director - a position that makes sense in organizations that produce any product. This is executive is engaged in researching the structure of the market, supply and demand, studying the offers of competitors, determining what needs to be produced, at what prices and in what volumes. The volume and quality of products, their price and placement on the market depend on the effectiveness of its work. His task is to find suppliers of raw materials good quality and with an acceptable cost, launching the release process, monitoring it throughout the entire production cycle.

Specialists

Positions in the company are not limited to managers of different levels. Without ordinary specialists, they will simply have no one to manage. Specialists are usually called applicants with higher or secondary vocational education who graduated educational institution in a certain specialty. In organizations, the positions of specialists include: accountant, managers of various directions, operators, engineers, doctors and others.

Job positions

There are also job positions in the company. Unlike the positions described above, workers do not require specific education, experience, or characteristics. Such work usually requires the performance of certain physical actions: loaders, order pickers, drivers, cleaners. To perform these tasks, there is no need for higher education, work experience, organizational or leadership abilities. Enough to have physical health and endurance.