Presentation PP4 - Technogenic accidents and disasters. Sources of chemical hazards of a man-made nature presentation for a lesson on the topic Man-made hazards presentation on safety

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Topic: Sources of chemical hazard of technogenic origin.

Technogenic pollution of the environment

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Main sources of pollution Main harmful substances Atmosphere Industry Transport Thermal power plants Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen Organic compounds Industrial dust Hydrosphere Wastewater Oil leaks Road transport Heavy metals Oil Oil products Lithosphere Industrial waste and Agriculture Overuse of Fertilizers Plastics Rubber Heavy metals

Emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV)

AHOV - emergency chemically hazardous substances or their compounds, which, if released into the environment, can cause an emergency: infect air, water, soil, lead to poisoning and death of people, animals, plants In accordance with GOST 12.1.007-76 (99) "Harmful substances. Classification and General requirements safety", according to the degree of impact on the human body, AHOV are divided into 4 hazard classes: 1 class, extremely dangerous: hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus oxychloride, ethyleneimine, mercury. Class 2, highly hazardous: acrolein, hydrogen arsenic, hydrocyanic acid, dimethylamine, carbon disulfide, fluorine, chlorine, etc. Class 3, moderately hazardous: hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine, etc. Class 4, low hazardous: ammonia, methyl acrylate , acetone. Substances of hazard classes 1 and 2 are capable of forming life-threatening concentrations even with minor leaks. The main features of AHOV: - the ability to move in the direction of the wind over long distances, where it can cause injury to people; - the volume of action, that is, the ability of contaminated air to penetrate into unsealed rooms; - a wide variety of hazardous chemicals, which creates difficulties in creating filter gas masks; - the ability of many AHOVs to have not only a direct effect, but also infect people through water, products, and surrounding objects.

To characterize the toxic properties of hazardous chemicals, the following concepts are used: the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of a harmful substance and the toxic dose (toxodose). MPC is the concentration that, when exposed to a person daily for a long time, does not cause pathological changes or diseases that can be detected. modern methods diagnostics. It refers to an 8-hour working day and cannot be used to assess the danger of an emergency due to the fact that in emergency cases, the time of exposure to AHOV is very limited. Toxodose is understood as the amount of a substance that causes a certain toxic effect. Name of indicator Norm for hazard class 1 2 3 4 -10.0 More than 10.0 Mean lethal dose when injected into the stomach, mg/kg Less than 15 15-150 150-5000 More than 50000 Mean lethal dose when applied to the skin, mg/kg Less than 100 100-500 501-2500 More than 2500 Average lethal concentration in air, mg/m3 Less than 500 500-5000 5001-50000 More than 50000 Possibility factor for inhalation poisoning More than 300 300-30 29-3 Less than 3 Acute action zone Less than 6.0 6.0-18 .0 18.1-54.0 More than 54.0 Chronic zone More than 10.0 10.0-5.0 4.9-2.5 Less than 2.5

Chemically hazardous objects and accidents on them

Chemically hazardous objects (CHO) are objects in the event of an accident or destruction of which people, farm animals and plants may be injured, or chemical contamination of the natural environment with hazardous chemicals in concentrations or quantities exceeding the natural level of their content in the environment. The main damaging factor in an accident at a CSO is chemical contamination of the surface layer of the atmosphere; at the same time, possible contamination of water sources, soil, and vegetation. These accidents are often accompanied by fires and explosions. The most dangerous accidents are enterprises that produce, use or store toxic substances and explosive materials. These include factories and combines of the chemical, petrochemical, and oil refining industries. Of particular concern are accidents railway transport accompanied by a spill of highly toxic substances being transported (SDYAV). Potent toxic substances (SDN) are chemical compounds that are highly toxic and capable under certain conditions (mainly during accidents at chemically hazardous facilities) to cause mass poisoning of people and animals, as well as to contaminate the environment. Currently, instead of the term SDYAV, the term Chemically Hazardous Substance (AHOV) is used. Taking into account the rate of release of hazardous chemicals into the environment during accidents and catastrophes, the time factor in the organization and implementation of chemical control is of paramount importance. For this purpose, even during the period of normal operation of the HOO, the following measures are taken: 1) Stationary chemical sensors are installed in workshops on the territory of the facility, in the sanitary protection zone of the facility and in settlements located near the facility. 2) Create automated system control of chemical contamination and notification of the personnel of the facility and the population in a potential zone of extremely dangerous contamination. 3) Carry out periodic monitoring of the concentration of hazardous chemicals in the production premises of the facility and outside them by the environmental control departments of the facility's laboratories, stationary and mobile means of the hydrometeorological service and sanitary and epidemiological stations.

In Russia, there are more than three thousand six hundred chemically hazardous facilities, and one hundred and forty-six cities with a population of more than one hundred thousand people are located in areas of increased chemical hazard. Region Used and stored chemically hazardous substances Total amount, thousand tons Povolzhsky Ammonia, chlorine, etc. 146.3 Central Black Earth Chlorine, ammonia, etc. 124.4 Central Ammonia, chlorine, hydrocyanic and hydrochloric acids, chloropicrin, acrylic acid nitrile , carbon disulfide 77.2 West Siberian Ammonia, chlorine, carbon disulfide, hydrogen chloride, sulfurous anhydride, hydrogen fluoride, acetonitrile 50.9 Northwest Ammonia, chlorine, acrylic acid nitrile, hydrogen fluoride, etc. 48.5 Ural ammonia, chlorine , acrylic acid nitrile, hydrogen fluoride, etc. 48.5 Volga-Vyatka Chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, phosgene, etc. 46.2 Northern ammonia, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, etc. 25.2 Regions Russian Federation with a high concentration of chemically hazardous objects Causes of accidents: violations of safety regulations for the transportation and storage of toxic substances; failure of units, pipelines, depressurization of storage tanks; excess of standard stocks; violation of the established norms and rules for the placement of chemically hazardous facilities; reaching full production capacity of chemical industry enterprises, caused by the desire of foreign entrepreneurs to invest in hazardous industries in Russia; an increase in terrorism at chemically hazardous facilities; deterioration of the life support system of the population; placement by foreign firms on the territory of Russia of environmentally hazardous enterprises; import of hazardous waste from abroad and their burial in Russia (sometimes they are even left in railway cars). About 20 chemical accidents are registered every day in the world. One of the biggest disasters of the 20th century was the explosion in 1985 in India, in Bhopal, at the Union-carbide enterprise. As a result, 45 tons of methyl isocyanate got into the environment, 3,000 people died, 300,000 became disabled.

Classification of emergencies

technogenic character

Performed:

Shumskaya Anna Eduardovna

Lifestyle and technology teacher

NIGHT "Orthodox Classical Gymnasium "Ark" of the Moscow region, Schelkovsky district, village of Dushonovo

Accident-

man-made event, consisting in damage, failure, destruction technical device or structures during its operation

Catastrophe-

This is an accident that resulted in loss of life

Man-caused emergencies-

The situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident or catastrophe that has caused or may cause human casualties, damage to human health and environment, significant material losses and violation of living conditions.

Technogenic emergencies are subdivided

Accidents at the ROO

Accidents at HOO

Transport accidents.

Accidents at hydrodynamic hazardous facilities

Accidents at fire and explosive facilities

Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities

Accidents on utility networks

US bridge collapsed across the Mississippi.

Sudden collapse of buildings, structures

A subway station under construction has collapsed in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The victims were a minibus with passengers .

On August 17, 2009, the largest accident in the history of domestic hydropower occurred at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, which caused the death of 75 people .

Hazardous Chemical Release Accidents

In Ukraine, a train with highly toxic yellow phosphorus derailed.

The disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Accident at the nuclear power plant "Fukushima-1"

Emergency - natural

Moscow without electricity (2005)

May 25, 2005 - an accident in the power system of Russia. The city of Moscow, Tula, Moscow, Kaluga and Ryazan regions suffered.

• violation of labor and technological discipline in production;
• instrument failure.
• violation of safety regulations;
• depreciation of equipment;
• deterioration of the material and technical base;
• natural disasters.

How to reduce the number of accidents?

Raise the general culture of life (education, responsibility, diligence,

skill improvement,

knowledge of TB rules).

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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Technogenic hazards and risks

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Contradictions in the interactions of the elements of the system "natural environment - technosphere - society"

The inability of the natural environment to fully meet the growing needs of society;
overexploitation of natural resources against the background of limited opportunities for their restoration;
exacerbation of the dilemma of scientific and technological progress: on the one hand, the high rates of development of the technosphere in the 20th century and outstanding achievements (atomic, space, aviation, energy and chemical technology, electronics, genetic engineering, etc.), and on the other hand, the emergence and the growth of potential and real threats to man, society, and the environment from the objects of the technosphere.

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1.Trends in the field of natural and technogenic safety

contradictions in the interactions of the elements of the system "natural environment - technosphere - society" led to an increase in the number emergencies(ES) of natural-technogenic and technogenic nature

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Feature of Russia

A feature of Russia was that the increase in the number of emergencies in the last decade was accompanied by a reduction in the pace and volume of production to 40-50% (in capital-forming industries - up to 70-95%).

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Explosion in a Chinese mine killed 68 people. / 28.11.2005, 9:25 / As a result of an explosion in a mine in the northeastern Chinese province of Heilongjiang, 68 miners were killed.
Germany covered with snow - there are casualties. / 28.11.2005, 9:05 / Two thousand accidents, about one and a half hundred injured, one dead and more than six million euros of damage were the result of snowfall in Germany.
More than 100,000 Germans remain without electricity after a snow storm. / 27.11.2005, 14:31 / In the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, it is still not possible to restore power supply, interrupted due to a strong snow storm. About 120 thousand people remain without electricity.
Two trains collided in India. / 25.11.2005, 9:48 / In the Indian state of West Bengal, at least two people were injured as a result of a collision between two trains. On Friday, at Panskura station (100 km from Kolkata), an express passenger train crashed into a standing commuter train.

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Extraordinary accidents and catastrophes of one month

11/24/2005 // An earthquake measuring 6.8 was recorded in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
11/24/2005 // A yacht under the Ukrainian flag is in distress off the coast of Greece.
23.11.2005 // The water of the Amur polluted by the accident in China can reach Khabarovsk.
11/23/2005 // In Turkey, an electric train collided with a truck, 9 people were killed.
11/22/2005 // Storm Gamma battered Honduras.
11/18/2005 // 172 people became victims of floods in Colombia.
11/16/2005 // Ecological accident in Kerch - 50 thousand inhabitants were left without water.
11/15/2005 // 10,000 people are evacuated in Colombia from an awakened volcano.
11/14/2005 // A series of explosions at a chemical plant in China: 1 killed, 70 injured.
11/11/2005 // An earthquake of magnitude 6.0 on the Richter scale occurred in Yakutia.

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Oilfield accidents

near the city of Novy Urengoy, an accident occurred at the Pestsovoye field, owned by OAO Gazprom.

The valve in the valve building was depressurized and a gas leak occurred.
On Friday night, the valves were closed, the gas was released. Three fire brigades of the district's State Fire Service and employees of Urengoygazprom worked at the scene.
During the liquidation of the accident, seven employees of the enterprise were poisoned by natural gas. All victims received health care. Currently, their condition is assessed as satisfactory.
The circumstances of the incident are established. The company launched an investigation into the causes of the accident.

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Dynamics of the number of deaths in emergency situations for the period 1997–2004

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2.

It would seem that solid experience has been accumulated in the prevention and elimination of accidents, the causes and conditions of their occurrence have been analyzed and revealed, and subsequent appropriate safety measures have been taken. However, the curves of growth in the number and severity of man-made incidents do not show noticeable trends towards a qualitative decrease.

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Why is the number of accidents and man-made emergencies not decreasing?

BUT). Scientific and technical progress and the development of the productive forces of society lead to an ever-increasing saturation of the technosphere with man-made (technical) objects, in which artificially created energy reserves are accumulated, representing a potential danger to humans and their environment.
(Any technical object that has or uses an artificial energy reserve is potentially dangerous. In addition, the rate of increase in the number of technical objects in the technosphere is comparable to or greater than the general increase in their reliability (although newly constructed HIFs have higher reliability, however, the reliability of HIFs in operation only decreases from time).

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Why is the number of accidents and man-made emergencies not decreasing?

B). In practice, there is a priority of using methods for eliminating the consequences of an accident over methods for improving safety. Most of the security measures implemented at HIFs are in the nature of “fire brigade methods”. (Alas, these methods have a pronounced populist basis - the larger the accident, the more effective the rescue and the TV picture).

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The main reasons for the increase in the number of man-made emergencies:

an unacceptably high level of depreciation of fixed assets and the depletion of the design resources of machinery and equipment (up to 50-80% in the energy sector, petrochemicals, and transport);
(decommissioning of potentially hazardous facilities that have exhausted their resource or service life is a complex scientific, technical, economic and social problem)

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low level of investment and, as a result, the impossibility

reconstruction and renewal of fixed assets (annually less than 1-5%);
insufficient regulatory and legal framework in the field of natural and technogenic safety at the federal and regional levels.

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Causes of accidents at industrial facilities

in the oil and oil refining industry:
corrosion of pipe metal and damage to pipelines or tank structures (age composition of field pipelines: up to 15 years - 63%, more than 15 years - 37% with an actual service life of 20 years);
unauthorized tie-ins by third parties;
violation of safety regulations and fire safety rules by service personnel;
design flaws and poor-quality repair of equipment; factory defect of pipes;
marriage committed during construction and installation works, and violation of their norms by contracting organizations, etc.

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in the gas industry:

stress corrosion;
unauthorized conduct by various non-departmental organizations earthworks in the security zones of gas pipelines without taking into account the minimum (safe) distances from the axis of the pipeline.

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in the coal industry:

accidents in mines (explosions of methane and coal dust, fires and rocks, insufficiently qualified fastening of various equipment and replacement of lining, as well as difficult working conditions for combines in the faces);
fires in mines caused by the ignition of the conveyor belt, electrical equipment, as well as coal explosions;
other emergencies that can lead to very serious consequences (inversion of air into a coal mine
power outages in mines

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in the power industry:

increase in the volume of equipment that has exhausted its resource;
lack of budget financing for the construction of new power plants;
extremely tense situation with the provision of power plants with fuel;
location of energy facilities in areas with unfavorable natural conditions(in zones of seismic activity, northern regions);
concentration of production facilities in a limited area and in close proximity to cities and towns;
miscalculations in design, unsatisfactory quality and imperfections in construction and installation work at newly commissioned facilities, etc.

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3. Safety theory of technological systems

An independent field of fundamental science, developing at the intersection of reliability theory, system analysis, probability theory, statistics, computer science, engineering knowledge

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3.1 Sources of man-made hazard

Types of activity (industrial, defense) that can lead to the emergence of hazards in the environmental sphere,
- potentially dangerous objects
or enterprises, organizations, institutions carrying out the relevant type of activity
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Radiation (radiation fields),
Mechanical (impact loads, ground vibrations),
Ballistic (fragmentation fields),
Thermal (heat flow),
Electromagnetic (lightning discharges),
Excess concentrations of radioactive substances, carcinogens and toxicants
Chemical poisoning
bacteriological infection
Explosive and shock waves
Impulse accelerations

Affecting factors arising from hazardous events:

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object danger

Its property, consisting in the possibility during operation, under certain circumstances, to cause damage to a person and the OPS

According to the accumulated hazard potential
- according to the mechanism of damage
- by type of hazard
- by the nature of the emergency

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3.3 Safety declaration requirements for certain types of production facilities

3.4 Man-made risk analysis

Fundamentals of life safety Technogenic accidents and catastrophes Boshkaeva L. T. - Ph.D. , ass, professor

MAN-MADE EMERGENCIES Transport accidents Accidents with the release of biologically hazardous substances Accidents with the release of chemically hazardous substances Accidents with the release of radioactive substances Accidents in utility systems Accidents in electric power systems Hydrodynamic accidents. Accidents at wastewater treatment plants Fires and explosions Sudden collapse of buildings and structures

MAIN CAUSES CAUSED MAN-MADE ACCIDENTS AND DISASTERS: Wear technological equipment, Vehicle and fixed production assets; low level of quality of devices for monitoring hazardous and harmful factors (including means of collective and personal protection); insufficient technological reliability of security systems and control systems; insufficient production culture and a decrease in the level of competence and responsibility of specialists;

increase in the use of explosive, fire, chemical, radiation, biologically hazardous substances and technologies; insufficiency and inconsistency of measures to prevent accidents and catastrophes; placement of hazardous industries and potentially hazardous facilities directly in the center of cities; insufficient control over the state of potentially hazardous industries and facilities; a sharp decrease in the volume of construction and the maintenance of collective means of protection for the population; lack of the required number of local warning systems.

Technogenic dangers are prevented by the improvement of technology. By impact on humans: Mechanical (falling, moving, rotating objects): energy and potential physical, chemical, psychophysiological

Psychophysiological danger There are several sections in psychology: labor psychology, engineering psychology, safety psychology. Psychology of work (psychotechnics) studies psychological aspects labor activity. Engineering psychology studies the processes of information interaction of a person with technical systems, as well as the requirements for the design of machines and devices, taking into account the mental properties of a person. In terms of goals and objectives, ergonomics is close to engineering psychology. Security psychology - studies the psychological aspects of activity, mental processes, the state and properties of a person that affect security conditions.

Mental processes and states Mental processes are divided into: cognitive, emotional and volitional (i.e. sensations, perceptions, memory, etc.).

Unfavorable factors that increase stress are divided into the following groups: physiological discomfort, i.e., inconsistency of living conditions with regulatory requirements; biological fear; lack of time for service; increased difficulty of the task; increased importance of erroneous actions; the presence of relevant interference; failure due to objective circumstances; lack of information for adoption; underloading information (sensory derivation); information overload; conflict conditions, i.e. conditions under which the fulfillment of one of them requires the implementation of actions that contradict the fulfillment of another condition.

Classification of stress in accordance with mental functions: - intense stress - stress caused by frequent use of intellectual processes in the formation of a service plan, due to the high density of the flow of problematic service situations. - sensory tension - tension caused by non-optimal conditions for the activity of sensory and perceptual systems and arising in case of great difficulty in perceiving the necessary information. - monotony - tension caused by the monotony of the actions performed, the impossibility of switching attention, increased requirements for both concentration and attention stability.

- polytonia - tension caused by the need to switch attention, frequent and in unexpected directions. - physical stress - the stress of the body, caused by an increased load on the human motor apparatus. - emotional stress - stress caused by conflict conditions, an increased likelihood of emergency, surprise or prolonged tension of other types. - expectation stress - the stress caused by the need to maintain the readiness of work functions in the absence of activity. - motivational stress is associated with the struggle of motives, with the choice of criteria for making a decision. - fatigue - stress associated with a temporary decrease in performance caused by prolonged work.

Classification of harmful substances The effect of toxic effects depends on the amount of emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV) that have entered the body, their physical and chemical properties, the duration and intensity of intake, and interaction with biological media (blood, enzymes).

According to selective toxicity, there are: 1) cardiac with a predominant cardiotoxic effect (metal salts - barium, potassium, cobalt, radium); 2) nervous, causing a violation of mental activity (carbon monoxide, organophosphorus compounds, alcohol, drugs, sleeping pills); 3) hepatic (chlorinated hydrocarbons, poisonous mushrooms, phenols and aldehydes); 4) renal (heavy metal compounds, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid); 5) blood (aniline and its derivatives, nitrates, arsenic hydrogen); 6) pulmonary (smog, tar, gases).

The threshold of harmful action is the minimum concentration of a substance, under the influence of which biological changes occur in the body at the organismal level, beyond the limits of adaptive reactions, or latent pathology.

According to GOST 12. 0. 003-74, harmful substances are divided into: 1) toxic, causing poisoning of the whole organism or affecting individual systems (CNS), causing pathological changes in the liver, kidneys; 2) irritating, causing irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, lungs, skin;

3) sensitizing, acting as allergens (formaldehydes, solvents, varnishes based on nitro- and nitro compounds); 4) mutagenic, leading to a violation of the genetic code, a change in hereditary information (lead, manganese, radioactive isotopes); 5) carcinogenic, causing malignant neoplasms (cyclic amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, chromium, nickel, asbestos); 6) affecting the reproductive (childbearing) function (mercury, lead, styrene, radioactive isotopes).

Russian language English language Kazakh language Road traffic accident (RTA) Zhol-transport you қ t tenshe zha dailar ө ғ (ZhTTZh) Accidents at enterprises K siporyndarda y ғ ai yly zha dailar қ ғ ғ Industrial or transport accident ndiristik nemese Ө transportty қ disaster Professional selection To sib ta dau ә ңGlossary

References: 1. Suvorovtsev A. A., Melnikov E. N., and others. "Life safety". Tutorial. ASF RK. 2004 2. Belov S. V. Life safety: A textbook for universities - M .: Higher school, 2005. 3. Life safety. Textbook, book 1. - Almaty: Republican courses of emergency situations and civil defense, 2002. Additional literature: 1. Prikhodko NV Life safety. Lecture course. - Almaty: VSHP "Adilet", 2000. SIRS Technogenic hazards (report 3-5 pages) SIDS Industrial accidents, disasters and their consequences (report 3-5 pages)

Homework: What man-made emergencies are possible in our region? What man-made emergencies have you observed personally? Tell us about your actions in various man-made emergencies, if they happen now.