Handbook on fire safety of substances and materials. Reference data on fire hazardous properties of substances and materials

natural gas,

PM-50,

Gas slate household, combustible; a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Density gas by air 1.09. T. self-ignition. 660 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 8.5-38% (vol.) in air, 8.5-80% (vol.) in

Gas shale generating, combustible; mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Mol. weight 28.7; dense by air 1.09. T. self-ignition. 660 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 30-66% (vol.) in 4.1, gr. 7.

Gas slate chamber, in oxygen. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Foamer T-66, flammable yellow-brown liquid. It is a mixture of dioxane and pyran alcohols and fatty polyols. Flesh. 1020-1060 kg / m 3, boiling point at least 125 ° C; solubility in water 40 g/l. T. rev. 102 °C (o.t.); t. 114 °С; t. self-ignition. 272 °C. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 2.

Gas blast furnaces, combustible. Approximate composition,% (vol.): carbon dioxide 8.2-15.9, oxygen 0.0-0.5, carbon monoxide 20.7-30.65, methane 0.0-0.3, hydrogen 2, 7-4.3, nitrogen 55.9-61.8. Conc. distribution limits sq.: below. 35-36% (vol.), top. 72-73.5% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Gas from the separator high pressure(ethyl butyrate production process), flammable. Composition, % (vol.): nitrogen 2.4, hydrogen 2, carbon dioxide 1, oxygen 0.6, carbon monoxide 90, propane 4. Conc. distribution limits sq. 9.4-56.5% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Gas converted, combustible. Composition, % (vol.): hydrogen 61.5, carbon monoxide 18.5, nitrogen 20.0. Conc. distribution limits sq. 8.0-82.5% (vol.). BEMZ 0.4 mm. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. eight.

Gas semi-coke, combustible. Composition, % (vol.): carbon dioxide 0.2-5.2, hydrogen 8.7-17.1, alkenes 15.5-33.6, hydrogen cyanides 19.6-43.9, oxygen 0.4- 2.2, carbon monoxide 6.4-17.9, nitrogen 2.6-43.3. Mol. weight 27; dense 1020 kg / m 3. T. self-ignition. 600 °С; conc. distribution limits square: 3.2-66.0% (vol.); MWSC when diluted with nitrogen 9.1% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

natural gas, combustible. Composition, % (vol.): methane 93.05, nitrogen 1.97, carbon dioxide 0.75, ethane 2.73, propane 1.04, butane 0.22, isobutane 0.15, pentane 0.04 , isopentane 0.05. Conc. distribution limits sq. 4.5-13.5% (vol.); norms, spreading speed sq. 0.176 m/s. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Carbon black production gas PM-50, combustible. Composition, % (vol.): nitrogen 63, hydrogen 15, carbon dioxide 5, methane 0.6, carbon monoxide 13, admixtures of God, carbon and water vapor up to 100. Conc. distribution limits sq. 16-52% (vol.) . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. eight.

Gas slate household, combustible; a mixture of hydrogen, oxide and carbon dioxide, nitrogen, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Density gas by air 1.09. T. self-ignition. 660 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 8.5-38% (vol.) in air, 8.5-80% (vol.) in oxygen. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Gas shale generating, combustible; a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Mol. weight 28.7; dense by air 1.09. T. self-ignition. 660 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 30-66% (vol.) in air, 30-91% (vol.) in oxygen. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Gas slate chamber, combustible; a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Mol. weight 21.5; dense by air 0.94. T. self-ignition. 640 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 8-37% (vol.) in air, 8-83% (vol.) in oxygen. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 7.

Gallic acid, tannin C7H6O5, combustible white powder. Mol. weight 170.13; t. 220-240 °С (with decomposition); temp. images.

673.4 kJ/mol, th. crop. -2810 kJ/mol; i.e. self-ignition:
airgel 407 °С, air suspension 432 °С; lower conc. distribution limit
sq. 130 g/m 3 ; Max. pressure explosion 760 kPa at conc. dust 450 g/m;
pressure rise rate: avg. 8 MPa/s, max. 30.4 MPa/s;
MVSK 15% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 3.

Hafnium, Hf, combustible silvery white metal. At. weight 178.49; t. 2220 °С; t. kip. about 4600 °C; does not dissolve in water. For a sample with a dispersion of less than 180 microns, self-ignition temperature: airgel 250 °C, air suspension 390 °C; lower conc. spread limit sq. air suspension 210 g/m 3 . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. ten.

hafnium diboride, combustible substance. The sample has a dispersion of less than 56 microns. t. self-ignition. 620 "C in dry air, 665 ° C in humid air. Extinguishing agents: table. 4.1, gr. 10.

Guaiacol, o-methoxyphenol, StHbCl, combustible. Mol. weight 124.13; dense 1129 kg / m 3; t. 28.3 °С; t. kip. 205 °С; lgp = 5.28615-1051.203/(115.844 + f) at 82-205°C; dense steam over air 4.8; solubility in water 1.7% (wt.) at 15 °C. T. rev. 91 °C; t. self-ignition. 385 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 1.3-7.9% (vol.) - calculated; pace, distribution limits area: lower 88 °C, upper 124 °C (calc.) . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 1.

Hexabromobenzene, SbVgv, non-flammable substance. Mol. weight 551.5; dense 3380 kg / m 3; apparent dense. 1100 kg / m 3; t. 316-318 °С; temp. images. 209.77 kJ/mol. T. self-ignition. up to 700 "WITH absent; air suspension to conc. 200 g/m 3 does not ignite. It can be used for fire extinguishing in the form of additives to freons.

1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10-Hexabromocyclododecane, D-11 bromant, Ci 2 Hi8Br 6 , slow-burning powder. The content of the main substance 95% (mass). Mol. weight 641.7; t. 177 °С; dense 2330 kg / m 3. Sample dispersion less than 100 microns; humidity 0.5% (mass). T. self-ignition. airgel 580 °С; air suspension to conc. 300 g/m 3 does not ignite. It can be used for fire extinguishing in the form of additives to freons.

Hexadecane,С|6Нз4, combustible substance. Mol. weight 226.44; dense 773.4 kg / m 3; t. 18.15 °С; t. kip. 286.79 °C; logp = 5.91242 -

• 
  1656.405/(136.869 +/) at 105-287°C; temp. images.
• 
  373.3 kJ/mol; temp. crop. -10034 kJ/mol. T. rev. 128 °С;
  t. self-ignition. 207 °С; lower conc. distribution limit sq. 0.47% (vol.) -
  calculation; lower temp, spread limit sq. 126 °C (calc.) . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 3.

tert- Hekeadecanthiol, tri-hexadecylmercaptan, C16H34S, flammable colorless liquid. Mol. weight 258.51; t. kip. 148-153 °C at 1.4 kPa; insoluble in water. T. rev. 129 ° C (o. t.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

1-Hexadecene, hexadecylene-1, C.6H3g, combustible liquid. Mol. weight 224.4; dense 780 kg / m 3; t. 4 °С; t. kip. 274 °С; dense steam over air 7.72. T. rev. 112 °С; t. self-ignition. 240 "C; lower end. distribution limit. pl. 0.45% (vol.) - calculation . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 1.

hexadecyl alcohol, 1-hexadecanol, cetyl alcohol, С16Н34О,

combustible substance. Mol. weight 242.45; dense 817.6 kg / m 1 at 50 ° C; t. 50 °С; t. kip. 344 °C, temp. images. -526.8 kJ/mol; temp. crop. -10627.3 kJ/mol; not a solution in water. T. rev. 170 °С; t. 180 °C; t. self-ignition. 245 °C. . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

Hexadecyltrichlorosilane, C|bNzzSh81, combustible liquid. Mol. weight 359.88; dense 1000 kg / m 3; t. kip. 269 ​​°С; dissolves in water. T. rev. 146 °C. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 5.

1,4-hexadiene, allylpropenyl, SbNu, flammable liquid. Mol. weight 82.15; dense 699.6 kg / m 3; t. kip. 66 °С; dense steam over air 2.8; insoluble in water. T. rev. -21 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 1.2-7.6% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

2,4-Hexadienal, SbN 8 O, flammable liquid. Mol. weight 96.14; dense at 20 ° C 898 kg / m 3; t. kip. 171 °С; temp. images. - 182 kJ/mol (calc.); temp. crop. -3134 kJ/mol (calc.). T. vsp.: 55 ° С (w. t.) - calculated, 68 ° С (o. t.); conc. distribution limits sq. 1.43-8.1% (vol.) - calc. . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

2,4-Hexadiic acid, sorbic acid, SbNvOg, combustible powder. Mol. weight 112.13; t. 134 °С; poorly soluble in water. T. rev. 127 °C (o.t.); t. 134 °С, self-ignition temperature; airgel 369 °С, air suspension 426 °С; lower conc. distribution limit sq. 30 g/m 3 ; MVSK. 12% (vol.) when diluting the dust-air mixture with nitrogen and 14% (vol.) when diluted with carbon dioxide; Max. pressure explosion 720 kPa; pressure rise rate: avg. 21 MPa/s, max. 54 MPa/s; min. ignition energy 4.1 mJ. Extinguishing agent: tab. 4.1, gr. 4.

tungsten hexacarbonyl, W(CO)g, flammable colorless powder. Mol. weight 352; t. 169.5 °С; t. kip. 178.2 "C; insoluble in water. Dispersion of the sample is 315 μm. T. flare. 123 °C; t. self-ignition. airgel 158 °C; t. decay, absent; lower limit. distribution limit. pl. 40 g / m 3. Extinguishing agents: table 4.1, column 3.

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)e, flammable colorless powder. Mol. weight 264; t. kip. 150 "C; density 1960 kg / m 3; does not dissolve in water. Sample dispersion 315 microns. T. ignition 100 ° C; self-ignition point of airgel 150 ° C; t. decay, absent; lower. distribution limit 13.8 g/m 3. Extinguishing media: table 4.1, column 3.

n-Hexaldehyde. See Hexanal.

Hexamethyldisiloxane, C6H| 8 OSi2, flammable, colorless liquid. Mol. weight 162.38; dense 763.6 kg / m 3; t. - 67 °С; t. kip. 98.5 °С; does not dissolve in water. T. rev. - 4 °С; t. 4 °С; t. self-ignition. 340 °С (non-standard method); lower conc. distribution limit sq. 0.9% (vol.) - calculated; pace, distribution limits area: lower -4°C, upper 64 °C. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 5.

M-Hexamethylene-2-benzthiazolylsulfenamide, C13H16N2S2 Flammable light gray powder. Mol. weight 264.4; t. 98-100 °C. T. rev. 137 °C (o.t.); t. 152 °C (o.t.); t. self-ignition. 286 °С; lower conc. distribution limit sq. air suspension 47 g/m 3 ; MVSK 10.5% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 4.

Hexamethylenebisdithiocarbamate zinc, C8HnN 2 S 4 Zn, combustible light gray powder. Composition, % (mass): basic substance 98, ZnCl 2 and NaCl 2. Mol. weight 331.8; t. 191 °C. T. resp. 230 °C (o.t.); t. self-ignition. 230 °С; lower conc. distribution limit sq. 65 g/m 3 ;

MVSK 14% (vol.); min. ignition energy 7 mJ. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 4.

Hexamethylenediamine. See 1, 6-diaminohexane.

Hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, desmodur H, C8H12O2N2, flammable colorless liquid. Mol. weight 168.2; dense 1046 kg / m 3; t. -67 "C; bp. 255 ° C (with decomposition); steam density in air 5.8. T. ref. 140 "C; t. self-ignition. 402 °С; pace, distribution limits area: lower 106 °C, upper 132 "C. Smoke contains toxic gases. Extinguishing agents: table. 4.1, gr. 2; it should be borne in mind that when compact jets of water are supplied, a strong spray of a burning substance occurs and an increase in its combustion volume. Strong ignition is also observed when foam is supplied, however, when Extinguishing is achieved with a significant layer of foam.Atomized water, covering the entire combustion surface, extinguishes easily without significant ignition.Effectively extinguished with carbon dioxide, powder compositions.

Hexamethyleneimine, CeHnN, flammable liquid. Mol. weight 898 kg / m 3; coefficient ref. 1.4693. T. rev. 24 °С; conc. distribution limits sq. 1.1-7.3% (vol.) - calculated; t. self-ignition. 330 C C; pace, distribution limits area: lower 24 °C, upper 65 °C. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

Hexamethyleneimine salt of hexamethylenethiocarbamic acid, C / HiiONS "CeHnN, combustible amorphous white powder. Composition,% (mass): basic substance 99, water 1. Mol. weight 254.4; melting point 83-84 "C. T. resp. 44 °C; t. self-ignition. 287 °C. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 3.

Hexamethylenetetramine, urotropine, hexamine, aminoform, formin, C6H12N4, flammable white powder. The content of the main substance is 99.8% (mass). Mol. weight 140.19; dense 1331 kg / m 3; t. 285-295 ° С, at melting point sublimes, decomposes, chars; temp. images. -136.9 kJ/mol; solution in water. The dispersion of the sample is less than 200 µm. T. self-ignition: airgel 340 "C, air suspension 410 °C; lower limit. distribution limit. pl. 15 g / m 3; max. explosion pressure 690 kPa; max. pressure rise rate. 77 MPa / s; min. Ignition energy 10 mJ, MVSK 11% (vol.) with a flagmatizer - nitrogen and 14% (vol.) with a flagmatizer - carbon dioxide Extinguishing media: Table 4.1, column 4.

Hexamethylolmelamine, C 9 HieO6N 6 , flammable white powder. Mol. weight 306.28; t. 135-139 °С; bulk weight 645 kg/m 3 ; poorly soluble in water. T. resp. 315 °С; t. self-ignition. 485 °С; lower conc. distribution limit sq. air suspension 60 g/m 3 ; Max. pressure explosion 490 kPa; max, pressure rise rate 18.5 MPa/s; MVSK 9% (vol.). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 4.

Hexamethylphosphoric triamide, phosphoric acid hexamethyltriamide, CeHieONaP, flammable colorless liquid. Mol. weight 179.2; t. kip. 235 °С; dense 1025 kg / m 3; coefficient ref. 1.457 at 25°C; temp. images. 477.4 kJ/mol; freely soluble in water. T. rev. 122 °C (o.t.); t. 160 °C; t. self-ignition. 239 °С; pace, distribution limits area: lower 110°C, upper 141 °C. Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 2.

1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5-Hexamethnlcyclotrisilazane, SbH 2 ] N. t Si 3) flammable colorless liquid. Mol. weight 219.51; dense 919.6 kg / m 3; t. 10 °С; t. kip. 188 °С; hydrolyzed by moisture in the air. T. rev. -40 °С; t. self-ignition. 260 °С; pace, limits

distribution sq. in dry air: lower 21 °C, top 172 °С; pace, distribution limits sq. at relative humidity 44-47%; lower 40 °C, top 178 "C. Extinguishing agents: table. 4.1, gr. 5.

Hexamidin, C12H14O2N2, flammable white powder. Mol. weight 218.26; t. 275 °С; slightly soluble in water. T. resp. 285 °С; t. self-ignition. airgel 450 °С; at a dispersion of 100 microns lower. conc. distribution limit sq. 40 g/m 3 ; combustion rate 2.8-10

2 kg / (m 2 -s). Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 4.

Hexamine. See Hexamethylenetetramine.

Hexane, SbNm, flammable, colorless liquid. Mol. weight 86.177; dense 654.81 kg / m 3; t. - 95.32 °С; t. kip. 68.74 °С; lg p \u003d 5.99517-1166.274 / (223.661 + P at t-re from

54 to 69 °С; coefficient diff. vapor in air 0.0663 cm / s; temp. image
call. -167.2 kJ/mol; temp. crop. -3887 kJ/mol; dissolve
bridge in water 0.014% (mass.) at 15 °C. T. rev. - 23 °С; t. self
ignite 233 °С; conc. distribution limits sq.: 1.24-7.5% (vol.) in air,
0.69-21.8% (vol.) in nitrogen hemioxide; pace, distribution limits area:
lower - 26 °С; upper 4 °С; min. ignition energy 0.25 mJ;
Max. pressure explosion 848 kPa; MVSK when diluted with steam-air
a mixture of carbon dioxide 14.6% (vol.), nitrogen 11.9% (vol.);
Max. norms, spreading speed sq. 0.385 m/s; burnout speed. 10.3X
X1O 2 kg/(m 2 -s) .
Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

Hexanal, hexanealdehyde, caproaldehyde, caproaldehyde, C6H2O, flammable colorless liquid. Mol. weight 100.16; dense 835.5 kg / m 3 at 20 ° C; t. kip. 131 "C; coefficient of differential steam in air 0.059 cm 2 / s (calc.); thermal images.

248.4 kJ/mol; temp. crop. -3563 kJ/mol (calc.); growing
vorima in the water. T. vp.: 30 ° С (w. t.), 32 ° С (o. t.); conc. limits
distribution sq. 1.3-7.6% (vol.) - calc. . Extinguishing media:
tab. 4.1, gr. one.

1,6-Hexandnamine. See Hexamethylenediamine.

Hexanedioic acid. See adipic acid.

1,2-Hexanediol hexylene glycol, CvHnOg, combustible liquid. Mol. weight 118.17; dense 900 kg/m3; t. kip. 196 °C. T. vsp: 98 ° C (W. T.), 102 ° C (O. T.); lower conc. distribution limit sq. 1.3% (vol.) - calc. . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. one.

1,6-hexanediol, SvHmOg, combustible light yellow powder. Mol. weight 118.17; t. 42 °C. Sample dispersion 100-160 microns; humidity 1.98% (mass). T. resp. 161 °C (o.t.); t. self-ignition. 316 °С; lower conc. distribution limit sq. 57 g/m 3 . Extinguishing agents: tab. 4.1, gr. 4.

2,3-Hexanediol, 2,3-dihydroxyhexane, CbHnO2, combustible. Mol. weight 118.17; dense 990 kg / m 3 at 15 ° C; t. 60 °С; t. kip. 207 °С; poorly soluble in water. T. rev. 110 "C; self-ignition temperature 320 °C (calc.). Extinguishing media: table. 4.1, gr. 3.

I would like to dedicate this article summary background information according to the fire hazardous properties of substances and materials. I hope this article will be useful to my readers in determining the categories for fire and explosion hazards and not only.

1. Reference book of Baratov.
This book is on this moment the most complete collection on the fire-hazardous properties of substances and materials, a sort of "bestseller" of fire-technical literature. Particularly useful this handbook I believe by the availability of background information on the fire hazard of technical products and various mixtures, which may not always be available in other sources.
This handbook is designed for a fairly wide audience of both fire and technical specialists and specialists in other fields of knowledge.
Bibliography: Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials and means of extinguishing them: Ref. ed.: in 2 books / A.N. Baratov, A.Ya. Korolchenko, G.N. Kravchuk and others - M., Chemistry, 1990. - book. 1 - 496 p., book. 2 - 384 p.

2. Directory of Korolchenko.
The contents of this book practically do not differ from Baratov's handbook, but nevertheless it contains materials that are not in Baratov's handbook.
Bibliography: A.Ya. Korolchenko, D.A. Korolchenko. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials and means of extinguishing them. Directory: in 2 hours - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional – M.: Ass. Pozhnauka, 2004. - part 1 - 713 p.; part 2 - 774 p.

3. Directory Zemsky.
Pretty new book. In this book, the heat of combustion of substances is present in the form of calculated data obtained by the author in calculations using the modified Mendeleev formula. The book will be especially useful to those who are too lazy to calculate the heat of combustion of a particular organic compound. Unfortunately, this book does not contain reference data on the fire hazard of technical products and mixtures.
Bibliography: G.T. Zemsky. Physico-chemical and flammable properties of organic chemical compounds. (Handbook in two books). - M .: FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia: 2009, book. 1 - 502 p., book. 2 - 458 p.

4. Monakhov's book.

This book outlines the calculation and experimental methods for determining the fire hazard indicators of substances and materials. The book is especially useful in that for one or another indicator of the fire hazard of substances and materials, calculation methods are given.
Bibliography: V.T. monks. Methods for studying the fire hazard of substances. M., Chemistry, 1972. - 416 p.

5. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering.

A very useful book in my opinion. It considers many aspects of fire safety, and for the purposes of categorization contains reference data on the fire hazard of substances and materials. I recommend to get acquainted! The only downside to this book is English language so it may not be readable by everyone.
Bibliography: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd edition, 2002, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.

I will stop on this review of books, because, in my opinion, this list is the main one.

I advise you not to dwell on the acquaintance of these books, because. there is a lot of literature in which you can find useful information for categorization.
In our country and abroad, specialized reference books on the physical and chemical properties of plastics, certain classes of organic substances and materials, paints and varnishes, etc. have been published.
One of the important sources of information is also TU and GOSTs for substances and materials, various scientific articles and reports, dissertations.

As the saying goes: "He who seeks will always find!"

You can download all of the listed reference books in the "" section.

The physicochemical properties of gaseous, liquid and solid substances are given. The indicators of their fire and explosion hazard are considered. Numerical values ​​of indicators of fire and explosion hazard of more than 6000 substances and materials are given (in two books).

The means of extinguishing fires are described. Are given specifications their application features.

For engineering and technical workers of the fire department, research and design organizations.

FOREWORD

To address security issues technological processes, buildings and structures, as well as ensuring the safety of people during fires, it is necessary to have data on the indicators of fire and explosion hazards of substances and their extinguishing agents.

The use of these data in the development of fire prevention systems and fire protection systems is regulated by the State Standards in the field of fire and explosion safety (GOST 12.1.004-88. Fire safety. General requirements; GOST 12.1.010.76. Explosion safety. General requirements), building codes and regulations.

In accordance with the requirements of GOST 1.26-77, information on fire and explosive properties should be in the "safety requirements" section of the standards and specifications for substances and materials.

Indicators of fire and explosion hazard of substances significantly depend on the method of their determination. Therefore, in our country introduced one system fire hazard assessment (GOST 12.1.044-84 Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination). The introduction of this standard was preceded by the development by the All-Union Research Institute of Fire Defense (VNIIPO), together with a number of organizations of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Higher School and industry institutes (Minhimprom, Minmedprom and other ministries), of methods for experimental and calculated determination of fire and explosion hazard indicators.

Prior to the introduction of this standard, various methods were used to assess the fire and explosion hazard of substances, often giving incomparable results.

Therefore, the main task was to critically evaluate the data fund accumulated at VNIIPO (more than 12,000) on the fire and explosion hazard of various substances and materials. The indicated fund was created on the basis of experimental data from VNIVI, VNIIPAV, VNIIPO, VNIISDV, VNIITBKhP, VNIIKhimproekt, VNIIKhSZR, Giredmet, GOSNIICHLORPROEKT, KNIIKHP NPO Karbolit, Kupavinsk branch of VNIHFI, LTI im. Leningrad City Council, MITHT them. M. V. Lomonosov, MIHM, MKhTI im. D. I. Mendeleev, NIIMSK, UkrNIIKP, Central Research Laboratory for Gas Safety, Chelyabinsk branch of GIPILKP, as well as literature data obtained by methods that are not fundamentally different from the methods set forth in GOST 12.1.044-84.

The systematization of the data placed in the directory was carried out according to the methodology developed by VNIIPO for assessing the indicators of fire and explosion hazards of substances and materials. The results showed that the experimental data have varying degrees of accuracy. This is due to the use by different authors of different research methods and different purity of starting materials.

The numerical data given in the handbook on the fire and explosion hazardous properties of substances and materials and their extinguishing agents in accordance with GOST 8.310-78 are classified as informational.

All comments and suggestions for improving the guide will be accepted by the team of authors with gratitude.

2. ASSESSMENT SYSTEM OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD OF SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS

2.1. INDICATORS OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD OF SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS

The domestic system for assessing the fire hazard of substances and materials is regulated by GOST 12.1.044-84 “Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination. In accordance with this standard, when assessing the fire hazard of substances, the following are distinguished: gases - substances whose absolute vapor pressure at 50 ° C is equal to or more than 300 kPa or whose critical temperature is less than 50 ° C; liquids - substances with a melting point (dropping point) of less than 50 °C; solids and materials with a melting point (dropping point) over 50 °C; Dusts are dispersed solids and materials with particles smaller than 850 µm.

The list of indicators characterizing the fire and explosion hazard of substances is given in Table. 2.1; definitions of indicators are given in table. 2.2.

2.2. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF INDICATORS OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD OF SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS

Flammability group. Methods for determining combustibility are based on creating temperature conditions that are most conducive to combustion, and assessing the behavior of the tested substances and materials under these conditions.

The combustibility of gases is determined by the presence of concentration limits for the spread of flame: if the gas has limits for the spread of flame, then it is classified as combustible; if it does not have - to non-combustible. If the gas has no flame propagation limits, but has a self-ignition temperature, then it is considered slow-burning. It should be remembered that slow-burning gas can become combustible when heated.

The combustibility group of liquids and melting solids is determined using an instrument, the diagram of which is shown in fig. 2.1. A crucible electric furnace is used as a heating device, which makes it possible to create temperatures up to 900 °C.

During testing, the electric furnace is heated to 900 ± 10 °C. A sample weighing 10 g is placed in a crucible and lowered into an oven. The sample heating time is approximately 3 minutes. If the sample does not ignite within this time or begins to boil rapidly without igniting, the test is terminated and the result is considered a failure.

Five samples of the test substance are subjected to the test. If in at least one of the five tests the sample ignites, it is allowed to ignite, then the crucible with the burning sample is taken out of the electric furnace, the stopwatch is turned on, and the duration of the sample's spontaneous combustion is determined.

If the sample outside the furnace burns on its own for less than 5 s, then the test substance is classified as a slow-burning one. With a self-burning time of 5 s or more, an additional test is carried out to determine the ignition temperature and flammability group. In the presence of an ignition temperature, the substance is classified as combustible, in the absence of it, it is classified as slow-burning. combustibility hard materials determined by three independent methods. A group of combustible materials is distinguished according to the "fire tube" method, a group of slow-burning materials - according to the ceramic tube (KG) method, and a group of non-combustible - according to the incombustibility test method. The scheme of the "fire tube" device is shown in fig. 2.2. The device consists of a combustion chamber, which is a steel pipe with an internal diameter of 50 mm and a length of 165 mm. The sample prepared for testing is hung on the hook of the holder in the center of the chamber. An ignited burner with a flame height of 40 mm is placed under the sample. After ignition of the sample, the burner is removed and the self-burning time is recorded. The maximum sample ignition time does not exceed 2 min. After completion of the experiment, the weight loss of the sample is determined. The material is classified as combustible if one of the following conditions is met: independent flame combustion or smoldering in at least one of the six tested samples lasts more than 60 s, and the mass loss exceeds 20%; independent combustion lasts less than 60 s, but the flame spreads over the entire surface of the sample with a simultaneous weight loss of at least two samples of more than 90%; independent flame combustion of composite materials consisting of combustible and non-combustible components lasts less than 60 s, but the flame spreads over the entire surface of the sample, and the entire organic part of the material burns out; independent flame combustion of composite materials lasts more than 60 s, the mass loss is less than 20%. In this case, the loss is attributed only to the mass of the organic part of the material.

If these conditions are not met, then the material tests continue according to the CT method. The scheme of the CT device is shown in Fig. 2.3. The device consists of a rectangular or cylindrical ceramic fire chamber 300 mm high. The cross sectional area of ​​the fire chamber is 1.44-102 cm. For testing, four samples of the test material are prepared, 150 mm long, 60 mm wide and with an actual thickness not exceeding 10 mm. Foam specimens shall be 30 mm thick. The mass of the sample must be at least 6 g. Bulk substances and materials are tested in baskets.

The inner surface of the combustion chamber before each test is covered with two or three layers of aluminum foil.

The test sample is fixed in the holder, the gas burner is ignited and the potentiometer is turned on. With a rotameter, such a gas flow rate in the gas burner is set at which the temperature of the gaseous combustion products in the center of the upper branch pipe of the umbrella is controlled for 2-3 minutes is 200 ± 5 ° C. Then, the test sample is introduced into the combustion chamber for 5 minutes to determine the ignition time, which is determined by the nature of the temperature curve recorded on the potentiometer chart tape.

The ignition time is taken as the time to reach the maximum temperature. After determining the ignition time, three tests are carried out with samples of the material under study and one calibration test with an asbestos-cement board, exposing each sample to a burner flame for the determined ignition time. After the ignition time has elapsed, the gas supply to the burner is stopped and the sample is left in the combustion chamber until it cools down for 20 minutes, counting from the moment the sample was introduced into the chamber.

When testing, a sample of the material is placed in a holder and lowered for 20 minutes into a heated furnace. Record the readings of three thermocouples every 10 s. The working junction of the first thermocouple is located at a distance of 10 mm from the furnace wall in the middle of the constant temperature zone, the working junction of the second thermocouple is located in the center of the sample, and the working junction of the third thermocouple is on the sample surface (in the middle of its height). The sample is weighed before and after the test. Five parallel tests are carried out.

The material is classified as non-combustible if the following conditions are met: the average of all maximum thermocouple readings in the furnace and on the outer surface of the sample does not exceed the initially set temperature of the furnace by more than 50 °C; the average weight loss of the samples does not exceed 50% of their initial weight before being introduced into the furnace; the average of all noted maximum values ​​of the flame burning duration does not exceed 10 s.

Flash point. To determine the flash point, a given mass of a substance is heated at a given rate, periodically igniting the released vapors and visually evaluating the ignition results. The flash point is experimentally determined in devices of closed (c.t.)* and open (o.t.) types.

The scheme of the device of the closed type is shown in fig. 2.5. A metal crucible with an inner diameter of 51 mm and a height of 56 mm is used as the reaction vessel. The crucible is closed with a lid, on which are located: an incendiary device, a damper with a rotary device and a stirrer. The crucible, lid and stirrer are made of materials that do not interact chemically with the test substances, such as stainless steel.

Before measurements, samples of volatile liquids with a boiling point of up to 100 °C are cooled to 0 °C, samples of viscous liquids are heated to fluidity. First, a preliminary test is carried out to obtain a guide value for the flash point.