Transport technologies. Modern transportation technologies in global logistics systems Technologies for the process of transporting goods by road

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Modern technologies transportation in global logistics systems

Introduction

Transportation is a key logistics function associated with the movement of material resources, work in progress, finished products in vehicles according to a certain technology. Transportation, in addition to the movement of goods, includes such logistics operations as forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, customs procedures, risk insurance, etc. logistics freight transportation

All logistic transportation operations are carried out in order to ensure the delivery of the desired products of the required quantity and quality at the specified time and at optimal costs. The importance of transportation in logistics is quite large. According to various estimates, transportation costs range from 20 to 70% of the total logistics costs and can reach up to 300% of the cost of production for various industries and companies.

The provision of transportation in logistics requires the management of cargo flows from specific points of origin to specific points of redemption. To do this, it is necessary to solve the following transportation problems:

-providing a technological method of cargo transportation: unimodal, multimodal, intermodal, etc.;

- choice of type (s) of transport;

- choice of vehicles;

- selection of logistics intermediaries in transportation (carriers, forwarders, agents, terminals, etc.);

-determination of rational routes;

-distribution of transport routes;

-assessment of the quality of transport service;

-determination of logistics costs associated with transportation;

- ensuring technical and technological interdependence of participants in the transport process, harmonization of their economic interests, distribution of risks and responsibilities.

In the course work, most of the tasks of transportation are considered, which makes it possible to form the most demanded competences of a logistician in various areas of logistics in matters of transportation. In the course, the models and methods used in transportation are presented, which allow you to effectively manage material flows. Methodological developments accompanied by detailed practical examples.

The purpose of this work is to study the use of information technology (IT) in transport logistics.

To achieve this goal, the following main tasks are set in the work:

1. analyze the effectiveness of IT in transport logistics.

2. study the main transport information systems;

3. identify current trends in the development of transport logistics against the backdrop of the spread of IT.

Relevance.

I believe that the topic of the course work “modern transportation technologies in global logistics systems” is relevant because at the moment Russia has an insufficiently well-developed infrastructure, such complexes as: the state of highways, nanotechnologies for transportation, accelerating the transportation process, tracking cargo with the "glonass" system and many other modern technologies. At present, both the transportation process itself and the management of traffic flows along the entire technological chain, covering the interacting links of different modes of transport, need to be improved. Improvement of multimodal transportation involving various modes of transport, increasing their efficiency can be given by logistics technologies as a means of managing the transportation process and delivering goods according to the “just in time” system.

FROM development of the system business in Russia, there was a real need for the implementation of projects to optimize transport logistics .

Long gone are the days when many companies conducted their business with a profitability of up to 100% or more, and the share transport costs in the total cost of selling the goods, was so scanty that no one paid attention to it at all.

Now it has become profitable for businesses to have a high-tech system transport logistics , amenable to real control and control.

A system that will make it possible to ensure the delivery of goods at a cost that can be optimization in terms of price and quality and able to hold a share transport costs within a certain predictable range.

Well understanding that it is impossible to buy this system in finished form, but to build it on your own very difficult and long many business leaders are still trying modernize my transport system on one's own.

As usual, our businessmen, first of all in this issue, focus on control system (set GPS navigation for cars, they count every kilometer of run and every liter of fuel), but at the same time they very often forget about analytical block , which is much more important than the control block.

Russian mentality based on the fact that "the main thing is not to steal" , prevents many business leaders from concentrating on main goal- build a system capable of self-improvement, due to the correct analysis of the received data.

Due to what to buy and deliver GPS sensors much simpler and clearer, having completed this event, many business leaders stop optimizing their transport logistics, never achieved the intended goal.

Objective.

-Analyze what technologies were before, and how much they have developed up to the present moment

-Analyze modern technologies used in transport logistics

-Analyze modern systems and cargo transportation schemes

- Calculate the approximate profit of a conventional transport organization, calculate and compare with the profit of an organization using new technologies to avoid costs as much as possible

1. Modern logistics technologies in transport. Ensuring the sustainable operation of the transport enterprise

Improving the process of production management in a period of serious transformations of the economic system is possible only through the use of modern technologies, in particular, logistics

In the middle of the twentieth century, fundamental changes took place in the world economy and in the international division of labor. Many countries that were previously colonial and dependent territories received political independence and the opportunity to freely develop their economies, including them in world economy. The formed objective presence on the globe of capitalist and socialist forms of economic management created the ground for a powerful rivalry of these systems with each other in various fields economic and social relations. All this together required an immediate transition from an evolutionary course to a sharp qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, the organization of production, and the breakdown of established technologies. The features noted above are reflected, first of all, in road transport, as the most flexible and mobile component of the transport system. And the changes that have taken place over the past 15 years in the countries of the former socialist bloc demanded the rapid development international transport to meet the needs of ensuring the growth of international trade and cargo turnover by dozens of times. It took a significant reduction in unproductive transport losses of society associated with the delivery of the product from the place of its production to the place of consumption.

It should be noted that today the insufficient development of the network and the state of roads has led to the fact that the average speed on the roads of Russia is almost two times less than in developed industrial countries, and the service life of cars is almost a third less than in Europe. This type of transport in Russia is the most resource-intensive: about 60% of all employees in the industry work in road transport; motor transport consumes more than two thirds of the volume of petroleum fuels, etc. The intensity of traffic flows has sharply increased and, accordingly, the load on rolling stock and roads has increased. A large number of foreign cars of different years of production and different technical condition appeared on the roads of the country. the most important distinctive feature of the modern domestic fleet of vehicles is a variety of brands, heterogeneity and severe deterioration. Modern road transport in Russia in its current state does not meet the requirements for the design of vehicles, in particular, from the standpoint of environmental safety. The incompleteness of the process of creating a new economic system, the constant adjustment of the provisions of economic law, high inflation, sharp changes in the volume of production of various types of products, domestic and international economic relations make the external conditions for the operation of vehicles unstable.

There is a general decrease in the volume of cargo transportation by road; at the same time, the share of import-export cargo flows increases significantly. In addition, the low reserves of the transport capacity of the vehicle fleet, the high level of taxes and operating costs reduce the competitiveness of Russian road transport.

One of the main external factors is the changing nature of the demand for transport services. The volume of international cargo transportation today is determined by the development of political events in certain regions of Europe, the pace of formation of a single European market and increased trade activity.

The transformations taking place in road transport are carried out under the direct influence of political, economic and social reforms.

The transition to the market has become the beginning of a new stage of its development for road transport: new types of activities and forms of transport services are being introduced. An increasingly significant role in this belongs to independent freight transport enterprises, which, as a result of the denationalization, corporatization and privatization carried out in transport, have been able to independently enter the transport services market.

The situation that has developed in the market of transport services by the beginning of the 21st century required the rapid development of the information sector of the economy. In transport, it manifested itself in computerization, the creation, processing, storage and dissemination of information, as well as in the creation of its own infrastructure in the form of telecommunications, tracking the movement of vehicles and devices, and the transition to the use of paperless documentation. It should be noted that at present, for transport as a branch of the national economy, both within a particular region and on an international scale, the requirement to reduce the cost of goods by reducing the cost of moving inventory flows from places of production to places of consumption has become especially relevant. reducing the existing volumes and masses of stocks of raw materials and products in production. To do this, it is necessary to introduce the principles of logistics into production management and create high-speed transportation systems that have already been tested in practice abroad.

Subprogram "International transport corridors" of the Federal target program"Modernization of the transport system of Russia" provides for the use of the advantages of the geopolitical position of Russia.

One of the key links in the development of the Russian economy is the improvement of the country's transport system and the realization of its powerful transit potential to ensure Eurasian ties.

In order to improve the efficiency of foreign trade and transit relations, international organizations and interested European and Asian countries have begun to form a system of international Eurasian transport corridors, which are understood as sets of the most technically equipped main transport communications, as a rule, various modes of transport, ensuring the transportation of passengers and goods in international traffic , in the directions of their greatest concentration.

The creation of international transport corridors involves not just the merging of existing highways into single complex but also the adjustment of current commercial practices to international standards, the removal of any unnecessary trade barriers in the light of the economic, social and political concepts in force in one country or another. The process of forming an international system of intermodal transportation of goods and the formation of global international transport hubs and corridors continues.

IN modern conditions the necessary scientific basis for the strategy and tactics of the organization and functioning of intermodal transport systems is logistics. This is a complex direction in science. It covers the management of material and information flow in their interaction, and its scientific and practical purpose is to increase the efficiency of this management in order to minimize the material and financial costs of transport as not creating material and value reserves. For example, transport logistics, the main postulates of which were previously used only in the field of military communications and in the delivery of goods to large construction sites, is currently the scientific basis for solving global transportation problems. Logistics could not ignore the scientific analysis of the intermodal transport option in order to integrate the advantages of each of the modes of transport: road, using a wide and extensive road network, flexibility in terms of delivery time and nature of the cargo, when transport costs do not play a significant role in pricing policy; aviation - with its speed; railway - with its reliability; water - with its efficiency in the transportation of bulk cargo, combining the delivery of piece goods with their storage at fairly low operating costs. Logistics also could not but come to the conclusion that warehousing a semi-finished product or a finished product is not always unprofitable. In some cases, it improves the efficiency of production by transferring to the warehouse of individual processes for the manufacture of goods or ensuring the reliability of supply, distribution or distribution systems. Based on the principles of logistics, the concepts of interchangeability of services of the transport industries were created, including specific types of transportation of goods under special conditions, for example, heavy and long, the concept of transport hubs and corridors. Logistics is at the heart of the creation of container technology. Delivery of goods according to the option "door to door" and "just in time" is called logistics. The requirement to improve infrastructure, develop uniform tariffs and customs rules, coordinate the movement of vehicles, methods of forming cargo flows are considered logistical.

The modern concept of logistics is taken as the basis of the economic strategy of an enterprise, when logistics is used as a tool in competition and should be considered as a management logic for planning and controlling material, financial and labor resources.

In the conditions of a modern market economy, the use of the logistics concept in enterprise management should be very effective both due to favorable economic, legal and political conditions, and because many provisions that were not called logistics in the past were, without a doubt, such in essence.

On the basis of logistics, a scientific and practical direction is being formed today - the economics of commodity circulation. Intermodalism becomes its tool as a means of concentrating cargo flows on optimal geographical communications. The economics of commodity circulation in its global and international application is called upon to give an objective assessment of the effectiveness of existing and planned transport "bridges", "corridors" and "hubs". The commodity distribution economy that is emerging today must find optimal solutions based on an assessment of alternative logistics transport chains for the delivery of goods: direct transit, organizing the sale of goods through a system of warehouses, creating an assembly plant in the country where the product is sold, etc. Not only direct transport costs by transportation options, but and factors such as the size of marketing costs, the presence of intra-industry competition in order to realize the synergistic effect of the most effective management transport, stocks and other functions of the complex as a whole. In the course of creating intermodal logistics transport systems, the dominant cargo traffic-forming value of a particular industry is taken into account. The presence of intermodal communication implies the management and coordination of traffic from a single center. Such centers are now created by associations of carriers and freight forwarders. They can be concentrated in large terminals, forming centers and also exercise control over cargo flows based on the merger of individual participants into a single complex and the integration of industries. Such an integration system involves a unified pricing policy and a centralized settlement system.

So, when choosing an intermodal option for the delivery of goods, the cargo owner (commodity producer, consumer or forwarding agent) has to give a cost and quality assessment of the following factors: delivery time, degree of safety, conditions of insurance and financing, freight, marketing policy of transport industries and terminals, conditions and cost storage, contract delivery schedules, etc. For example, the logistical concepts of the delivery of goods "just in time" lead to the conclusion that for a huge production cooperation the delivery of one huge mass of products from the conveyor to another assembly line, bypassing the warehouse, and for another mass of goods - through a centralized storage warehouse using standard containers in maritime and rail communications at the “manufacturer-warehouse” section, and in all other sections, including the “door-to-door” option (for example, spare parts), by small shipments in road and air communications. Thus, it is necessary to create such logistics centers that coordinate the work of various modes of transport, provide short-term and long-term storage of goods, cargo processing, customs clearance of goods and deliver goods to the clientele.

It has been established that the use of a logistics system can provide:

1) reducing the level of stocks of raw materials and finished products by 30-50%;

2) acceleration of the transportation process by 1.5-2 times;

3) improving the use of production capacities of firms - manufacturers of products by 20-50%.

Unfortunately, in transport systems there is an inconsistency between the work of individual links, which usually manifests itself in two forms - in the inconsistency of the intensity of the process on individual elements and in the inconsistency of the flow of individual processes in time. The latter is especially typical for transshipment hubs. The situation in transport production is changing rapidly, and information about the progress of the process is often late. Under these conditions, a fundamental improvement in the operational management of the movement of transshipment cargo flows, continuous monitoring of the progress of transportation in real time is of particular importance.

Prospects for the development of road transport will be determined by the future demand for transportation, since the demand for transport services corresponds to the nature of economic growth, and the transition to a market economy is accompanied by structural changes not only in the economy, but also in the transport system itself.

1.1 Classification and characteristics of freight traffic

During the formation of a market economy in our country, the attitude towards the process of providing services by transport enterprises changed, the main attention was paid not to the fulfillment of the planned task, but to the most complete satisfaction of consumer requirements. At the same time, delivery technologies began to be based on the concept of transport and logistics integration, which led to a gradual organic fusion of transport with serviced production. However, transport has been and remains a key part of the logistics chain.

Transport is, firstly, a complex of technical means for carrying out the transportation of goods and passengers; secondly, a branch of the country's economy that ensures uninterrupted and timely satisfaction of the needs of the national economy and the population in transportation.

The transport system is a complex of different modes of transport that are interdependent and interact when performing transportation.

The transport services market is an economic system of relations with a built-in organizational mechanism for managing the transport system, through which exchange relations are formed between buyers and sellers of transport services (Fig. 1.1).

Transportation of goods is a complex process consisting of a number of operations. This includes loading, moving cargo, unloading it. Upon delivery, it becomes necessary to receive cargo from the consignor and issue it to the consignee, draw up documents, escort cargo, etc. Considering that the conditions for carrying out freight transportation and the types of goods transported are quite diverse, it is customary to classify freight transportation according to a number of criteria.

2. Transportation alternatives and criteria for choosing logistics intermediaries

2.1 System of criteria for choosing intermediaries

The technological process of cargo delivery consists of a sequence of transportation operations: the movement of goods from shippers until they are received by the consumer, storage of goods in intermediate warehouses, packaging, labeling of packages, collection and disaggregation of shipments, etc. To ensure delivery to the consumer, it is necessary to choose a method of transportation, technologies delivery route. Transportation of goods can be carried out by the own transport of an enterprise interested in the delivery of goods, or with the involvement of logistics intermediaries who perform all or certain transportation operations, therefore, one of the logistics selection procedures, along with the choice of the method of transportation and modes of transport, is the choice of logistics intermediaries: carriers, forwarders and etc.

The decision of any problem of choice is made on the basis of certain criteria. Logistic selection procedures in transportation are complex multi-criteria tasks that are solved taking into account a system of criteria. The main criteria for choosing a transportation option are the cost of delivery, the time spent on transportation, the quality of delivery, the performance of related services, etc.

The choice of transportation option according to the criterion of delivery cost or total delivery costs is carried out by comparing the levels of these costs for different options, depending on at least two factors: the distance of cargo transportation and the physical volume of cargo. The cost criterion is one of the decisive in case of choice independent organization delivery or delivery using logistics intermediaries. This takes into account the costs of acquiring and operating our own fleet of vehicles, the costs of hiring, training, training the necessary personnel, the acquisition of the required documents (certificates, permits, permits, customs documents, etc.), the costs of paying for the services of logistics intermediaries.

Terms (speed) of delivery - a temporary criterion, indirectly related to the cost. Priority is given to this criterion, as a rule, in the case of emergency orders.

The criterion of delivery quality is a complex criterion, including compliance with delivery times, ensuring the safety of goods, willingness to change the terms of the contract, the image of the company in the market, safety, the quality of the risk management procedures applied, for example, the reliability of insurance coverage, etc.

In general, the system of criteria for choosing the type of transportation may vary depending on the type of cargo being transported, order parameters, business dynamics, including transport and related industries, and other factors.

In certain situations, only one criterion may be decisive for the consumer, and all others will not be taken into account. So, for example, it is known that delivery by air is used mainly only for valuable cargo and mail. However, if a missing part causes production to stop, the customer will be primarily interested in whether the supplier can arrange immediate delivery. Naturally, the procedure for choosing a transportation option according to one criterion is simpler. However, the choice is rarely made according to one criterion, since the fastest option can be so expensive that the delivery of goods through it will not bring the desired profit or even turn out to be unprofitable; the cheapest delivery option may be unacceptable due to the long duration of the transportation or the low reliability of delivery within the agreed time.

If several criteria are decisive when choosing a transportation option, then the choice of the option is made using methods for solving multi-criteria problems, providing compromise solution. The model for choosing a transportation option should provide for the possibility of changing the system of criteria, setting the significance (ranking) of the criteria for finding the best solution with equal importance of all criteria involved in the choice.

2.2 Main logistics intermediaries, Current trends forwarding support logistics

When transporting goods, the participation of intermediaries has a great influence on the quality of service. The main logistics intermediaries in the transportation of goods include carriers and forwarders. The former, as a rule, perform various transportation services, the range of which is determined by the size of shipments, different transportation distances, types of goods accepted for shipment, and other features. Forwarders perform a set of complex services: they organize transportation along the route, choose the mode of transportation and the route, coordinate the work of different carriers, perform customs clearance of goods and other operations. The volume and content of a transport expedition is determined by many circumstances: the type of transport, the type of message, the nature of the cargo, the technology of cargo handling, etc. According to the International Federation of Forwarding Associations (FIATA - FIATA), there are about 35 thousand forwarding enterprises in the world.

The main functions of a freight forwarder include the following:

Elaboration of the transport conditions of the purchase and sale contract and the choice of the most rational mode of transport, transportation route, vehicles, taking into account the system of criteria adopted for the transportation of goods;

Study of the conjuncture of the world market of transport services and development of recommendations for the organization of transportation;

Accompanying the goods during transportation with the provision of a set of information services,

Organization of cargo delivery, loading and unloading and warehouse operations,

Ensuring the maximum use of the carrying capacity and cargo capacity of transportation means (wagons, cars, containers, ships);

Conclusion of contracts with carriers or their representatives for the transportation of goods, settlements with carriers and other transport intermediaries;

Preparation of necessary transport and shipping documents;

Acceptance of cargo from the carrier at destination points with checking the amount of cargo (weight, number of pieces), and in some cases, its quality;

Registration of commercial acts and other documents upon detection of shortages, damage, damage to cargo or containers, surpluses, regrading, etc.;

Facilitating the organization of transshipment of goods when transferring cj one mode of transport to another;

Perform customs clearance, promote sanitation! control and quarantine operations;

Implementation of cargo insurance;

Coordination of actions of participants in the transport process to ensure efficient delivery of goods, etc.

The performance of the specified functions of the forwarder is realized through a sequence of specific operations. So, loading unloading and warehouse work include the following operations: | loading, unloading, sorting, marking, packaging, counting, weighing cargo, picking and disaggregating shipments, forming and unpacking packages, repairing packaging and shipping containers, etc. At the same time, the forwarder can perform cleaning of vehicles and containers from cargo residues, maintain a fleet of reversible containers and packages and provide them | shippers, provide sealing devices.

TO commercial services provided by forwarders include filling out shipping documents; registration and payment of carriage charges, fees, fines; declaration of goods in the customs authorities, execution of customs documents, drawing up acts on the shortage, non-preservation of goods and delay in their delivery on behalf of the cargo owner.

TO information services Forwarders include informing consignees about the dispatch of goods, notification of the arrival of goods at their address, providing information and the location of the goods, about tariffs for logistics services performed during transportation, etc.

Freight forwarders with rolling stock can carry out transportation operations.

When involving a freight forwarder in a mixed message, it will be necessary to determine the benefits received by the user, which depends largely on the delivery scheme used. Let the seller and the buyer enter into a contract for the sale of goods, which provides for the obligation of the seller to arrange the delivery of the goods to the destination. In this case, the following operations should be performed: the cargo must be prepared for transportation, documents must be drawn up, loaded onto a car, delivered by car to the railway station, unloaded there and stored for some time before being loaded onto a wagon, transported by rail to the port of your country, unload at the warehouse of the port, temporarily store in the warehouse until the arrival of the ship, load the cargo on the ship, send it by sea to the port of another country, process the cargo at the port of the country of destination, hand it over to the road carrier, which will deliver it to the destination specified in the contract.

In the situation under consideration, there are three main schemes for organizing this message.

According to the first scheme (Fig. 2.1), the seller refuses the services of any intermediaries in the organization and implementation of transportation, i.e., acts independently. It can be seen from the diagram that in order to fulfill the delivery obligations assigned to him, the sender should conclude 6 service contracts (transportation and services) - according to the number of participants in the transportation and transshipment of cargo from one mode of transport to another. There may be more such contracts if more than one carrier is involved in the section of one mode of transport.

According to the second scheme, intermediaries - forwarders are included in the contract. Their contractual and legal status and activities in such a logistics chain of delivery fundamentally change the rights and obligations of the sender and the buyer, which is reflected in Fig. 2.2. In this scheme, the following types of transport expedition are distinguished:

When sending cargo, at the points of departure and loading;

Upon the arrival of the cargo, at the destinations, unloading;

When transshipping cargo, at the points of transition from one fork of transport to another, reloading.

The sender does not prepare the cargo for transportation, but instructs the forwarder to perform all the necessary operations. Instead of 6 contracts for the carriage and handling of goods, the seller concludes only 3 contracts for a transport expedition. At the same time, it should be noted that the concept of "forwarder" has in this case narrow sense, i.e. it is an operator in the market of transport services, which tends to certain types of transport and activities on them, as well as to certain countries and regions. In this scheme, as a rule, one forwarder represents the interests of the buyer and performs the necessary operations with the cargo upon its arrival at its destination.

The third cargo delivery scheme shown in fig. 2.3 illustrates the essence and main principles of the organization and regulation of multimodal transport.

The multimodal transport operator is the freight forwarder, which has greater rights and responsibilities, as well as a wider scope of activity. The sender concludes one contract and delivers the cargo to the multimodal transport operator. The delivery process is under the constant control of the operator, and the cargo owner can at any time receive information about the progress of the cargo and its condition. Thus, multimodal transport operators organize and carry out transportation in accordance with the logistical principle “from door to door”. Multimodal transport operators have, in addition to the main offices, regional offices, subsidiaries, a network of agents in cargo generating centers and transport hubs.

Auxiliary logistics intermediaries in transportation (if forwarders do not perform the relevant functions) include customs brokers, information, insurance, security companies, banks, terminals, etc.

3. Modern logistics technologies for the delivery of goods. Principles, organization, efficiency

3.1 Modal transport: unimodal, multimodal, intermodal

Reducing transport costs is possible through the use of new transportation technologies, the reorganization of transport infrastructure and the integration of transport systems. Thus, the main tool in this process is the use of several modes of transport for the delivery of goods. It should be noted that this method of delivery does not have a common terminology in Russian and international practice, however, many authors have made an attempt to generalize the known definitions: mixed, combined, multimodal, intermodal.

The following terminology is adopted by the UNCTAD (United Nation on Trade and Development) rules.

Unimodal (unimodal) transportation is the transportation of goods by one mode of transport by one or more carriers.

Intermodal transportation is transportation by several transport vehicles with transshipment of goods, while one of the carriers organizes the entire transportation from one point of origin through one or more points of transshipment to the final destination and, depending on the distribution of responsibility for transportation, will issue various types of transport documents.

Segmented carriage occurs when the carrier organizing the carriage assumes responsibility for only part of the carriage performed by itself. At the same time, he can issue a document for intermodal or combined transportation.

Multimodal transport occurs when the carrier arranging the transport assumes responsibility for the entire transport with the issuance of a multimodal transport document.

Combined transportation is the carriage of goods in the same package or vehicle by successively different modes of transport using a through document.

Multimodal transportation is transportation by at least two modes of transport.

A general scheme that allows you to determine the main characteristics of each type of transportation is shown in (Fig. 3.1)

General features of multimodal transport are.

1) Consistent use in carriage of more than one mode of transport

2) Transportation is organized by one person - multimodal transport operator

3) The relationship between the customer and the provider of the complex transport service (multimodal transport operator) is regulated on the basis of one contract.

4) Multimodal transportation may have international status. In this case, the place of acceptance of the cargo for transportation and the proposed place of its delivery are located on the territory of two different states.

3.2 Terminal transport: Characteristics of modern cargo terminals

When developing a delivery scheme, transshipment points are of great importance, in which transshipment operations are performed from one mode of transport to another, cargo batches are sorted and other operations related to transportation and storage work are carried out. In such points, special complexes of engineering and technical structures are organized, designed to interact with different types of transport and perform such tasks as receiving, accumulating, loading, unloading, temporary storage, cargo sorting, assembly and disaggregation of shipments. Such complexes are called terminals. At the terminals, in addition to warehouse operations and cargo processing, commercial and information services are provided to consignees, freight forwarders, carriers and other logistics intermediaries.

Terminals designed to serve a wide range of goods are called universal, and terminals that process cargo of one type are specialized. The delivery system organized through the terminals is called the terminal, the diagram of the terminal system is shown in Fig. 3.2.

One of the main indicators of the efficiency of cargo delivery using terminals is the provision of high delivery speed combined with high productivity of the rolling stock. Thus, an extensive terminal system allows for international transportation across the territory of Western and Central Europe with a guarantee of delivery within 24-48 hours. The productivity of rolling stock in terminal systems increases by 40-60%, the cost of transportation is reduced by 25-30%. Such a high efficiency of the terminal systems is determined by the integration of a large number of logistics functions and operations and the observance of the technological integrity of the delivery process. The technology of cargo delivery through terminals includes the preliminary preparation of cargo and the documents necessary for it, the widespread use of a fleet of reversible containers, pallets, the consolidation of cargo flows, the formation of information systems electronic document management, telecommunication systems for tracking goods in motion and much more. The standard scheme of the technological cycle of the cargo terminal is shown in fig. 3.3.

The terminal system, in addition to the terminals at which cargo processing and warehouse operations are performed, includes subsystems for the delivery (collection) and delivery of goods, as well as a subsystem for terminal transportation.terminal transportation. The collection of goods at the terminal and the delivery of goods from the terminal is carried out, as a rule, by cars of small and medium capacity. All types of transport are involved in trunk transportation. Road transport in the subsystem of long-distance transportation is represented by heavy vehicles, road trains with trailers and semi-trailers.

One of the important logistics procedures for the transportation of goods is the choice of a terminal or terminal system. To do this, it is important to know the location of terminals along the intended delivery route, specialization, capacity of terminals, as well as be able to evaluate the reliability of selected objects, the quality of operations performed and other parameters of the terminals. The procedure for choosing a terminal is similar to choosing a forwarder, sometimes both selection tasks are combined, since many forwarders are enterprises that have terminal complexes, and the shipper needs both terminal and forwarding services, so forwarders with terminals may be given preference.

Terminal systems are of great importance in the delivery of goods along international transport corridors, which are understood as part of the transport system designed to provide international freight traffic between individual areas based on a single technology. The organization of international transport corridors creates the basis for the created global logistics systems and the integration of national: transport systems into the world transport system.

4. Modern technologies for quality control of transportation of products sensitive to temperature changes

Kukharenko A.V. LLC "Bruks LM", Transit Damage Prevention Specialist

In a highly competitive environment, the product with the highest quality always wins. In order to improve quality, manufacturers acquire more advanced technological equipment and improve quality control procedures. However, even if the production is lossless, thanks to precise control, losses still occur. These losses appear where control, for whatever reason, is not possible. For example, in the course of cargo transportation.

Transportation has always been a "black box" for the sender. What happens to the cargo during transportation, as a rule, is discovered after acceptance, when it is no longer possible to dispute anything. One of the violations that cause hidden damage to the cargo is a violation of the temperature regime.

To control the temperature, modern models of refrigerators are equipped with electronic recorders that allow you to track temperature fluctuations throughout the entire journey, but there are few such machines, most refrigerators have only thermometers. Of course, such recording systems can be installed independently, but this is only good for the company's own transport service, because it expensive devices. There is another way to solve the problem of controlling the temperature regime of transportation, based on the use of a multi-stage control system in combination with the use of disposable temperature indicators.

The use of such a system has a number of advantages:

Thermal indicators are several orders of magnitude cheaper than even the simplest electronic systems;

Thermal indicators are freely read visually, without the use of reading devices;

Thermal indicators allow you to determine the cumulative duration of the temperature effect on the product;

Disposable thermometers are small multi-layered paper devices that turn red when the control temperature is exceeded. Such indicators are widely used to monitor the cold chain in the transport of vaccines, pharmaceuticals, donated blood and organs.

For frozen food and ice cream, the reference temperature is -18 degrees Celsius. Consider a system for monitoring the temperature regime of transportation using WarmMark temperature indicators (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of the working model of the system for monitoring the temperature regime of cargo transportation using WarmMark thermal indicators

The managing logistics system carries out preliminary preparation for the shipment of the cargo, within the framework of which the following activities are carried out:

Informing the recipient, the carrier company and the insurance company about the ongoing control measures;

After loading, thermal indicators are installed on control packages with cargo;

A note is made on the use of thermal indicators in the bill of lading;

The direct carrier (driver) is warned about the responsibility and that the cargo is under control;

Upon the arrival of the cargo at the destination, the recipient carries out the acceptance of the cargo in the presence of a representative of the carrier.

If the thermal indicator worked:

A note is made on the fact of operation in the consignment note;

The sender is informed;

Random check is carried out;

If damage to the cargo is detected, a commercial act is drawn up;

The sender analyzes possible causes and makes managerial decisions;

If the indicator did not work, this means that there were no temperature fluctuations that could lead to damage to the cargo.

As practice shows, thanks to the use of a temperature control system for transportation, it is possible to significantly reduce losses during transportation (from 50% and more), moreover, the attitude towards the cargo on the part of the participants in the transportation process changes dramatically - the discipline of the warehouse personnel of the sender, drivers of transport companies, personnel recipient. The carrier tries to anticipate possible traffic situations and risks in advance, and more often conducts temperature control using an on-board thermometer. As a result, the products are delivered to the recipient without loss in quality. Which is exactly what is required!

4.1 Modern technologies to reduce the costs of transport logistics

Groupa ANTOR Company.

Professional IT solutions to improve the efficiency of transport logistics and transport resources management

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

ANTOR Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

LogisticsMaster™ - automation of planning routes for the delivery of products and local cargo transportation

ANTOR Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Logist CPM- the financial analysis product delivery business processes

ANTOR Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Intercity Delivery Planning - planning of intercity cargo transportation

ANTOR Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

MonitorMaster - satellite GPS/GLONASS monitoring and navigation of vehicles and mobile objects

ANTOR Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

PocketMaster - satellite monitoring of personnel transport (and transport) based on PDA.

ANTORLogisticsMastertm

Automated system for planning routes of cargo transportation

Planning optimal routes for cargo transportation (delivery and collection)

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Reducing costs and optimizing resources

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Improving the speed and accuracy of planning

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Formalization of planning processesPosted on http://www.allbest.ru/

and exercising control;

Reducing the influence of the human factor

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

ANTOR software packagePosted on http://www.allbest.ru/

LogisticsMaster tm provides an effective solution to the problems of distributing requests by flights in terms of maximizing the use of vehicle resources And mileage optimization, strictly taking into account the established “delivery windows”.

The data source for planning is customer requests automatically received from the Corporate Information System customer in ANTOR LogisticsMaster tm. In addition, the route planning system maintains a complete record of available vehicles (both own and rented).

In the course of planning, ANTOR LogisticsMaster tm distributes requests for individual flights, geocoding(binding flights to the cartographic base, transport graph and address database).

ANTOR Logistics Mastertm . Benefits of using

Option 1: By reducing the planning period for delivery routes and cargo transportation, we get the opportunity to more carefully pick and load orders into the car body, in accordance with the order of detour points, which can significantly reduce the time of unloading at the point of delivery, which means serving more customers.

Option 2: it becomes possible to use the released time to increase the time for receiving orders (for example, not until 16.00 for next day deliveries, but until 18.00-19.00), which cannot but help increase sales and improve the quality of customer service.

4. 2 ANTORIntercityDeliveryPlanningautomation system for planning long-distance cargo transportation

Automate the process of planning routes for intercity cargo transportation;

Efficiently manage the profitability and cost of each flight

Form individual prices for each client, taking into account the associated costs and the rate of return

Reduce empty runs of vehicles (plan additional loading of vehicles, including after the start of the trip)

Plan fuel consumption

Improve overall flight safety

Increase the productivity and quality of the work of dispatchers

Increase the degree of control over the execution of cargo transportation

ANTORIntercityDeliveryPlanningallows you to plan all stages and parameters in detailflights:

Average travel speed

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Full (total) mileage of the vehicle

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Average mileage per day

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Quantity needed Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Gas stations and overnight stays

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And much more…

Such planning allows:

Determine the costs (expenses) and the necessary resources for the organization of cargo transportation

Improve the safety of vehicles and cargo

Optimally manage the operation and maintenance of vehicles

Reduce the accident rate of cargo transportation

4.3 ANTORMonitorMaster

SystemGPS/GLONASS monitoring of vehicles and special equipment

However, all the benefits of effective planning can be nullified due to the lack of a reliable control system. How much will your plan cost if the driver, leaving the warehouse gate, immediately forgets about it and determines the procedure for bypassing delivery points or, even worse, first of all, solves his own problems using corporate transport.

The function of monitoring and analyzing the actual movements of vehicles, operating modes of machines and mechanisms is successfully handled by the ANTOR MonitorMaster satellite GPS / GLONASS monitoring system for mobile objects.

Principle of operation

Specialized equipment is installed on the vehicle: an on-board controller (with a GPS/GLONASS receiver and a GSM modem) and, if necessary: ​​status sensors (fuel consumption, temperature, body opening/closing, axle pressure, etc.) or CAN/ FMS adapter for connection to the on-board computer of the car. Data transmission is carried out every 10-15 seconds (remote setting of this parameter is possible) via GPRS/EDGE channel (mobile Internet) through a specialized Internet gateway to the Customer's server. The received information is displayed on an electronic vector map and stored in the archive. Users can receive reports on the status, route and current location of vehicles - at a given time or for any past periods.

Legal basis for various transport logistics operations. Economic assessment of types of transportation. Analysis of the situation in the oil cargo market. Rail transport in the transportation of bulk oil cargo: traditional supplies and transportation.

thesis, added 02/09/2009

Theoretical and methodological foundations of multimodal transportation and intermodal systems. Transport expedition in multimodal transportation systems. Optimization of the container transportation route from China to Russia. Shipping cost calculation.

thesis, added 07/10/2017

Factors that determine the properties and quality of goods. Classification and organization of bulk cargo transportation. Transport characteristics and transportation of packaged goods. Features of transportation of dangerous goods and goods transported in containers.

term paper, added 04/11/2013

The main types of messages in the cargo delivery system. Terminal technologies in the formation of a logistics system for the transportation of goods. Technical and economic features of various types of transport and the scope of their use. Delivery and delivery of goods to the terminals.

control work, added 05/07/2011

Organizational structure transport company, functional tasks of its services (departments). Tasks for the organization of transportation of a transport company. Planning and organization of cargo delivery. Organization of transportation of monitors for computers, fresh greenery.

term paper, added 01/04/2015

Rules for the transportation of packaged goods by road and rail, comparative characteristics, advantages and conditions of use. Principles for determining the total logistics costs for organizing the supply of perishable goods.

term paper, added 02/06/2014

The essence and possibilities of transporting goods by sea, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of transportation. Conducting an analysis state of the art market of maritime container transportation as the cheapest and safest type of cargo transportation.

term paper, added 10/26/2012

Methodological bases for the study of the logistical aspects of international transport. Content and classification of transport operations: essence and features. Strategic bases for the development of transport transportation of the European Union and the USA.

Delivery of goods is a set of services for the movement of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer, which includes the provision of services that ensure the dispatch, transportation and receipt of goods, including the possible execution of shipping, transportation, customs and other documents necessary for the delivery of goods, storage cargo, enlargement of cargo consignments, etc.

Transportation of goods, in turn, is considered as an integral part of the process of delivery of goods. Today, most manufacturers are actively involved in the development of ways to deliver their products to end consumers, since the company's competitiveness depends on the effectiveness of its implementation. Due to the high level of competition, for example, in the food and consumer electronics markets, manufacturers are interested in promoting their products to various markets both domestically and abroad. Moreover, they (manufacturers) are interested in the fact that the price of their goods was lower than the prices of similar goods of competitors. To achieve these two key marketing objectives - the availability of markets with minimal transport costs - manufacturers develop delivery options or coordinate them with regional distributors. When forming the delivery option, the types of main transport are selected, which should be used taking into account the development of the transport infrastructure of the region, climatic, economic and other factors; sizes of consignments to ensure maximum loading of the rolling stock, uninterrupted satisfaction of demand, etc.; dislocation of points for the redistribution of cargo flows (regional warehouse complexes), through which goods will be delivered within the region; modes of transportation on local routes, etc.

Depending on the purpose of delivery and the transport and technological capabilities of its implementation, goods move through various elements of the product distribution system:

• ? warehouses of the manufacturer and consumer;
• ? stations (ports) of departure and destination;
• ? intermediate warehouses (as elements of a multi-cascade distribution system).

The sequence of passage of goods by individual elements of the distribution system in the process of their delivery from the manufacturer to the final consumer forms a delivery scheme. On fig. 1 shows various delivery schemes.

Rice. one.

When choosing a delivery scheme, the features of production and consumption of products, transport factors and conditions for managing inventory in the distribution system are taken into account. The selection criterion is the minimum cost for all participants in the process of cargo delivery.

Depending on the relative position of the points of departure and receipt of goods, within the framework of the formed delivery scheme, a directed movement of goods is created - a cargo flow. Freight traffic in a given section of the road is characterized by the amount of cargo transported over the period under consideration. Freight flows can be presented in the form of cartograms, diagrams and tables.

Cartogram of cargo flows is linked to the image of the territory through which cargo is delivered. On the cartogram, on a conditional scale, the value of the transported goods and the direction of their transportation are plotted in the form of the outlines of the route on the map. The forward and reverse directions of movement of goods are applied in accordance with the right-hand traffic of cars adopted in the Russian Federation (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2.

The cargo flow diagram is built in a rectangular coordinate system: distances between delivery points are plotted on a horizontal straight line on a conditional scale (moreover, the curvilinear shape of the route is replaced by a straight line); vertically, the volumes of transported goods are also plotted on a scale (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Plot of cargo flows

The presentation of cargo flows in a tabular form makes it possible to systematize various quantitative information: traffic volumes by directions, distribution of traffic volumes by individual points (arrival, departure, transit), volume of transport work performed (see tables 1 and 2).

Table 1

table 2

The production process for the delivery of goods involves a large number of participants and is associated with the performance of numerous operations, so it should be considered comprehensively based on a single technology. In accordance with GOST 3.1109-82 technological process is part of the production process, containing purposeful actions to change the object of labor. The essence of the technological process of cargo delivery lies in their movement through various elements of the distribution system from the manufacturer to the final consumer.

The technology of cargo delivery is a set and sequence of operations with cargo that ensures their delivery to the consumer. The set of basic operations of cargo delivery technology is shown in fig. 4.

Rice. 4.

The listed operations of the technological process of cargo delivery are considered as subprocesses, since they themselves are complex processes and consist of various operations. Some of them are so closely related that they can be combined into higher-level sub-processes, for example, loading and unloading and transportation operations are part of the transportation process.

The process of cargo delivery (Fig. 5) begins with the process of preparing cargo for transportation, which is usually carried out by the sender and includes operations: consolidation (accumulation), packaging, labeling, etc. The accumulation of cargo is necessary to form the minimum allowable volume of the consignment, which ensures the maximum use of the vehicle's carrying capacity. Loading and unloading operations can be performed by both the sender and the freight forwarder (carrier). Further, the cargo is shipped according to the developed delivery scheme, which may include one or more distribution centers (terminals) that control the direction and power of cargo flows. Distribution centers perform operations for the consolidation, disaggregation and sorting of goods in directions, short-term and long-term storage and control over the level of stocks, loading, unloading and reloading of goods from one mode of transport to another, as well as additional services for the implementation of centralized settlements, packaging, labeling, customs clearance of goods, etc. The delivery process ends with the delivery of goods to direct recipients in accordance with the delivery schedule and the rules for accepting goods. Effective implementation of the process of cargo delivery is possible only if the parameters of interaction of all its participants (senders and recipients of goods, carriers, etc.) are fully coordinated, as well as the use of modern technologies for the delivery of goods. The relationship between the participants in the delivery process and the technology for its implementation is generalized in the concept of a transport and technological system for the delivery of goods.

Rice. five.

The transport and technological system for the delivery of goods (TTS) is a set of material elements along the entire path of product promotion (transport and handling facilities, transport equipment, infrastructure facilities, warehouses, etc.), as well as ways of interaction between them (technological operations ) that ensure the delivery of goods from producers to consumers.

The design of TTS requires the consistent development of a set of issues, in particular:

• ? development of delivery schemes, transportation routes;
• ? choice of modes of transport, types of rolling stock, containers and equipment, handling equipment;
• ? determination of locations for intermediate warehouses, calculation of the volume of warehouse stocks of products;
• ? development of technological documentation for the delivery of goods;
• ? determination of methods for quality control and safety of cargo delivery.

Reducing the costs and labor intensity of work in the TTS is achieved due to the following factors: the choice of efficient vehicles; rational use of storage facilities; accelerate the delivery of goods; improvement of packaging; the use of reusable packaging (containers) and batch transportation; mechanization of loading and unloading and transport and storage operations; reduction or complete elimination of losses of transported goods, etc.

An important condition for the effective functioning of the TTS is the technological consistency of the work of transport organizations, suppliers and consumers of products and intermediate warehouses. Such coordination is achieved by organizing a single technological process.

A single technological process is a previously developed rational technology for the interaction of consignors, consignees, transport and storage organizations. The implementation of a single technological process provides for the coordination of the activities of these participants in the following areas:

• 1) coordination of the rhythm of the transport process with the rhythm of production and consumption, achieved by a comprehensive solution to the problem of optimizing the choice of vehicles and determining the volume of accumulated goods in warehouses;
• 2) coordination of the mode of operation of consignors, consignees, transport and storage organizations;
• 3) coordination of the rhythm of work of transport and handling facilities;
• 4) reducing the number of transshipment operations at points of loading and unloading through the use of package and container delivery technologies;
• 5) preliminary preparation of goods for transportation: timely picking of consignments of goods, taking into account the conditions for their accumulation, the carrying capacity of vehicles and containers, packing and packaging of packaged goods; cargo marking, etc.

The effectiveness of any TTS activity is largely determined by how fully and deeply advanced achievements of science and technology are introduced in it. This is especially true for transport services, in order to ensure that the delivery of goods and the activities of carriers are carried out rationally and at minimal cost.

An analysis of the process diagrams shows that in any transportation process there are stages that are inherent only to the cargo, only to the rolling stock, but there are also joint stages. The latter include the stage of loading, transportation and unloading. Various stages- supply of rolling stock for loading, preparation of cargo for shipment, storage of cargo at the point of production and intermediate points, warehousing, forwarding operations, etc. This situation makes it difficult to unambiguously understand the concept of the transportation process. From the point of view of motor transport enterprises, when the issues of improving the use of rolling stock, reducing the turnaround time of rolling stock, etc., come to the fore, in order to carry out the process of transporting cargo, it is necessary, in addition to transporting it, to load and unload it, and also to submit the rolling stock for loading, t .e. complete the transport process.

Let us define some fundamental concepts.

The transportation process is a set of operations from the moment the cargo is prepared for shipment to the moment it is received, associated with the movement of cargo in space without changing its geometric shapes, sizes and physical and chemical properties (stages 1-2-3-4-5, Figure 2 a or steps 1-2-3-4-5-6-7, Figure 2 b).

The movement process is a set of loading operations at the point of loading, reloading operations at the points of transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another, its intermediate storage, transportation and unloading operations at the point of unloading (stages 2-3-4 Fig. 2 a; or stages 2- 3-4-5-6, Fig. 2 b)

Transport process - a set of loading operations at the loading and transshipment points, transportation, unloading operations at the points of transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another and the point of unloading and supply of rolling stock for loading (stages 2-3-4-6, figure. 2 a; or steps 2-3-4-8 plus 4-5-6-9, Figure 2 b).

The cycle of the transport process is the production process for the transportation of goods, when the stages of supplying the rolling stock for loading, transportation and unloading are performed. The completed cycle of the transport process is also called a ride (stages 2-3-4-6, Figure 2 a; or 2-3-4-8 or 4-5-6-9, Figure 2 b).

Movement operation - part of the movement process, performed using one or a system of cooperative mechanisms or manually.

Transportation - the operation of moving cargo along a certain route from the place of loading to the place of unloading or reloading (stage 3 or stage 5, figure 2 b).

Transport products - mass of cargo in in kind delivered from the place of production to the place of consumption. Experience in the organization of transportation shows that not all cargo loaded at the point of production on the rolling stock is delivered to the place of its consumption. The reason for this is the loss of cargo, damage, natural loss, etc.

In modern economic conditions, when state intervention in the work of the TC is very limited, the use of econometric models of the work of companies, which involve not only an assessment of the current state of their transport activities, but also a forecast for the future, is of particular importance. In such models, a production function is distinguished, which describes the process of formation and implementation of technical specifications, and a demand function for them. In practice, the first degenerates into a function of the profitability of the TP, and the second - into an estimated function of income rates. Both of them make it possible to determine the objective function of the analysis of the TP, which is set by the condition of the operability of the TC, without which any practical assessment of the effectiveness of their work is impossible.

The process of cargo transportation affects a large number of participants in the transport process and should be considered comprehensively on the basis of technology agreed by all parties and based on regulatory documents or the results of engineering preparation of transportation.

The technology of freight transportation is a set of techniques and methods for performing the process of delivering goods to the consumer.

For the unification of technological means, methods and terminology, since 1975 in our country, the state standard has been one system technological documentation (ESTD). In accordance with GOST 3.1109-82, the technological process is a part of the production process that contains purposeful actions to change the object of labor. During transportation, the technological process is usually presented in the form of a description of the transportation process, instructions for its implementation, rules and restrictions, special requirements, schedules, etc.

The development of the technological process of cargo transportation is carried out in the following sequence:

Establishment of normalized characteristics of transportation (estimated speed of movement, time of loading and unloading operations, schedule or intensity of supply of rolling stock, daily or hourly traffic volume, etc.);

Choice of route and technology of transportation;

Development of technological documentation;

Determination of methods for quality control and safety of transportation;

Analysis of the characteristics of the technological project, which should confirm the fulfillment of standardized indicators, ensuring the safety and quality of transportation;

Approval of the technological project by the leadership of the ATO.

The basis for the development of the technological process of transportation is an application for transportation or a contract ( offer) with a description of the requirements for the transport service of the transportation customer. For each characteristic of the transport service, values ​​acceptable to the consumer and the contractor must be indicated. The technological project must contain specific requirements for ensuring the safety of transportation.

Process improvement is essential condition improving the efficiency of the organization.

The efficiency of the chosen transportation technology can be assessed by the following indicators:

Cost of transportation;

Unit costs;

PS performance;

The quality of transportation.

The process of cargo delivery can be represented as separate interrelated operations performed at each stage, which, depending on the content of the work, are classified as follows.

The control and accounting operation provides for the execution of documents, the search for a specific package, inspection of goods, sealing, etc.

The slinging operation provides for the fastening and unfastening of piece goods when they are reloaded by a crane.

The cargo operation is associated with lifting and lowering the load with the help of the PFP.

The move operation is the movement of the PFP load.

An auxiliary operation is associated with additional work that must be performed before or after loading goods (opening lids, closing with a tarpaulin, etc.).

The transport operation includes the movement of the PS with or without cargo.

Warehouse operation provides for the preparation of cargo for shipment, selection and sorting into lots, etc.

When performing a GAP, several main types of technologies are distinguished, which differ significantly from each other and largely depend on the type of cargo-generating object - the consignor. The features of a particular consignor affect the number of vehicles used for the delivery of goods, the type of PS, the possibility of optimizing traffic routes, the need to coordinate cargo flows with other modes of transport, and the composition of forwarding services associated with transportation.

For a thorough study of the process of transportation in specific conditions, transport and flow charts are developed, which are agreed with the consignor and consignee.

Based on the transport and technological map, a technological schedule for the delivery of goods is developed.

This schedule is compiled taking into account the time of work and the possibility of their simultaneous implementation by different performers. After drawing up the schedule, the actual time required to prepare the cargo for loading at the sender's warehouse is determined; time of use of the PS; the time required to place the goods in the consignee's warehouse; the time during which the MS is serviced by the sender and recipient. Based on these values, the work of the automatic telephone exchange and loading and unloading points is linked by adjusting the quantities of PS and PFP and, if necessary, changing the technology for performing work.

After coordinating and linking various technological operations, work schedules for several vehicles are developed.

Development and implementation of transport and technological delivery schemes allow:

Simplify operational planning and dispatch management of transportation through the use of a modular principle;

Ensure flow, continuity and maximum parallelism of technological operations;

Organize the coordinated execution of operations by employees of various organizations;

Reduce the overall delivery time of goods.

The main factors that are taken into account when transporting by road are:

1) cargo classification;

2) method of loading and unloading;

3) conditions of transportation and storage;

4) the possibility of using the carrying capacity of the rolling stock;

5) safety during transportation;

6) the degree of danger during loading, unloading and transportation.

According to the method of loading and unloading, cargoes are divided into piece, bulk and liquid.

Depending on the conditions of transportation and storage, goods are divided into ordinary and specific. Specific loads require special measures safety and security during transportation, loading and unloading and storage. They are divided into:

1) requiring compliance with certain sanitary conditions;

2) perishable;

3) large mass;

4) lengthy;

5) oversized;

6) dangerous.

Certain sanitary conditions are observed during the transportation of food products. Perishable goods require the use of specialized rolling stock, which maintains a certain temperature regime. Bulk cargo - cargo, the mass of individual pieces of which exceeds 250 kg (or 400 kg for rolled cargo). Long cargoes - a group of cargoes, the length of which is greater than the largest size of a standard flat pallet with plan dimensions of 1200 x 1600 mm, taking into account the overhang of 40 mm per side. Oversized cargo - cargo more than 2.5 m wide or 3.8 m high or protruding more than 2 m from the rear side of the vehicle.

Depending on the volumetric mass (from the maximum possible use of the carrying capacity of the rolling stock, determined by the utilization factor of the carrying capacity wc), all goods are divided into four classes:

1) small (up to 0.5 tons);

2) medium (from 0.5 to 1.5 tons);

3) large (from 1.5 to 16 tons);

4) more than 16 tons.

According to the degree of safety during their transportation, goods are divided into three categories:

1) requiring special conditions of safety (explosive and flammable goods, glass, electronic devices);

2) requiring conditions of preservation (engineering products, furniture, building structures);

3) not requiring conservation conditions (earth, sand, metal).

The maximum vertical accelerations of the body are considered acceptable: when transporting goods of the first category - 9 m / s 2, the second - 9-15 m / s 2, the third - 15-21 m / s 2.

The advantages of road transport include: great maneuverability, mobility, high speed of delivery of goods, delivery of products without intermediate reloading and directly from the sender's warehouse to the recipient's warehouse, small capital investments in the development of small cargo turnover over short distances.

The disadvantages include low values ​​of labor productivity indicators, operational indicators and the state of the road network.

For the transportation of goods by automobile enterprises, freight rolling stock is used: trucks and car trailers of various carrying capacity (flatbed, dump trucks, vans, including isothermal, tanks, etc.), off-road vehicles, tractors with semi-trailers.

The transport (transportation) process is a set of organizationally and technologically interconnected actions and operations performed by motor transport enterprises and their divisions independently or in coordination with other organizations in the preparation, implementation and completion of cargo transportation.

The structure of the transport process includes:

1) traffic marketing;

2) development of rational route schemes based on the materials of surveys of cargo flows, which are used when opening new routes and changing the direction of existing ones;

3) selection of the type and determination of the required number of rolling stock for transportation;

4) determination of the scope of the expedient use of cars and road trains, depending on the specific conditions of transportation, type and properties of goods, performance indicators of freight transport;

5) regulation of vehicle speeds;

6) the choice of systems for organizing the movement of vehicles using rational modes of work for drivers;

7) coordination of road transport with other modes of transport;

8) analysis of road conditions in order to develop efficient and safe routes for the movement of rolling stock;

9) ensuring efficient and safe transportation of goods by road;

10) application of economic and mathematical methods and calculations to improve the efficiency of the use of rolling stock and reduce transportation costs;

11) traffic control of vehicles;

12) operational control over the operation of automobile rolling stock and its use.

Particular attention in the transport process is paid to the use of various methods that provide:

1) timely delivery of goods in batches of required sizes;

2) safety of the quality and quantity of the transported cargo;

3) compliance with safety requirements and traffic safety requirements;

4) fuel economy;

5) environmental protection;

6) compliance with the requirements of labor legislation.

Proper organization of the transport process involves:

1) reduction of excess time spent on idle vehicles for loading and unloading cargo due to: expansion of the front of loading and unloading operations and the use of their complex mechanization; drawing up and strict adherence to schedules for the supply and operation of vehicles; creation of access roads and platforms for maneuvering vehicles, especially vehicles with trailers, tractors with several trailers or semi-trailers; preliminary preparation of cargo, etc.;

2) rational stowage of goods, the use of removable shields, etc., allowing maximum use of the carrying capacity and capacity of the rolling stock;

3) correct placement of goods in the body, contributing to the uniform distribution of the weight load on the running gear of the vehicle and facilitating its control;

4) the optimal modes of movement of cars (road trains) on the relevant sections of the road, taking into account the condition of the road surface, visibility, traffic intensity and other factors, with strict observance of the Rules of the Road, as well as knowledge by drivers of the main technical characteristics and operating rules of various brands of rolling stock of road transport when transportation of the relevant goods. Carriage of goods should be carried out along rationally constructed routes, taking into account the shortest distances, traffic modes on each section of the route, ensuring the loading of vehicles in both directions;

5) maximum use of the working time of drivers within the framework of the legislation by compacting the mode of operation of vehicles by organizing a team method of work.

Costs for routine maintenance and vehicle repair

These costs are calculated in accordance with the Decree of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus "On approval of the norms of time for the transportation of goods by road and the norms of costs for maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of motor transport of the Republic of Belarus" dated November 1, 2002 No. 35. According to this document, the costs for maintenance and repair consist of the sum of the following components:

wages of maintenance and support workers

– material costs

Lubricant costs

where ZP, MZ, SM are, respectively, the cost rates for the wages of repair and auxiliary workers, material costs for lubricants per 1000 km of run;

ST - the hourly wage rate for a worker of the first category, in force at the enterprise, is 1200 rubles per hour; - planned mileage, km;

K T - correction factor to the norms depending on the type of rolling stock. For buses, light cargo flatbed vehicles, it is assumed equal to 1, for trucks: tractors - 0.99, dump trucks - 1.1, tanks - 1.13, vans -1.05, refrigerators - 1.18;

PI - the price index of producers of industrial products for industrial purposes, calculated on an accrual basis by December 2001, is assumed to be 3.8;

ST - fuel costs, rub.

The legislation of the Republic of Belarus establishes deductions to budget funds from funds for wages in the amount of 39% of wages. Therefore, wage costs for maintenance and support workers increase by 39%.

Material costs for the repair and restoration of car tires.

Material costs for the repair and restoration of car tires (Sw) are determined by the formula:

where C w - the price of one car tire,

rub. - the number of tires installed on the car,

PCS; w - wear rate as a percentage per 1000 km of run to the cost of the tire;

Depreciation of fixed assets The norms establish the amount of depreciation deductions as a percentage of the cost of rolling stock per 1,000 km. For vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 2.0 tons, these standards are set depending on the mileage before retirement from service. The depreciation of fixed assets is calculated using the formula

where S am - depreciation deductions for the complete restoration of rolling stock (cars, trailers, semi-trailers), rubles;

To PF - a coefficient that takes into account the amount of depreciation of other fixed assets attributable to this type of transportation.

Depreciation deductions for the full restoration of rolling stock are determined by:

for rolling stock, the deduction rate for which is set depending on the mileage

where Ba is the depreciable cost of the car,

rub.; ac - depreciation rate,

%; - mileage on the route, km;

K a - correction factor for depreciation rates of rolling stock depending on operating conditions (shift work, environmental conditions). Can take on a value

< К а < 1,3. Принимаем К а = 1,0.

To the PF is determined by a direct account, if the organization is engaged only in transportation, i.e. the ratio of the cost of depreciation and restoration of fixed assets to the cost of depreciation of rolling stock for the period preceding the settlement period. When an organization carries out various types of activities, this coefficient is determined in accordance with the accounting policy adopted by the organization. For calculations, K PF is taken equal to 1.4. When used entirely from depreciated vehicles (trailers, semi-trailers), the cost includes only the depreciation of other fixed assets attributable to this type of transportation.

Driver payroll

The hourly wage of drivers working on a time basis is determined from the expression (according to the order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus No. 210-Ts of July 25, 2005)

where K T - tariff coefficient on a single tariff scale;

Т С - the monthly tariff rate of the worker of the first category, effective at the enterprise. Accepted by multiplying the hourly tariff rate(1200 rubles / h) for the number of working hours in a month, 1200x192 \u003d 230400 rubles;

K D - coefficient reading supplements, bonuses, etc. to wages, is taken equal to 1.89;

T M - the average monthly balance of working time, taken K D \u003d 192 hours.

When calculating this item, it is necessary to take into account deductions to budget funds from funds for wages, which amount to 39% of wages.

Calculation of overheads (general business expenses)

The amount of overhead costs that are not subject to direct calculation is determined by multiplying the driver's salary by a factor equal to 0.7. The rest of them are considered in real numbers.

Payroll for managers, specialists and employees

The wages of managers, specialists and employees are determined (Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus No. 210-C dated July 25, 2005) by multiplying the wages of drivers by the wage coefficient of managers, specialists and employees per 1 ruble of the wages of drivers. For calculations, the value of this coefficient is assumed to be 0.6.

When calculating this item, deductions to budget funds from funds for wages, which amount to 39% of wages, are taken into account.

The planned profit is determined from the following formula:

where R is the profitability of transportation, R=15%.

Cost price

The cost of transportation is defined as the sum of costs and profits:

The cost of transportation, including value added tax, is equal to:

where e VAT is the value added tax rate, 20%.

The tariff for 1 km of run is determined by the formula.

INTRODUCTION

1 THE CONCEPT OF TRANSPORT SERVICE AND ITS FEATURE, PRODUCTION PROCESS

1.1 The concept of transport services and its distinctive features from the sphere of material production

2.1 Obligations of the carrier and consignor during the transportation of goods

2.2 Cargo transportation technology

2.3 Quality of transport services

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Transport is characterized by features that must be taken into account when substantiating indicators of the volume of its production. Unlike other industries, transport does not produce new material goods, it only moves them in space. All transportation of goods is taken into account by shipment in tons, including the tare weight of the cargo, as well as the weight of fixtures and equipment used in transportation.

All activities of transport enterprises are subject to basic requirements, such as the fulfillment of contractual obligations to fulfill the transportation plan and fastest delivery cargo at lower cost. It is important that all material values ​​provided for transportation be delivered to the points of consumption as soon as possible and in safety. This is one of the most important conditions for the development of industries, the proper organization of production and trade. The process of transportation of goods and passengers is a very complex set of technical commercial and financial operations, which is carried out by numerous production enterprises of transport, forming a single transport conveyor, which for commercial activities is presented as a cargo delivery process that most fully satisfies the recipient both in terms of delivery time and the cost of transport services.

In this regard, the purpose of the work is to consider the concept of transport services, methods of transportation of goods and the division of the transport process into its constituent operations.

Based on the goal, the following tasks should be solved:

give the concept of a transport service and identify its distinctive features;

consider the organization and methods of transportation;

determine the content of transport operations of greatest interest to commercial activities.

The relevance of the topic of the control work is determined by the fact that in a market economy there is a need to create adequate regulation and documentation support for goods, passengers and luggage transported by transport. And the design of advanced technology and the organization of transshipment processes is a complex task, the correct solution of which largely determines the performance of transshipment complexes, and therefore these factors have a great influence on the cost of services provided, which ultimately affects the cost of transported goods. (1, 16)

The objects of research in the work include the transportation of goods and passengers, the availability of rolling stock and its optimal movement, the progressive use of transshipment complexes and financial results from transportation activities.

The subject of the work is commercial activity and the operation of transport in order to study in detail the impact of transport tariffs on the final cost of transported goods.

The theoretical and methodological foundations of the work were published scientific works of domestic economists, navigators and engineers on the regulation and proper organization of maritime transportation of goods, as well as on the methods and methods of organizing technological processes and schemes during loading and unloading operations.

The structure of the work includes an introduction, two sections, a conclusion and a bibliography.

1 THE CONCEPT OF TRANSPORT SERVICES AND ITS FEATURES, Production process

1.1 The concept of transport services and its distinctive features from the sphere of material production

Services include all types of labor that are not directly involved in changing and transforming the forms of matter and the forces of nature and producing a special use value, which is expressed in the socially useful activity of labor itself in various sectors of the public economy (science, education, healthcare, etc.). Services also include those types of labor that, being actually engaged in material production, are not embodied in an objectively tangible, isolated product of labor (transport, communications).

Service - a type of activity, work, in the course of which a new, previously non-existing tangible product is not created, but the quality of an already existing, created product is changed. These are benefits provided not in the form of things, but in the form of activities. Thus, the very provision of services creates the desired result.

Transport services refer to services that complete and (or) precede the process of material production. Transport services are defined as a subtype of transport activities aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and characterized by the presence of the necessary technological, financial, information, legal and resource support. The service, therefore, means not only the actual transportation of goods, but also any operation that is not part of the transportation process, but associated with its preparation and implementation.

Consequently, one of the main directions for improving economic activity in transport in a market economy is the substantiation of the most important economic and production indicators his work, which most fully reflects the degree of satisfaction of consumers in the transportation of goods, the economy and quality of transport work.

Cargo transportation is the main type of transport service. Cargo transportation, as a rule, is accompanied by the provision of one or more types of other services (loading, movement, forwarding, unloading).

Loading includes the supply of vehicles to the right place, the organization of the front of work, the accumulation, formation and sorting of cargo, the execution of documents accompanying the transportation. The main document during transportation is the consignment note, on the basis of which the consignor writes off material assets from the accounts of his enterprise, transferring them to transport workers for the period of transportation. All risks associated with the safety of the goods from that moment are transferred from the cargo owner to the carrier. The carrier is not the owner of the cargo, but is responsible for it financially for the period of transportation.

Movement is the main function of transport. The complicated movement of the traffic flow requires more attention from both the compilers of the routes and the performers (drivers, machinists, captains) to reduce travel time and ensure the safety of transportation of goods or passengers.

When loading, reloading operations are carried out - this is the whole complex of completed technological operations related to the movement of cargo from one place to another. This movement is made according to various options, where the option is the movement of cargo associated with one mode of transport to another or from transport to a warehouse and can be:

Warehouse - loading and unloading are carried out according to the transport-warehouse, warehouse-transport scheme;

Direct option - ship-transport, transport-ship, ship-ship. The direct option requires a single coordinated schedule for the movement of ships and other modes of transport. The direct option is economical, as it reduces labor costs, the best safety of transportation is ensured, the delivery of cargo is accelerated. (6, 302)

Loading and unloading operations can be carried out by cargo owners or, if desired and possible, transport workers, who often do not want to depend on the conditions of cargo owners, to reduce the time for loading and unloading operations and the overall time of the production process. These operations are the most complex and time-consuming, affecting the delay time of the vehicle, and consequently, reducing its productivity.

Unloading is the delivery of a vehicle to the work area, the disbanding and sorting of cargo, the execution of documents for the arrived cargo. According to the bill of lading, the goods are transferred to the consignee, who assumes liability. All risks for the cargo are transferred from the carrier to the consignee.

Production processes in transport can be massive, repetitive (loading - movement - unloading). Since transportation is carried out over various distances, which is associated with the dislocation (accommodation) of cargo owners, it is required to promptly prepare transportation assignments.

The implementation of the transport process is accompanied by a large flow of information, including: a waybill for the vehicle indicating the cargo, route; waybills for cargo; information on the organization of traffic on the route, operational information in case of failure situations, etc. The movement of vehicles outside the enterprise creates great difficulties for control and operational intervention due to the impossibility of quick transmission of information, especially in cases of failure, refusal to accept cargo due, for example, to a breakdown of cranes or a power outage at the front of loading and unloading, etc.

The characteristic of transport products is determined by the peculiarities of the transport process. The peculiarity of transport is that the production process in transport is the process of moving goods and passengers, which is the product of transport. Therefore, transport products are intangible. Transport continues and completes the production process until it is delivered to the consumer. The process of production of products is considered completed only when the products are delivered to the sphere of consumption, and accordingly, the process of production of transport products stops immediately after the cargo (passenger) is delivered to the right place. Consequently, transport products are produced only during the movement of a vehicle with cargo or passengers.

Transport products affect the size of social production, as it is a necessary condition for servicing the production processes of economic sectors, and actively influences the development of productive forces and the location (geography) of production, which, in turn, contributes to the improvement of transport.

The cost of transport products is included in the final cost of transported products, since cargo owners pay for transport costs, which they then add to the cost of their products when they sell. It is believed that the cost of cargo does not affect the cost of transport products. But, nevertheless, a product that is more expensive or with special properties (for example, perishable foodstuffs) requires a lot of transportation costs, since specialized transport is needed, the operation and maintenance of which is more expensive than a conventional vehicle. An example of such a rise in price can be the transportation of precious metals or money supply, which must be carried out in specialized armored vehicles with guards along the way.

In transport, the objects of labor are the transported goods, which are not the property of the transport, but for the duration of the transportation process, the carrier bears full financial responsibility for them.

Transport products have one feature: with an increase in the volume of goods (passengers) transported, it becomes necessary to switch to another mode of transport. For example, with an increase in the transportation of oil and oil products by rail, it must be replaced by pipeline transport, or with an increase in the population in a city of more than 1 million people, it is necessary to build a subway with greater carrying capacity than ground types of urban transport. (7, 119)

Since transport products are produced only during the period of movement of vehicles with cargo or passengers, their quantity depends on the downtime during loading and unloading operations, i.e. the level of mechanization and automation of handling and storage processes, as well as the use of advanced transportation technologies (container, batch, intermodal, etc.).

The intangible nature of transport products changes the composition of its cost. If in sectors of the economy significant costs are spent on the purchase of raw materials from which products are made, then in the transport industry, in the absence of raw materials, almost 50% of the cost goes to the wages of drivers performing transport work. The same 50% includes that part of the wear and tear of the vehicle, which in the future will be used to purchase a new vehicle.

A feature of transport products is also the fact that their production takes place outside the transport enterprise. And since vehicles have increased mobility, then control over the production of transport products is difficult and it is not always possible to implement feedback, i.e. impact on the production process. The way out of this situation can be considered the widespread development of information operational systems, especially mobile telephony.

Transport technologies and their classification

Freight transportation is carried out on the basis of a standard technological process which establishes the content, duration, place, time and rational sequence of all transport operations for the processing and maintenance of cargo units and rolling stock along the entire route of the cargo, as well as the procedure for using resources, qualitative and quantitative indicators and the form of responsibility for their implementation.

The set of methods for processing and servicing cargo units and rolling stock carried out in the process of freight transportation is called transport technology. Transport technology must comply with a number of principles that ensure:

focus on practical results;

management and coordination;

rationality;

scientific character;

the possibility of qualitative and quantitative assessment;

compliance with the world level;

reproducibility.

Transport technologies reflect the very essence of the freight transportation process; in general, they can be divided as follows: according to the degree of coverage of the freight transportation process (full, incomplete);

by functions (main, auxiliary);

by type of transport (single-species, multi-species); according to the degree of typicality (one-time, typical).

The effective organization of freight transport requires the development and application of typical technologies, most full covering the entire technological process, everyone the main functions and operations that ensure the most efficient use of the resources of all modes of transport and high quality in the transportation of a certain group cargo with specific transport properties. However, the development of a typical technology should be based on its clearer classification and unambiguous definition (identification). This is achieved by using appropriate classification systems (hierarchical or faceted) and coding: registration (ordinal or serial-ordinal), classification (sequential or parallel). The experience of using classification and coding systems in water transport shows that in this case, the most convenient is a parallel coding system corresponding to a faceted classification system. The transport technology code can be written as a combination of code designations of several independent classification groupings (facets).

From the above scheme for classifying technologies and defining a typical technology, it is obvious that its functions, content, degree of universality, place of implementation, etc. almost completely determined by the type of cargo and the type of transport operation, i.e. only two independent classification groups can be distinguished: the transport properties of the cargo and transport operations. In turn, each of the groupings must have its own coding system.

For the classification and coding of goods, it is necessary to combine all the variety of goods presented for transportation into classes that are close in their transport characteristics, that is, sets of cargo properties that determine the technology of transportation, reloading, storage along the entire route of the cargo. It should be noted that such a classification can also be used as a basis for improving the tariff range, taking into account modern requirements for the efficiency and quality of transportation. It is quite obvious that such a nomenclature should be the same for all modes of transport.

In the Soviet Union, at one time there was a unified classification and nomenclature of goods used to calculate transportation tariffs, fees, fines and rates. The unified tariff-statistical nomenclature of goods (ETCNG) is based on their division according to the origin of products: agriculture; timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries; metal ores, sulfuric raw materials; fuel and energy industry; mineral raw materials, materials and products of mineral construction; products of the metallurgical industry; mechanical engineering, instrument making and metalworking industry; chemical industry; food, meat and dairy and fish; light and printing; other cargo - 11 sections in total. Within each section, the goods are divided into groups and positions. Currently, the number of sections has been increased to 12, and each cargo in the tariff and statistical nomenclature has a six-digit code designation, where the first two characters are the group number, the third digit is the position number in the corresponding group, the fourth and fifth are the serial number of the cargo in the position, the sixth digit is a control .

Taking into account the correction factors, such nomenclature continues to be used in the conditions of contractual prices. But for the use of typical transport technologies, this classification is too detailed, not hierarchical, and does not take into account the specifics of transportation.