Legal forms and methods of financial activity. Analysis of the financial activities of the enterprise Financial activities include the following types

aim commercial organization is to make a profit, that is, to obtain a positive financial result of the enterprise. At the same time, the calculation should be made not only for internal accounting and analysis, but also to comply with legal requirements, since it is mandatory and is included in the reporting.

Financial result analysis

The indicator of financial results testifies to the efficiency of the enterprise, profitability, on the basis of these data, the owners and management of the enterprise determine the prospects and development trends.

At the same time, depending on the tasks, the financial result can be determined both as a whole for the enterprise and for certain types activities or by types of products, or by structural divisions. The internal accounting of the enterprise is not regulated, and the owners independently decide how to accumulate data on income and expenses, what to take into account when determining the financial result and for what period.

At the same time, the analysis of activity can be carried out on the basis of statistical data on the industry, comparison with similar companies. But first of all, a comparison is made of data on income and expenses for the same previous period. At the same time, data on income and expenses are evaluated, the reasons for growth and decline are analyzed, and the effectiveness of personnel work and equipment use can be assessed. Taking into account external and internal factors, for example, the situation on the market, the need for long-term investments, a forecast of further development is made, the company's activities can be adjusted up to the termination of unprofitable activities.

Income statement

The legislation obliges the organization to keep records of financial results and reflect the data in the Statement of Financial Results, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2010 N 66n.

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 14 of the Law of 06.12.2011 N 402-FZ "On Accounting" The statement of financial results is included in the annual financial statements.

The Report includes indicators:

  • revenue,
  • cost,
  • gross profit, which is defined as the difference between revenue and cost,
  • business expenses
  • management expenses,
  • profit or loss on sales,
  • income from participation in other organizations,
  • interest receivable,
  • interest payable,
  • other income and expenses.

Based on the results of these indicators, profit before tax is derived and, taking into account income tax and tax liabilities, the net profit of the enterprise is determined.

The first and most revealing data is revenue and cost, that is, income and expenses for ordinary activities, which are formed according to the rules of PBU 9/99 and 10/99. For example, if an organization is engaged in leasing property, then the amount of rent received will be indicated, but if the organization is engaged in trade, but has entered into a one-time short-term lease agreement, then the rent will not be taken into account as part of this indicator, but will be taken into account as part of other income

And it also takes into account the expenses that are made for the usual type of activity. For example, these are the costs that are necessary for the maintenance of property for rent, which take into account and wage personnel, and expenses for the current repair of property, and other expenses.

The report on financial results is submitted to the tax authority and to the statistics authority. But in addition, this form is often requested by banks when issuing a loan, counterparties when concluding contracts, they can also request a breakdown of individual indicators. Based on these data, an initial analysis of solvency is carried out, not only the loan rate or the condition for deferred payment may depend on this, but also the ability to conclude an agreement with a counterparty in which the organization is interested.

1. The concept of finance as an economic category and in material terms. Features of finance as social relations. Their functions.

Signs of finance:

1) money relation;

2) distribution ratio;

3) non-equivalent relation;

The concept of "finance" is considered in two aspects:

1) economic aspect.

Finance - economic relations arising from the formation, distribution and use of monetary funds in order to fulfill the tasks and functions of the state, its territorial divisions, enterprises, organizations and institutions

2) material aspect.

Finance - funds accumulated in state funds for special purposes.

Finance - monetary funds of the state, its territorial divisions, enterprises and institutions, organizations.

Monetary funds - a separate part of financial resources, having a target direction and relative independence of functioning.

Functions of Finance:

1) distribution - contributes to the organization of a balanced and efficient production, the development of all its branches in accordance with the needs of society in order to most fully meet the needs of people. With the help of finance, the total social product and the national income are distributed;

2) control - lies in the fact that the state, using finance and financial categories, exercises control over the financial and economic activities of economic entities. With the help of finance, control is exercised over the production and distribution of material and social benefits in the country.

The totality of the links (institutions) that are part of finance, in their interconnection, forms the country's financial system.

Financial system- a set of financial institutions, each of which contributes to the formation and use of appropriate monetary funds, and state bodies and institutions that carry out financial activities within their competence.

The financial system of the Russian Federation includes:

1)The budget system with state and local budgets included in it.

(This centralized funds monetary resources that are created through the distribution and redistribution of national income created in the branches of material production.)

2)Extrabudgetary trust funds.

(fund Money formed outside the federal budget and the budgets of the subjects Russian Federation and designed to implement the constitutional rights of citizens to pensions, social insurance, health care and medical care.)

3)Finances of enterprises, organizations, institutions, branches of the national economy.

(decentralized funds of funds of economic entities of various forms of ownership, formed from cash income and savings of the enterprises themselves.)

4)State and bank credit.

(State credit is a special form of monetary relations between the state, individual citizens, legal entities and individuals, as well as foreign states, international organizations regarding the formation and use of the loan fund.)

5)Personal and property insurance.

(provide social protection of society, compensation for losses from natural disasters and accidents, and also contribute to their prevention.)

3. Financial activities states: concept, tasks, features, functions, methods of implementation.

Financial activity of the state- this is the implementation by him of functions for the systematic formation, distribution and use of monetary funds in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensuring the country's defense capability and security.

Tasks of the financial activity of the state:

1)Education

2) Distribution

3) Use of cash funds

Peculiarities:

1) Mandatory participation of the state / municipal authority (represented by the competent authorities)

2) Orientation to the adoption of legally significant decisions through the implementation by the state of its law-making function.

3) Registration of the adopted legally significant decision in the relevant NLA, which has an official and generally significant character.

4) The legal significance of the results of activities for all subjects of financial legal relations.

5) The implementation of this activity in a strictly regulated manner.

Functions:

1) Formation of municipal and monetary funds.

2) distribution of monetary resources.

3) the use of financial resources.

4)Movement control financial resources.

5) issue of banknotes.

Implementation methods:

1) Accumulation (methods of demobilization of profitable sources are applicable for registration of stabilization funds (general compulsory insurance, military registration, state loans)

2) Distribution (method of transfer allocation - a) subsidies; b) subventions; c) subsidies; d) interest deductions)

3) Lending.

4. Legal and non-legal forms of financial activity of the state: concept, brief description.

legal- activities that entail legal consequences and are carried out on the basis of legal registration

Legal:

1) issuance of legal acts of a financial and legal nature;

2) issuance of individual legal acts;

3) the conclusion of agreements related to the observance and expenditure of state and municipal funds;

4) the implementation by the state in the person of the governing body of its rights and obligations of the subject of legal relations arising in the process of legal relations;

5) bringing to justice persons who commit offenses in the field of financial legal relations.

non-legal- activities that do not entail legal consequences, although provided for by law.

Non-legal:

1) holding meetings;

2) financial and economic analysis;

3) forecasting;

4) clarification of financial legislation.

5. Constitutional bases of financial activity of the Russian Federation.

The financial activity of the state is carried out on the basis of principles, the content of which is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Principles of financial activity of the state and municipalities:

1)priority of the public interest in the legal regulation of relations in the field of financial activities of the state and municipalities;

2) principle of federalism- fixes the main distinctions between the subjects of jurisdiction of the state and the subjects of the Russian Federation, and also establishes the subjects of their joint jurisdiction.

The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation are:

a) ensuring the conformity of the constitutions and laws of the republics, charters, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous regions, autonomous regions with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;

b) protection of human and civil rights and freedoms;

c) protection of the rights of national minorities;

d) ensuring the rule of law, law and order, public safety;

e) regime of border zones;

f) establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation;

g) administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, forest legislation, subsoil legislation, environmental protection;

h) establishment of general principles for organizing the system of state authorities and local self-government;

3) unity of financial policy and monetary system- lies in the fact that the subjects of the Russian Federation are endowed with independence, but it should not go beyond the framework of the foundations of federal financial policy, the general principles of taxation and the functioning of the state's monetary system.

In relations with federal government bodies, all subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves.

monetary unit in Russia is ruble. The introduction of other monetary units on the territory of the Russian Federation and the issuance of monetary surrogates are prohibited.

The main function of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation- protecting and ensuring the stability of the ruble, which it carries out independently of other government bodies.

Money issue carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Banknotes (bank notes) and coin of the Bank of Russia- the only legal means of cash payment on the territory of the Russian Federation. Their forgery and illegal manufacture are punishable by law. Banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia are unconditional obligations of the Bank of Russia and are backed by all its assets;

4) social orientation of financial activity in the Russian Federation- one of the main goals of the financial activity of the state is the creation of conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Citizens can participate in the financial activities of the state and local authorities directly and through representatives.

6. The composition and brief description of the financial and legal status of federal government bodies for which financial activity is the main one.

Types of bodies carrying out financial activities:

1)bodies of general competence, carrying out general regulation and control over financial activities:

a) The President of the Russian Federation - signs and promulgates the federal law on the federal budget;

b) legislative (representative) bodies of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities (for example, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation) - consider and accept (or reject) the budgets of the corresponding levels;

in) executive bodies the Russian Federation, its constituent entities and municipalities (for example, the Government of the Russian Federation) - submit the draft budget to the legislative (representative) bodies, exercise general management of its implementation;

2) bodies of special competence, created specifically for the implementation of financial activities:

a) Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The main task is to develop a unified state financial (including the budgetary, tax, insurance, currency spheres, the sphere of public debt), credit, monetary policy, as well as policies in the field of auditing, accounting and financial reporting, mining, production, processing of precious metals and precious stones, customs payments (in terms of calculation and payment procedure), including determination of the customs value of goods and vehicles;

b) Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation. Tasks:

Organization, implementation and control over the execution of the budget of the Russian Federation, management of funds in the accounts of the Treasury;

Regulation of financial relations between the budget of the Russian Federation and state non-budgetary funds, financial performance of these funds, control over their funds;

Collection, processing and analysis of information on the state of public finances;

Management and servicing, together with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, of the state internal and external debt of the Russian Federation;

c) Ministry of the Russian Federation for taxes and fees. The main tasks in the field of financial activities:

Control over the correctness of the calculation, completeness and timeliness of payment of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments to the relevant budget and state extra-budgetary funds;

Participation in the development and implementation of tax policy in order to ensure timely receipt of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments to the relevant budget and state extra-budgetary funds in full;

Implementation of currency control within the competence of the tax authorities;

d) Bank of Russia. Basic goals:

Develops and implements a unified state monetary policy in cooperation with the Government of the Russian Federation;

Monopoly issues cash and organizes cash circulation;

Is a lender of last resort for credit institutions, organizes a system of their refinancing;

Establishes the rules for making settlements in the Russian Federation;

Establishes the rules for conducting banking operations;

Provides services to accounts of budgets of all levels budget system RF through settlements on behalf of authorized executive bodies and state non-budgetary funds.

7. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation: concept, tasks, main functions and powers.

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation carries out general leadership financial organization in the country.

The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation has the following budgetary powers:

1) draws up a draft federal budget and submits it to the Government of the Russian Federation, takes part in the development of draft budgets for state non-budgetary funds;

2) on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation represents the side of the state in agreements on the provision

funds from the federal budget on a repayable basis and guarantees at the expense of the federal budget;

3) draws up a consolidated budget breakdown of the federal budget;

4) develops a forecast of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation;

5) acts as an issuer of government valuable papers, conducts registration of the issue of government securities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal securities;

6) provides methodological guidance on accounting and reporting legal entities regardless of their organizational legal forms;

7) adopt normative acts within its competence;

8) receives from the federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, state extra-budgetary funds and local governments the materials necessary for the preparation of the draft federal budget, the report on the execution of the federal budget, the forecast of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation, as well as the report on the execution of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation ;

9) ensure the provision of budget loans and budget credits within the limit of funds approved by the federal law on the federal budget for the next financial year, and in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

10) on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the Russian Federation, provides state guarantees to constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities and legal entities within the limit of funds approved by the federal law on the federal budget for the next financial year;

11) conducts inspections financial condition recipients of budget funds, including recipients of budget loans, budget loans and state guarantees;

12) maintains state books (registries) of the internal and external debt of the Russian Federation;

13) carries out, in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation, the management of the public debt of the Russian Federation;

14) organize the execution of the federal budget, as well as the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets in the event of the conclusion of the relevant budget agreements;

15) executes the federal budget in accordance with the procedure established by the Tax Code;

16) draws up a report on the execution of the federal and consolidated budgets, as well as the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets in the event of the conclusion of the relevant budget agreements;

17) impose fines on the main administrators, administrators and recipients of federal budget funds, credit institutions in accordance with agreements and legislation of the Russian Federation;

18) introduce a consolidated register of chief administrators, administrators and recipients of federal budget funds and register budgetary institutions whose activities are financed from the federal budget;

19) exercise other powers in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and other acts of the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation.

8. Federal Treasury: tasks, functions, powers.

In the Russian Federation, there is a unified centralized system of federal treasury bodies, including the Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and subordinate territorial bodies of the federal treasury for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, cities, except for cities of regional subordination, districts and districts in cities.

The main tasks of the Treasury bodies:

1) organization, implementation and control over the execution of the budget of the Russian Federation, management of budget revenues and expenditures on the accounts of the Treasury, based on the principle of unity of the cash desk;

2) regulation of financial relations between the budget of the Russian Federation and state extra-budgetary funds, financial performance of these funds, control over the receipt and use of extra-budgetary funds;

3) implementation of short-term forecasting of the volume of public financial resources, their operational management;

4) collection, processing and analysis of information on the state of public finances, reporting to legislative and executive bodies on financial transactions of the Government of the Russian Federation on the budget of the Russian Federation, on state non-budgetary funds, on the state of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation;

5) management and servicing, together with the Bank of Russia and other authorized banks, of the state internal and external debt of the Russian Federation;

6) development of methodological and instructive materials, the procedure for conducting accounting operations on issues related to the competence of the Treasury, preparing a draft budget classification, conducting accounting operations for the state treasury of the Russian Federation.

The functions of the Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation include:

1) organization of budgetary and financial execution of the federal budget

2) organization and implementation of: short-term forecasting and cash planning of federal budget funds,

the territories they serve;

3) maintaining a consolidated register of managers of federal budget funds

4) organization of the distribution of income between the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

5) management of revenues and expenditures of the federal budget

6) organization of mutual settlements between the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

7) regulation of financial relations between the federal budget and state federal extra-budgetary funds

8) organization of the work of the territorial bodies of the Treasury to control the execution of the federal budget

9) organization and conduct of operations for the accounting of the state treasury.

10) management of the work of the territorial bodies of the Federal Treasury;

11) bringing to the attention of the territorial bodies of the Federal Treasury the size of appropriations from the federal budget for the territories they serve

9. Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision: concept, tasks, functions, powers.

in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the system and structure of federal executive bodies", the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision is a federal executive body that exercises control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere, as well as the functions of a currency control body.

The Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision is guided in its activities by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation

The main functions of the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision are:

1) conducting audits and checks of the legality and efficiency of the use of federal budget funds, state extra-budgetary funds and material assets owned by the federal government on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad

2) taking measures to prevent, detect and suppress violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the financial and budgetary sphere;

3) organization of the formation and maintenance of a unified information system control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere.

financial control of federal executive bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments;

4) exercising, within its competence, control over the compliance of currency transactions conducted in the Russian Federation by residents and non-residents with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the terms of licenses and permits, as well as their compliance with the requirements of acts of currency regulation and currency control bodies;

5) organizing, with the participation of currency control agents, law enforcement, regulatory and other federal bodies, checks of the completeness and correctness of accounting and reporting on currency transactions

6) supervision over the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on financial and budgetary control and supervision by

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Control, the Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision carries out the following powers in the established field of activity:

1. exercises control and supervision:

1.1. for the use of federal budget funds, state extra-budgetary funds

1.2. for compliance by residents and non-residents

monetary

RF legislation

1.3. for compliance with the requirements of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation by recipients of financial assistance from the federal budget

2. receives citizens, ensures timely and complete consideration of oral and written appeals from citizens

3. carries out, within its competence, proceedings on cases of administrative offenses in accordance with

component of the state, official, banking, tax, trade secret, the secret of communication, and other confidential information;

4. represents, in accordance with the established procedure, in the judicial bodies the rights and legitimate interests of the Russian Federation on issues within the competence of the Service;

6. ensures the appropriate mode of storage and protection of the information obtained in the course of the Service's activities,

5. carries out in accordance with the established procedure the collection, accumulation and processing of reports and other documented information in the established field of activity;

the legislation of the Russian Federation;

10. Federal tax service: concept, tasks, functions, powers.

The Federal Tax Service(Federal Tax Service of Russia) - the federal executive body exercising the functions of control and supervision over compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, over the correctness of the calculation, completeness and timeliness of paying taxes and fees to the relevant budget, and in addition, in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation - over the correctness of the calculation, the completeness and timeliness of making mandatory payments to the relevant budget, as well as for the production and circulation of tobacco products and for compliance with the currency legislation of the Russian Federation within the competence of the tax authorities.

The Federal Tax Service is an authorized federal executive body that carries out state registration of legal entities, individuals as individual entrepreneurs and peasant (farm) enterprises, as well as an authorized federal executive body that provides representation in bankruptcy cases and in bankruptcy proceedings of claims for the payment of mandatory payments and requirements of the Russian Federation for monetary obligations.

The Federal Tax Service carries out its activities directly and through its territorial bodies in cooperation with other federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and state non-budgetary funds, public associations and other organizations.

11. Federal Insurance Supervision Service: concept, tasks, mainfunctions and powers.

Federal Insurance Supervision Service is a federal executive body under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance.

The Federal Service for Insurance Supervision was in 2004-2011 the federal executive body that exercised the functions of control and supervision in the field of insurance activities (insurance business). The Federal Insurance Supervision Service was established in accordance with the Decree of the President on March 9, 2004 “On the System and Structure of Federal Executive Bodies” and the Government Decree of June 30, 2004 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Insurance Supervision Service”. Prior to the creation of the Federal Insurance Insurance Fund, the functions of insurance supervision from September 1996 to March 2004 were performed by the Department of Insurance Supervision of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Main functions:

1) making decisions on the issuance or refusal to issue licenses, on the annulment, restriction, suspension, restoration of validity and revocation of licenses;

2) issuance and withdrawal of qualification certificates;

3) maintaining a unified state register of insurance business entities and a register of associations of insurance business entities;

4) exercising control over the observance by the subjects of the insurance business of the insurance legislation, including through inspections of their activities;

5) exercising control over compliance by the subjects of the insurance business, in respect of which a decision has been made to revoke a license, information on the termination of their activities or their liquidation;

6) issuance of instructions to the subjects of the insurance business in case of detection of violations of the insurance legislation by them;

7) receipt, processing and analysis of reports submitted by the subjects of the insurance business;

8) applying to the court in cases provided for by law with claims for the liquidation of the subject of the insurance business - a legal entity or for the termination of the subject of the insurance business - individual activities as an individual entrepreneur;

9) summarizing the practice of insurance supervision, developing and submitting, in accordance with the established procedure, proposals for improving the insurance legislation governing the implementation of insurance supervision.

12. Bank of Russia: features of the legal status, main tasks, functions. The role of the implementation of the financial policy of the state.

The Bank of Russia is a legal entity. The Bank of Russia has a seal depicting the State Emblem of the Russian Federation and with its name.

The objectives of the Bank of Russia are:

1) protection and stability of the ruble;

2) development and strengthening of the banking system of the Russian Federation;

3) ensuring stability and development of the national payment system;

4)development financial market Russian Federation;

5) ensuring the stability of the financial market of the Russian Federation.

The Bank of Russia performs the following functions:

1) in cooperation with the Government of the Russian Federation, develop and implement a unified state monetary policy;

1.1) in cooperation with the Government of the Russian Federation, develops and implements a policy of development and ensuring the stability of the functioning of the financial market of the Russian Federation;

2) monopoly issues cash and organizes cash circulation;

2.1) approves the graphic designation of the ruble in the form of a sign;

3) is a creditor of last resort for credit institutions, organizes a system of their refinancing;

4) establishes the rules for making settlements in the Russian Federation;

4.1) exercise supervision and supervision in the national payment system;

5) establishes the rules for conducting banking operations;

6) maintains the accounts of budgets of all levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise established by federal laws, by carrying out settlements on behalf of authorized executive bodies and state extra-budgetary funds, which are entrusted with organizing the execution and execution of budgets;

7) carry out effective management of the gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Bank of Russia;

8) decide on the state registration of credit institutions, issue licenses to credit institutions to carry out banking operations, suspend their operation and revoke them;

8.1) makes decisions on the state registration of non-state pension funds;

9) exercise supervision over the activities of credit institutions and banking groups (hereinafter referred to as banking supervision);

9.1) regulates, controls and supervises the activities of non-bank financial organizations in accordance with federal laws;

10) carries out registration of issues of emissive securities and prospectuses of securities, registration of reports on the results of issues of emissive securities (see the text in the previous wording)

10.1) exercise control and supervision over compliance by issuers with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on joint-stock companies and securities;

10.2) carries out regulation, control and supervision in the field of corporate relations in joint-stock companies;

Financial activity of the state - this is the implementation by him of functions for the systematic formation (formation), distribution and use of monetary funds (financial resources) in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense capability and security, as well as the use of financial resources for the activities of state bodies.

Financial activities of municipalities , carried out through local self-government bodies, is aimed at solving problems of local importance, determined by the legislation on local self-government. It represents the implementation of the function of systematic formation (formation), distribution and use of municipal (local) monetary funds in order to implement social and economic tasks of local importance and provide financial resources for the activities of local governments. A feature of municipal financial activity is the provision of financial resources for the fulfillment of the goals and objectives provided by the local community, and the delegated powers of the state.

The financial activity of the state must be considered from two sides:

  1. as a special kind economic activity;
  2. as a variety government controlled.

Financial activity of the state as a special type of economic activity

Signs characterizing the financial activity of the state as a special type of economic activity:

  • issue of banknotes (issue);
  • organization and regulation of money circulation in the country;
  • making calculations.

Money acts as a measure of the cost of goods and services, is a universal equivalent that helps to quickly and efficiently exchange one product for another, contributes to the normal operation of economic mechanisms in both public and private business, and helps to satisfy one’s needs in the most convenient form.

In the process of carrying out financial activities, the state collects (mobilizes) funds, distributes mobilized funds (redistributes) and creates budgetary, extra-budgetary, reserve and other monetary funds. This is a very significant sign of the financial activity of the state. At the same time, the state uses various methods: the establishment of taxes and fees, the voluntary attraction of funds from the population through state loans, lotteries, etc.

In this regard, of great importance for the functioning of the state is the creation of the federal budget as a centralized fund of the Russian Federation, intended to finance functions and tasks of national importance (defense, foreign affairs), as well as for the redistribution financial resources between the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to equalize the conditions for their socio-economic development.

The Budget Code of the Russian Federation provides for the creation of major state non-budgetary funds, which include the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and other funds. Financial funds discipline the state, oblige officials use the funds legally and for the purposes specified in the law. The creation of monetary funds in the process of mobilizing funds, their distribution and redistribution is the main direction in the financial activities of the state.

In the process of financial activity, the state spends money. From the federal budget, the state spends on the army and defense; from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation pays pensions to citizens; from reserve funds restores the losses suffered by cities and villages as a result of natural disasters, etc.

By spending money, the state:

  • applies budget financing, i.е. targeted, gratuitous, irrevocable release of public funds;
  • applies bank lending, i.e. issuance of repayable loans, for the use of which citizens and legal entities pay interest;
  • pays insurance indemnities, etc.

Thus, the financial activity of the state is formed primarily by such types of it as emission, tax, budgetary, expenditure activities. However, the panorama of the financial activity of the state also shows its other components (types): currency, credit, insurance, financial control, etc.

Financial activity of the state as a kind of management activity

The financial activity of the state is a "special branch of public administration". In this capacity, the financial activity of the state is:

  • imperious, based on the instructions of state (public) authorities;
  • state planning, carried out within a precisely defined time (quarter, year);
  • coordinating;
  • controlling.

Managerial character financial activity is manifested in the fact that it is carried out on the basis of legal management decisions of both representative and executive authorities. In the hierarchy of such decisions, the leading place belongs to acts of representative bodies, primarily federal laws and laws of subjects of the Federation on budgets, taxes, etc.

The largest part of management decisions in the field of financial activities of the state are acts of executive authorities, and this is natural, because these bodies mainly carry out financial activities (Ministry of Finance of Russia, tax services). At the same time, in each specific case, the implementation of financial activities is a hierarchical relationship of two subjects: one of them commands, implements a guiding, coordinating, controlling influence, and the other subject falls under his authority. Such an impact is most noticeable in the tax legal relationship (tax authority - taxpayer), in the budgetary procedural legal relationship (legislature - body).

Financial activity is a managerial activity coordinating nature, in the process of implementation of which, depending on the circumstances, an expedient ratio of the expenditure side with the revenue side of the budgets of various levels is established through budgetary regulation: percentage deductions from taxes to certain budgets, grants, subventions and subsidies, etc. However, coordination as a managerial impact on coordinating the actions of various financial bodies can hardly be limited only to the budgetary sphere. It extends to issue, tax, currency and other spheres of financial activity of the state.

Planning is immanently inherent in financial activity as a management activity. For example, the execution of the budget, both in terms of income and expenditure, is carried out strictly according to the plan: each income and each expenditure of the budget is provided for by law and implemented at the time established by law. In other words, the financial activity of any state organization is carried out not arbitrarily, but on the basis of some financial and planning act: estimates of income and expenses budget institution, balance of income and expenses of the enterprise, cash plan, etc.

Thus, the financial activity of the state is a planned process of mobilizing funds, creating financial funds, spending money for the effective implementation of the state of its tasks and functions.

An integral part of the financial activity of the state as a management category is financial control activities which is carried out by the competent authorities of the state (Ministry of Finance of Russia, Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation) in the process of mobilizing funds to state financial funds and their use in the interests of society and the state.

State financial control extends to both state and municipal financial structures, as well as for private entrepreneurial activity. Thus, the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercise control over the observance by local governments of tax and budgetary legislation.

So, the financial activity of the state is the activity of issuing banknotes and organizing money circulation in the country, mobilizing funds to state and municipal funds, using them in the interests of society and the state, and this activity is carried out on the basis of management decisions, financial planning and control over the correctness of all financial transactions of both state (public) and private structures.

There is one more sign of the financial activity of the state, which should be mentioned separately: this activity is carried out on a strictly legal basis.

Financial Analysis: What is it?

The financial analysis - this is the study of the main indicators of the financial condition and financial performance of the organization in order to make management, investment and other decisions by interested parties. Financial analysis is part of broader terms: analysis of financial and economic activity enterprises and economic analysis.

In practice, financial analysis is carried out using MS Excel tables or special programs. In the course of the analysis of financial and economic activities, both quantitative calculations of various indicators, ratios, coefficients, and their qualitative assessment and description, comparison with similar indicators of other enterprises. Financial analysis includes an analysis of the assets and liabilities of the organization, its solvency, liquidity, financial results and financial stability, analysis of asset turnover (business activity). Financial analysis allows you to identify such important aspects as a possible bankruptcy probability. Financial analysis is an integral part of the activities of such professionals as auditors, appraisers. Banks are actively using financial analysis when deciding whether to issue loans to organizations, accountants in the course of preparing explanatory note to annual accounts and other specialists.

Fundamentals of financial analysis

The basis of financial analysis is the calculation of special indicators, more often in the form of coefficients characterizing one or another aspect of the organization's financial and economic activities. Among the most popular financial ratios the following can be distinguished:

1) The coefficient of autonomy (the ratio of equity to the total capital (assets) of the enterprise), the coefficient of financial dependence (the ratio of liabilities to assets).

2) Coefficient current liquidity(the ratio of current assets to short-term liabilities).

3) Quick liquidity ratio (the ratio of liquid assets, including cash, short-term financial investments, short-term receivables, to short-term liabilities).

4) Return on equity (ratio net profit to the company's equity)

5) Profitability of sales (the ratio of profit from sales (gross profit) to the company's revenue), by net profit (the ratio of net profit to revenue).

Methods of financial analysis

Typically, the following methods of financial analysis are used: vertical analysis (for example,), horizontal analysis, predictive analysis based on trends, factorial and other methods of analysis.

Among the legislatively (regulatory) approved approaches to financial analysis and methods, the following documents can be cited:

  • Decree of the Federal Office for Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of August 12, 1994 N 31-r
  • Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2003 N 367 "On approval of the Rules for conducting a financial analysis by an arbitration manager"
  • Regulation of the Central Bank of June 19, 2009 N 337-P "On the procedure and criteria for assessing the financial position of legal entities - founders (participants) credit institution"
  • Order of the FSFR of the Russian Federation of January 23, 2001 N 16 "On Approval" Guidelines on the analysis of the financial condition of organizations"
  • Order of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation of October 1, 1997 N 118 "On Approval of Methodological Recommendations for the Reform of Enterprises (Organizations)"

It is important to note that financial analysis is not just a calculation of various indicators and ratios, a comparison of their values ​​in statics and dynamics. The result of a qualitative analysis should be a reasonable, supported by calculations, conclusion about the financial position of the organization, which will become the basis for decision-making by management, investors and other interested parties (see example). This principle was the basis for the development of the program "Your Financial Analyst", which not only prepares a full report on the results of the analysis, but also does it without user participation, without requiring knowledge of financial analysis from him - this greatly simplifies the life of accountants, auditors, economists .

Sources of information for financial analysis

Very often, interested parties do not have access to the internal data of the organization, therefore, public information is the main source of information for financial analysis. financial statements organizations. The main reporting forms - the Balance Sheet and the Profit and Loss Statement - make it possible to calculate all the main financial indicators and ratios. For a deeper analysis, you can use the statements of cash flows and capital of the organization, which are compiled at the end of the financial year. An even more detailed analysis of certain aspects of the enterprise's activities, for example, the calculation of the break-even point, requires initial data that lie outside the reporting area (data from current accounting and production accounting).

For example, you can get a financial analysis based on your Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement for free online on our website (both for one period and for several quarters or years).

Altman Z-model (Altman Z-score)

Altman Z-model(Z-score of Altman, Altman Z-Score) is financial model(formula), developed by American economist Edward Altman, designed to predict the probability of bankruptcy of an enterprise.

Enterprise Analysis

under the expression " enterprise analysis"usually imply financial (financial-economic) analysis, or a broader concept, analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise (AHD). Financial analysis, analysis of economic activity refers to microeconomic analysis, i.e. the analysis of enterprises as separate economic entities (as opposed to macroeconomic analysis, which involves the study of the economy as a whole).

Business Activity Analysis (AHA)

Via business analysis organization, general trends in the development of the enterprise are studied, the reasons for changing the results of activities are investigated, plans for the development of the enterprise are developed and approved and adopted management decisions, control over the implementation of approved plans and decisions taken, reserves are identified in order to increase production efficiency, the results of the company's activities are evaluated, and an economic strategy for its development is developed.

Bankruptcy (Bankruptcy Analysis)

bankruptcy, or insolvency- is recognized arbitration court the inability of the debtor to fully satisfy the claims of creditors for monetary obligations and (or) to fulfill the obligation to make mandatory payments. The definition, basic concepts and procedures related to the bankruptcy of enterprises (legal entities) are contained in the Federal Law of October 26, 2002 N 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)".

Vertical reporting analysis

Vertical reporting analysis- a technique for analyzing financial statements, in which the ratio of the selected indicator with other homogeneous indicators within one reporting period is studied.

Horizontal reporting analysis

Horizontal reporting analysis- This comparative analysis financial data for a number of periods. This method also known as "trend analysis".

The need to use finance led to the implementation by the state and municipalities of special, namely financial activities. In the course of financial activity, systematic and purposeful formation, distribution and use of state and municipal centralized and decentralized monetary funds are carried out.

So, financial activity of the state - this is the implementation by him of functions for the systematic formation, distribution and use of monetary funds in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense capability and security, as well as the use of financial resources for the activities of state bodies.

Fin. the activities of municipalities, carried out through local self-government bodies, are aimed at solving problems of local importance, determined by the legislation on local self-government. It represents the implementation of the functions of the planned formation, distribution and use of municipalities. den. funds in order to implement socio-economic tasks of local importance and provide financial resources for the activities of local governments.

The financial activities of state authorities and local self-government are connected by a general focus on the needs of society, are of a public nature, although they differ in specific tasks. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 1, article 7), the main, defining goal of this activity should be the creation of conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

The implementation of effective financial activities of the state is a factor necessary for the implementation of a fair social policy, which, in the transition to a market economy, requires the elimination of the negative aspects of the latter.

Through Fin. activities created material basis necessary for the functioning of state bodies. power and administration, law enforcement. bodies that ensure the defense and security of the country.

The impact of the state and municipalities on socio-economic processes is carried out not only in the form of direct financial support, the allocation of funds for certain plans, programs, etc., but also indirectly - by providing tax benefits, applying low interest rates when lending or providing interest-free loans, tax deferrals payments, etc. in order to stimulate any activity recognized by the state as a priority. Conversely, restrictive measures may be applied.

Fin. activity influences the development of federative relations and local government. Its important side is the distribution of Fin. resources between fed. bodies and subjects of the Federation, as well as municipalities. formations, which is important for the regulation and coordination of production and the development of the socio-cultural sphere throughout Russia, as well as the corresponding territorial levels. The regional policy in the Russian Federation should be aimed at equalizing the conditions for the socio-economic development of the regions while creating a single economic space.

As an integral part of the mechanism of state administration and regulation of socio-economic processes, financial activity contains ample opportunities to influence the development of market relations.

When characterizing the financial activities of the Russian Federation on present stage it is important to note that it is carried out in the conditions of economic cooperation with the CIS countries. In doing so, Russia proceeds from the task of strengthening and developing its equal and mutually beneficial economic relations with these states, development of integration relations with them. To regulate and develop such cooperation, a special body has been created - the Ministry for the Commonwealth of Independent States. Within the framework of the CIS, there is an Interstate Economic Committee, consisting of deputy heads of government and which is a permanent body Economic Union. Agreements are also concluded on certain issues of financial activity (for example, on the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of tax evasion).

Foreign economic relations are also carried out by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the powers granted to them by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation, as well as by agreements between federal authorities and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. General order coordination of these relations is established by a special federal law. Results of international and foreign economic relations are reflected in the incomes and expenditures of the state monetary funds of the Federation and its subjects.

Question 5. Basic principles of public finance. activities, their constitutional consolidation.

Fin. activities of state-va and local self-government. based on certain principles, i.e. on the fundamental rules and requirements expressing its most essential features and purposefulness. The main content of these principles is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, follows from general provisions on the basics of the organization and functioning of the Russian state, and specifically related to its fin. activities, and specified in the norms of Fin. rights. By virtue of its content(direction to the regulation of relations in the field of financial activities of the state and municipalities) and consolidation in the norms of the fin. right, they, in essence, are the principles of Fin. rights. Among them are the following.

Etc. priority of public interest in pr. reg. and relations in the field of fin. deyat-ty state-va and munits. formations. This principle is supposed ispolz-e financial-legal institutions for the state. reg-I of the economy, based on the generally significant tasks of society-va. Ultimately, the implementation of this principle is reflected in the private interests of the individual. Of particular importance is its action acquired. in economic crisis conditions.

The principle of federalism, according to which in Fin. activities should combine general federal interests with the interests of the subjects of the Federation, provided through it with the necessary financial resources. resources to perform functions of general importance to the Federation as a whole.

Finnish unity. politics and monetary system. Self-Th subjects of the Federation should not go beyond the foundations of the Fed. fin. policy, as well as jointly established general principles of taxation and fees. The system of taxes levied in the fed. budget, and general principles taxes and fees, as well as a list of taxes levied in the country are established by the Federal. legislation. It also enshrined the unity of the budget system, a single way of financing budget expenditures, and so on. The unity of financial policy and the monetary system is a necessary condition for the unity of the economic space in the Russian Federation, guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the free movement of financial resources.

Equality of the subjects of the Federation in the field of fin. activity is determined by Art. 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Each of the subjects of the Federation is equally covered by the fed. fin. legislation. Outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and joint jurisdiction, each of the subjects of the Federation implements its own legal reg-e fin. relations and independent fin. activities, approves the budget, establishes taxes, etc.

Finnish autonomy. activities of local governments guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Art. 12, 130-133). These bodies are guided in their activities by the legislation of the Russian Federation and acc. subject of the Federation. They are independent. approve and execute the local budget, form and use off-budget funds, install local taxes and fees in acc. with fed. legislature and laws of the subject of the Federation.

Social orientation fin. activities in the Russian Federation follows from the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which characterizes the Russian Federation as a social state, whose policy is aimed at creating a level that ensures a decent life and free development of a person (Article 7). This policy provides for the protection of labor and health of people, the establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage, etc.

Distribution of functions in the field of fin. activities on the basis of separation of laws. and perform. authorities. The Constitution of the Russian Federation on the basis of this principle determines the powers of the legislature. and perform. authorities. Yes, Mrs. The Duma adopts the Federal Law (part 1, article 105), in particular, laws on federal issues. budget, fed. taxes and fees, financial, currency, credit reg-I, money issue. The powers of the Government include the development and submission of the State. Duma of the project fed. budget and ensuring its execution, ensuring the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy (clause "b" part 1 of article 114). The distribution of functions at other levels of legislative (representative) and executive authorities is similar.

The principle of publicity. Its foundations are established by the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, requiring official. publication of laws, which indisputably applies to laws regulating financial activities.

The principle of planning is expressed in the fact that the activities of the state-va and municipalities. formations for the formation of th, distribution and use of fin. resources impl-Xia on the basis of Fin. plans developed in accordance with the state. and local plans and programs, as well as plans of enterprises, organizations and institutions.

The principle of legality means the need for strict observance of the requirements of financial legal norms by all participants in relations arising in the process of fin. activities, including state. authorities, local self-government bodies, enterprises, organizations, institutions. and citizens. This principle stems from Art. 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which defined the Russian Federation as a legal state. It is enshrined in other articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (articles 2, 15, 57, etc.). For violations of the rules of Fin. rights are subject to appropriate liability measures.

Question 6. Forms and methods of public financial activity.

Forms of financial activity of the state are various. Each of them practically expresses the actions of state bodies and local governments on the formation, distribution and use of financial resources at the appropriate level.

By nature these forms may be legal or non-legal. Legal Forms are expressed in the adoption of legal acts in connection with the establishment or application of norms. Non-legal forms are instruction financial services enterprises, holding meetings in the apparatus of financial and tax authorities, meetings of committees on budgetary and financial issues of representative authorities, explaining financial legislation to the population and other organizational work; financial and technical operations (calculations of payments and appropriations from budgets, volumes of financing and lending); financial and economic analysis; preparation of materials for financial planning, forecasting and reporting, etc.

They have no legal significance, but they create the prerequisites for the implementation of legal forms of financial activity, in which the state-imperious nature of the actions of public authorities in the field of finance is manifested.

Specific legal forms of financial activity are due to the fact that it proceeds in the form of activities of representative and executive authorities of all levels and organizational and legal forms.

Question 7. The concept and types of financial acts.

Carrying out financial activities, state bodies and local self-government bodies, within their competence, adopt financial and legal acts, through which, within their powers, they regulate social relations in the field of accumulation, distribution and use of financial resources, control over their spending, the implementation of financial plans, financial obligations to the state. Such acts express the legal forms of the financial activities of the state and local governments.

So, financial and legal acts- these are accepted in the prescribed form and have legal. consequences of the government's decision. bodies and bodies of local self-government on financial issues. activities within their competence. They establish, modify or abolish financial legal regulations or serve as the basis for the emergence, termination, change of specific legal relations.

Application certain legal forms of financial activity is determined by the meaning and content regulated relations. For example, the adoption of the fed. the budget is drawn up by the Federal Law. This follows from the national significance of the budget, its important role for the socio-economic development of the country, a wide range of social relations arising in connection with its adoption. In contrast, questions of the allocation of den. funds to subordinate enterprises are decided by acts of ministries and other state bodies. management in accordance with the established legal order.

Financial and legal acts can classify according to legal properties, by legal nature, by the bodies issuing them, and other grounds.

By legal nature financial and legal acts are divided into normative and individual. Normative include acts that regulate a group of homogeneous fin. relationships and contain general rules the behavior of their participants, i.e. legal norms. Hence the name of this group of acts - normative . They usually work for a long time. Regulatory financial and legal acts establish the types of fin. obligations of enterprises and citizens to the state, or municipality, the procedure for calculating established payments, typical signs of payers, the procedure for spending state. den. funds, procedure financial control etc.

According to legal nature financial legal acts are divided into: a) legislative, which include the Federal Law and the laws of the subjects of the Federation on financial matters. state activities; b) subordinate. This group includes acts of all other state. bodies based on the law and adopted in pursuance of the law

characteristic feature financial and legal acts is the presence among them of a large group of financial and planning acts. They differ from other financial and legal acts in their content. Financial planning acts - these are acts adopted in the process of fin. activities of the state and local governments, which contain specific tasks in the field of finance for a certain period, i.e. are plans for the mobilization, distribution and use of financial resources.

The existence of financial planning acts is due to the operation of the principle of planning in the process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources in accordance with programs and plans for economic and social development.

Financial planning acts include:

a) the main financial plan of the state - the federal budget, as well as the state budgets of the subjects of the Federation and local budgets;

b) budgets of state and municipal extra-budgetary funds;

c) financial, credit and cash plans of banks;

G) financial plans insurance organizations;

e) financial plans and estimates of ministries, departments, other government bodies and local self-government;

f) financial plans (balances of income and expenses) of enterprises and associations;

g) estimates of budgetary institutions.

Financial and planning acts receive their legal registration in the acts of the relevant state and local authorities. Thus, the federal budget is approved by federal law, the estimate of an institution is approved by the ministry to which this institution is subordinate. A duly approved financial and planning act regulates financial relations and causes legal consequences, like any financial and legal act.

Question 8.9. System and legal status state and municipal bodies that carry out fin. activity. Activities of legislative and executive authorities in the field of finance.

A feature of financial activity is that it is carried out by all public authorities, depending on the competence established by them.

Administered federal representative and executive bodies state authorities are establishing legal framework single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation; money issue; basics pricing policy; taxes; insurance (Articles 71, 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). President of the Russian Federation sign and publish federal laws. Representative bodies represented by the Federal Assembly and representative bodies of the subjects of the federation consider, discuss and approve the federal budget, the budgets of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation (Article 106 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Russian Government ensures the preparation of the budget and its consideration in representative bodies, exercises general management of budget execution, ensures the implementation of a unified financial credit and monetary policy, deals with other financial issues of the state (Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" dated December 17, 1997 No. 2-FKZ as amended on 12/31/97). Representative and executive bodies of subjects RF, local self-government perform functions in the field of finance within their competence in the respective territory. Government bodies of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation, performing their main tasks in a certain area of ​​activity, simultaneously carry out financial activities that ensure the fulfillment of their main tasks and functions.

Along with government bodies, carrying out financial activities in connection with the implementation of their main tasks and functions, state bodies have been created specifically for the implementation of financial activities: the Ministry of Finance of Russia; Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation; Ministry of the Russian Federation for taxes and fees; Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia).

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