Hazards of industrial environment factors of gravity. Production (working) environment, its dangers and harmfulness

STATE SYSTEM OF SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
REGULATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2.2. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE

Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions by indicators
harmful and dangerous factors production environment,
severity and intensity of the labor process

Hygienic Criteria for Evaluation of Labor Conditions by
Indexes of Harmfulness and Danger of Industrial
Environment and Working Process Difficulty and Intensity

Management

Introduction date 1994-01-01

1. DEVELOPED by the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Department of Occupational Health of the Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov.

Head: N.F. Izmerov.

Responsible executors: N.N. Molodkina, A.I. Korbakov.

Performers: O.G. Alekseeva, R.F. Afanasiev, G.A. Bogdasaryan, V.V. Elizarova, L.T. Elovskaya, A.A. Kasparov, G.N. Lagutina, V.V. Matyukhin, Yu.V. Moikin, Yu.N. Fingers, L.V. Pokhodzey, L.V. Prokopenko, G.A. Suvorov, L.A. Tarasova, V.V. Tkachev, I.P. Ulanova, A.I. Khalepo, E.F. Shardakova, G.B. Steinberg, E.G. Yampolskaya.

Starring:

Ivanovo Research Institute of Occupational Safety (S.V. Voronkova, E.I. Ilyina, T.I. Chastukhina), Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (V.Ya. Golikov, E.N. Yermolina), All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene (V. A. Kaptsov, E.S. Freiman).

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED by the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia - Deputy Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on July 12, 1994

Valid for three years from the date of approval.

3. Introduced to replace the "Hygienic classification of labor (in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process)", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on August 12, 1986 No. 4137-86.

1. Scope and general provisions

1. Scope and general provisions

1.1. Hygienic criteria are intended for hygienic assessment of existing conditions and the nature of work, depending on harmful factors in the workplace to:

- establishing priorities in the implementation of recreational activities;

- creation of a data bank on existing working conditions at the level of an enterprise, district, city, region, republic;

- determination of administrative and economic sanctions in connection with unfavorable working conditions;

- certification of workplaces.

1.2. The use of hygiene criteria for other purposes is possible upon agreement with the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation.

1.3. Hygienic assessment criteria and classification of working conditions are based on the principle of differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the working environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards in accordance with the revealed influence of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers. Working with pathogens of infectious diseases, with substances for which inhalation or contact with the skin should be excluded (antineoplastic drugs, estrogen hormones, narcotic analgesics) gives the right to classify working conditions as a certain hazard class for potential danger.

1.4. Work in conditions of excess of hygienic standards is possible subject to the use of funds personal protection and while reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors - time protection.

Determination of the allowable time of contact with harmful production factors for a work shift and / or period labor activity(limitation of work experience) is carried out by the bodies of the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision on the proposal of the administration in relation to the professional groups of a particular enterprise. In the latter case, working conditions can be classified as less harmful.

1.5. The validity of this manual is three years from the date of its approval. The experience of applying hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions should be used in the preparation of a new version of the document.

2. Basic concepts used in hygiene criteria

2.1. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

2.2. WORKING CONDITIONS - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.

2.3. HARMFUL PRODUCTION FACTOR - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in efficiency, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

- physical factors: temperature, humidity and air movement, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electrical and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination, increased ultraviolet radiation);

- chemical factors, including some substances of biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

- biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;

- factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;

- factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

2.4. DANGEROUS PRODUCTION FACTOR - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, individual harmful production factors can become dangerous.

2.5. HYGIENIC STANDARDS OF WORKING CONDITIONS - levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern methods of research in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations.

Compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions does not exclude health problems in hypersensitive individuals.

2.6. SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

3. Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

Based on hygienic criteria and principles for classifying working conditions, the latter are divided into four classes.

Grade 1 - OPTIMUM working conditions - such conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency.

Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process. For other factors, conventionally, such working conditions are taken as optimal, under which unfavorable factors do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Grade 2 - PERMISSIBLE working conditions are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and remote period on the health of workers and their offspring.

The optimal and permissible classes correspond to safe working conditions.

Class 3 - HARMFUL working conditions, characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring.

Harmful Conditions labor according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness.

1 degree 3rd class (3.1) - working conditions characterized by such deviations from hygienic standards, which, as a rule, cause reversible functional changes and determine the risk of developing a disease.

2 degree 3rd class (3.2) - working conditions with such levels of production factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, leading in most cases to an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, an increase in the frequency of general morbidity, the appearance of initial signs of occupational pathology.

3rd degree of the 3rd class (3.3) - working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors that lead to the development, as a rule, of occupational pathology in mild forms during the period of employment, the growth of chronic general somatic pathology, including elevated levels morbidity with temporary disability.

4 degree of the 3rd class (3.4) - working conditions under which pronounced forms may occur occupational diseases, there is a significant increase in chronic pathology and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

Grade 4 - DANGEROUS (EXTREME) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

Table 1

Classes of working conditions depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area (excess of MPC, times)

table 2

Classes of working conditions when working with a biological factor

Table 3

Classes of working conditions depending on the level of noise and vibration of workplaces

Table 4

Classes of working conditions under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (exceeding the MPD, times)

Note: For persons working in shielded (with a decrease in the natural electromagnetic field of the Earth) and especially clean rooms, the class of working conditions is set in accordance with the levels of all available environmental factors and the labor process, increasing the degree of harmfulness by one step.

Table 5.1

Classes of working conditions according to microclimate indicators for industrial premises and open areas during the warm season

Table 5.1.1

Classes of working conditions according to the WBGT index for industrial premises and open areas during the warm season (°С)

rare production factor- this is a factor of the labor process or environment, the impact of which, under certain conditions, on an employee can cause an occupational disease, a decrease in working capacity. A hazardous production factor is a factor that can cause an acute illness, a sharp deterioration in health or death.

Dangerous and harmful production factors, according to GOST 12.0.003, are divided into categories:

• physical;
• Chemical;
• biological;
• Psychophysiological.

Scheme 1. Classification of harmful and dangerous factors

One and the same dangerous or harmful factor, in its essence, can simultaneously belong to different classes. The choice of methods and means of ensuring safety should be based on the identification of these factors inherent in a particular production equipment or process.

Hazardous production factors - mechanical, electrical, falling from a height, falling objects, thermal burns, chemical burns, exposure to elevated or low temperatures, accidents, falls, collapses, collapses of objects and parts, exposure to harmful substances, etc.

Physical factors:

• Moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts of trade and technological equipment, transported goods, containers, collapsing stacks of stored materials;
• Increased / decreased temperature of the surfaces of equipment, products;
• Increased dust content in the air of the working area;
• Increased / decreased air temperature of the working area;
• Increased noise, vibration, air humidity in the workplace;
• Difficulty breathing, dryness of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract;
• Increased / decreased air mobility;
• Increased voltage in the electrical circuit, the closure of which can pass through the human body;
• Increased levels of electromagnetic radiation;
• Lack or lack of natural light, etc.

Chemical Factors- acids, caustic alkalis, disinfectants, detergents.

Psychophysiological factors- physical neuropsychic overload, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work.

Biological factors– impact environment, the possibility of a collision with factors that poison the air, which leads to a temporary or prolonged loss of performance.

Do you have any questions? Get a free analysis of harmful factors in your enterprise. Ask a Question

Criteria for assessing working conditions

In accordance with federal law 426-FZ working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

1st class– optimal working conditions;

2nd grade- permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal (optimal and acceptable classes correspond to normal working conditions);

3rd grade- harmful working conditions, characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect his offspring. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygiene standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers, in turn, are divided into four degrees of harmfulness and danger (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4).

• 1st degree 3rd class (3.1)- working conditions, characterized by deviations of harmful factors from hygienic standards, capable of causing functional changes that require long-term recovery.
• 2nd degree 3rd class (3.2)- levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading to occupational diseases, the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after 15 or more years of work in these conditions;
• 3rd degree 3rd class (3.3)- working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development, as a rule, of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity during the period of employment, the growth of chronic pathology, including temporary disability;
• 4th degree 3rd class (3.4)- working conditions that can lead to severe forms of occupational diseases - a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions, under which during a work shift, a short period of time, a threat to life is created, a high risk of severe and acute occupational injuries. Work in extreme working conditions is not allowed except for liquidation emergencies, repair work.

Working conditions. In accordance with the "426-FZ" jobs are evaluated according to three main criteria: hygiene assessment existing conditions and nature of work, assessment of safety of workplaces, as well as assessment of the provision of workers with personal (collective) protection equipment, training, etc.

What class will jobs in your company be assigned to? Ask a question in the form below. An experienced expert will answer you. To get a consultation

Occupational health is a field in medicine that deals with the study of work activities and working conditions, taking into account their effects on the body. Also, this area is developing hygiene standards and measures that are designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational pathologies and make working conditions safer.

The main objectives of occupational health include:

1. Setting the permissible impact of harmful factors on the worker's body.
2. Classification of labor intensity, based on the conditions of the process.
3. Determination of tension and severity of the work process.
4. Organization of the regime of rest and work, as well as the workplace in accordance with rational standards.
5. Research of psychophysical parameters of labor.

Assessing the quality of the worker's environment, it is necessary not only to investigate the impact of various factors, their influence on each other, but also working conditions according to the intensity of the labor process. It is also necessary to develop comprehensive indicators, which will be considered the norm. Occupational hygiene methods can be both instrumental and clinical, physiological. Methods of medical statistics and sanitary inspection are also applicable.

Classification different types the severity and intensity of labor is of particular importance for rational organization and optimization of working conditions. Such classifications, as well as the allocation of working conditions factors, make it possible to assess different kinds works. In addition, it allows you to find methods for implementing recreational activities taking into account the assessment of the severity and intensity of labor.

Quite often, the intensity of labor is classified taking into account the expenditure of human energy in the process of carrying out work activities. Such an indicator as energy costs is determined by the degree of the coefficient of muscle labor intensity, as well as the neuro-emotional state of a person during work. Another important indicator is working conditions. A person spends 10-12 MJ per day on mental work, and workers doing hard physical work spend from 17 to 25 MJ.

The severity and intensity of labor can be defined as the degree of stress of the organism of a functional plan that occurs in the course of performing work tasks. Depending on the power of work during physical or mental labor, functional stress arises during information overload. The physical burden of labor is the load on the body during activities that require muscle tension and corresponding energy consumption.

Emotional load occurs during the performance of intellectual tasks in the processing of information. Often this type of load is called the nervous tension of labor.

Work environment factors: overview

The harmful effect on the body of the worker is determined by the factors of the working environment. Occupational health distinguishes two main factors - harmful and dangerous. A dangerous factor is the severity and intensity of labor, which can cause an acute illness or a sharp deterioration in the health of an employee or death. A harmful factor can, in the course of work and in the aggregate of certain conditions, cause an occupational disease, reduce the efficiency of a temporary or chronic nature, increase the number of infectious and somatic pathologies and lead to problems in reproductive function.

Harmful production factors

Conditions affecting the intensity of working conditions can be divided into several groups:

1. Physical. These include humidity, temperature, electromagnetic and non-ionizing radiation and fields, air velocity, permanent magnetic fields, electrostatic fields, thermal and laser radiation, industrial noise, ultrasound, vibrations, aerosols, lighting, air ions, etc.
2. Chemical. Biological and chemical substances, including hormones, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, proteins.
3. Biological. Live spores and cells, harmful microorganisms.
4. Factors that characterize the severity of work.
5. Factors that characterize the intensity of work.

Assessment of severity and tension

The severity of labor is most often determined by the load on the musculoskeletal system and various systems organism. The assessment of the severity and intensity of labor is characterized by an energy component and is determined by a number of indicators.

Process severity indicators

These include:

The intensity of labor characterizes the labor process. The concept also projects the load on the central nervous system, emotional area and sense organs.

Indicators of labor intensity

The data under consideration includes:

1. Sensory, emotional and intellectual loads.
2. Load monotony.
3. Operating mode.
4. Intensity and duration of intellectual load.

Age of Cyberspace

Scientific and technological progress not only provokes the creation of new professions, but also new pathogenic factors. Behind last years the importance of psychophysiological indicators of the severity and intensity of labor has increased significantly, which is due to the development of computer technology.

Safe working conditions are those under which the influence of production factors is minimized and does not exceed hygienic standards. The latter include MPC, or maximum allowable concentrations, and MPC, or maximum allowable levels.

Classification of labor by load

The load, depending on the severity of the work performed, is regulated in sanitary and hygienic requirements that correspond to GOST. In them, all physical types of work are divided into three categories depending on the indicators of the severity and intensity of labor and on the energy costs of the body for their implementation.

• Energy consumption up to 139 watts. Work performed in a sitting position that does not include significant physical factors of labor intensity. This is a series of professions related to precision instrumentation, on clothing industry, in the field of management. Also included are watchmakers, locksmiths, engravers, knitters, etc.
• Energy consumption up to 174 watts. Work performed while standing or requiring a lot of walking. This category includes workers in the printing industry, communications enterprises, markers, bookbinders, photographers, auxiliary workers in agriculture, etc.

Third category. Includes jobs that require more than 290 W of energy consumption. These are professions that do not involve a reduction in labor intensity and include heavy physical exertion, carrying weights of more than 10 kilograms, work in the blacksmith and foundry shops, the activities of postmen, workers Agriculture, namely: tractor drivers, cattlemen, livestock breeders, etc.

Additional features of working conditions

The conditions in which a person works and their severity can be determined by a number of indicators, namely:

1. Posture and position of the body when performing work. This indicator is divided into the following types:

• The horizontal position of the body. This includes high-altitude fitters, welders, mining workers, etc.
• Half-bent or bent position. AT this case it is necessary to clarify the temporary stay in this position as a percentage of the total working time.
• The same movements. The number of movements of the same type that an employee performs per shift is calculated. It takes into account not only the local load, but also the regional one.

2. Standing time. To classify working conditions as severe, this condition must be constant and include not only a static position in an upright position, but also walking.

3. Tilts of the torso. Typical for agricultural workers during harvesting, weeding, as well as on a dairy farm and construction sites when laying floors and wall cladding. In this case, the number of slopes during the shift is specified.

4. The pace at which the required actions are carried out. This includes work on semi-automatic machines, conveyors and weaving.

5. Mode of operation. Usually hard working conditions are recognized shift schedules work or shift method, night shifts and frequent changes in the rhythm of life.

6. Exposure to vibration. The influence can be not only general, but also local. Tractor drivers, combine harvesters, harvesters, bulldozer operators, as well as employees of railway and urban transport are exposed to vibrations.

7. Meteorological working conditions. Abnormally low or high temperature operating conditions, high humidity or sudden changes, air speed and drafts.

8. Exposure to radiation of any kind. This can be a magnetic field, laser or ionizing radiation, insolation, the influence of static electricity and electric fields.

9. Interaction with toxins, namely poisons and other substances harmful to humans.

10. Professional malicious features.

11. Polluted air in the workplace, high levels of noise and atmospheric pressure.

12. Quite often, in one profession, there are several factors at once, according to which working conditions can be classified as difficult.

Varieties of intellectual labor

In addition to working conditions, it is also necessary to consider the intensity and severity of work. Many areas of activity combine mental and physical aspect. However, in modern professional fields, sensory, mental and emotional loads are prevalent. This is due to the fact that mental work is given particular importance.

Professions that are associated with the processing of a large amount of information are considered intellectual. The implementation of this kind of activity requires the tension of memory, sensory apparatus, attention, emotions and thinking.

Occupational health identifies five main intellectual activities:

1. Operator labor. It implies the management of equipment, technological processes and machines. This area involves great responsibility and tension of a neuro-emotional nature.
2. Management work. AT this group includes teachers and teachers, as well as heads of organizations and enterprises. This area of ​​activity provides for an increasing amount of information, a small amount of time for its processing and personal responsibility for decisions made. The workload is irregular and solutions are often non-standard. Sometimes conflicts may arise, the solution of which also requires a certain emotional tension.
3. Creation. Such professions, as a rule, include writers, artists, composers, artists, designers, architects and others. This activity involves the creation of non-standard algorithms based on many years of training and qualifications. In these areas, it is necessary to have initiative, good memory, and the ability to concentrate. All this causes increased nervous tension.
4. Medical workers. The following features are considered typical for all workers in this field: lack of information, close contact with sick people, a high degree of responsibility to patients.
5. Educational area. Students and students need to constantly strain their attention, memory, perception, be resistant to stressful situations when passing exams, tests or tests.

The stress of a neuro-emotional nature is characterized depending on the workload and density of the work schedule, the number of actions performed, the complexity and volume of information to assimilate, the time spent on the operation.

Types of working conditions according to the intensity of the work process

There are several classes that show the degree of assessment of labor intensity:

• First grade. Light degree of tension. The criteria for this class are: work in one shift without night work workplace, no need to make a decision in an emergency mode, individual plan work, the actual duration of the working day up to 7 hours, the exclusion of risk to life, the exclusion of liability for other persons. This category includes those professions that do not undergo drastic changes and do not require concentration on more than one subject. The work itself is of a small volume, for example, a secretary, a timekeeper, a typist, etc.
• The second class is characterized as acceptable and has an assessment of labor intensity of an average degree. This category assumes moderate nervous tension and the performance of tasks of an average degree of complexity. Responsibility is only for specific types of activities that are typical for this field of activity. The second class includes economists, accountants, legal advisers, engineers, librarians and doctors.
• The third class denotes hard work. These areas of activity involve strong mental stress, a large volume production activities, the load on attention for a long time, the ability to quickly process a large amount of information. To this species works include heads of large organizations and enterprises, leading specialists of departments, for example, chief accountants, designers and technologists. In addition, this includes activities that provide for a continuous flow of information and an instant response to it. These can be dispatchers at airports, railway stations, duty and metro operators, television workers, telephonists and telegraph operators, as well as emergency doctors, intensive care units, etc. The latter category also implies work under time pressure, increased responsibility for decisions made with a lack of information. The length of the working day is not standardized and is usually more than 12 hours. A high degree of risk and responsibility for the lives of others are also indicators of labor intensity.
• The fourth class includes extreme working conditions. They mean the presence of factors that can pose a threat to life during work or lead to the development of serious complications for the health of the worker. Such especially dangerous activities include mine rescuers, firefighters, liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, etc. This is the hardest and most intense work that does not pass without a trace for the human condition. Work in such conditions is permissible only if emergency. A prerequisite is the use of personal protective equipment.

Negative impact of harmful production factors

As a result of exposure to harmful production factors, workers may develop occupational diseases - diseases caused by exposure to harmful working conditions. Occupational diseases are divided into:

Acute occupational diseases that have arisen after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors;

Chronic occupational diseases that have arisen after repeated exposure to harmful production factors (increased concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, increased noise, vibration, etc.). .

Evaluation of working conditions by factors of the working environment

In order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous factors of the production environment and the labor process and assess the level of their impact on the employee, taking into account the deviation of their actual values ​​from the established ones, enterprises are required to conduct special assessment working conditions.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee.

Evaluation of working conditions is the determination of the actual values ​​​​of dangerous and harmful production factors, the intensity and severity of labor.

The levels of hazardous and harmful production factors are determined by instrumental measurements.

The results of the survey are compared with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The criteria are based on the differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards and the impact of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.

Working conditions in accordance with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process are assessed in four classes (Fig. 1).

Rice. one

1st class - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

2nd grade - permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade - harmful working conditions - are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

2nd degree - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases;

3rd degree - characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

4th degree - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Extreme conditions are created, for example, when the MPC of harmful substances is exceeded by more than 20 times, the MPC of noise - by more than 50 dB. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. While a person cannot refuse such activities, but as he develops technical progress it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and the implementation of stereotypical technological operations and movements to automata and electronic computers. Labor activity of a person must be carried out in acceptable conditions of the production environment. However, when doing some technological processes at present, it is technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment are not exceeded. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with a reduction in the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th grade) not allowed except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergency situations. Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Enterprises of any form of ownership are obliged to strive to create safe working conditions.

Safe working conditions are levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or abnormalities in the health of the worker and his offspring. Safe working conditions are also considered working conditions in the complete absence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Jobs are evaluated according to three main criteria:

Hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work; assessment of safety of workplaces;

Accounting and assessment of the provision of employees with means of individual (collective) protection, training, etc.

- injury prevention rated 1st, 2nd or 3rd class (no degree of danger).

Assessment of existing conditions and nature of work produced on the basis of instrumental measurements of physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological factors. The classification of these factors is given in. After measurements, the class of working conditions at the workplace is determined. The most time-consuming work is the definition of the class of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process and labor intensity.

Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the labor process.

The severity of labor- characteristics of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems organism (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.), providing its activity. The severity of labor is characterized by physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the form of the working posture, the degree of inclination of the body, and movements in space.

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the worker. The factors characterizing the intensity of labor include intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of their monotony, and the mode of work.

Overall rating the severity of the labor process is made on the basis of all indicators of the severity of the labor process. At the same time, a class is first established and entered into the protocol for each measured indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the most sensitive indicator assigned to the highest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall score is set one degree higher.

Evaluation of the intensity of the labor process professional group employees is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime. Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 22 indicators are taken into account. It is not allowed to selectively take into account any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity.

For each of the indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. If by nature or characteristics professional activity None of the indicators are presented this indicator the 1st class (optimal) is put.

The final definition of the optimal, acceptable and harmful classes of working conditions is based on the number of indicators that have one or another class. The overall assessment of working conditions in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger is established by the most high class and the degree of harm. If three or more factors belong to class 3.1, then the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2. In the presence of two or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, working conditions are rated one degree higher, respectively.

With a reduction in contact with harmful factors (time protection), working conditions can be assessed as less harmful, but not lower than class 3.1.

test

Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (make an analysis for a specific example)

Working conditions play important role in working life person. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection from industrial hazards - that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal conditions labor (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of employees is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process.

l Permissible working conditions (2nd class) - are characterized by such

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse impact in the near and long term on the health of workers. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree of the 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;

2nd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in occupational morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after a long period of work (often after 15 years or more);

3rd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of employment, the growth of chronic (production-caused) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general ability to work), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

b Dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) -

are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including in severe forms.

Work environment factors include: microclimate parameters; the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; the level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig.1 The main elements characterizing the working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In a general assessment, the factors of the working environment are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

· Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the worker and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

If, for example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order of the State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 03, 2007 No. 287 defines labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

Sanitary microclimate standards (temperature, humidity and air velocity) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

· The intensity of infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

The temperature of the surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cº, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machines. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for setting the temperature limits of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and equipment elements with an external surface temperature above 43Сє must be provided with thermal insulation or a fence and signal paint should be applied to them in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· In production and auxiliary buildings and premises, natural lighting should be used as much as possible.

· The level of vibration that affects workers at the workplace should not exceed the values ​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 39.

· Permissible level noise at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of DSN 3.3.6.037-99 "Sanitary standards for industrial noise, ultrasound and infrasound", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 37.

Analysis of working conditions based on certification of the workplace of a surgeon

Actual and standard values ​​of the measured parameters: Indicators of intensity of the labor process Class of working conditions 1 2 3.1 3.2 3...

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions at the enterprise

In the course of studying the factors, the following are determined: - production factors characteristic of each workplace ...

Life safety as academic discipline

Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process ...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Safety of technological processes and equipment at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC "TD Igrinsky lespromkhoz"

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Individual and collective protective equipment

The production environment is the space in which human labor activity is carried out. Elements of the production environment: - objects of labor; - means of labor (tools, technological equipment, machines, etc. ...

Classification of working conditions and their examination

Collective and individual means protection

dangerous harmful labor safety Centuries-old human practice gives grounds for the assertion, which formed the basis of the main axiom of life safety, that any activity is potentially dangerous...

Collective and individual means of protecting workers

One of essential conditions normal human life in the performance of professional functions is to maintain the thermal balance of the body ...

1. Intelligent loads. Intellectual loads consider the labor process from the point of view of its mental activity. They are expert...

Methods for assessing labor intensity

Quantitative value or detailed expert description of each factor is correlated with Table 4.9. GK R.2.2.755-99 and receives the corresponding score; the data is entered into the final protocol (Appendix 4). - Factors...

Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher

The overall assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows. Regardless of the profession, all of the above 22 indicators are taken into account ...

Industrial dust, effects on the body, preventive measures

In the process of labor activity in the working area, harmful and dangerous production factors that affect a person arise. Hazardous production factor - production factor ...

power station labor minder fuel supply The workplace of the automated fuel feed minder is designed to control equipment from the fuel supply control panel ...

Development of measures to improve the working conditions of a minder in the fuel supply shop of OAO OGK-6 at Novocherkassk State District Power Plant

The main functional element of the automated fuel supply minder's workplace is vertical panels on which information display devices are mounted in the form of recording and indicating devices (thermometers ...