Indicators of purpose and reliability of product quality. Product quality indicators as the main category for assessing consumer values

A quality indicator is a quantitative expression of one or more characteristics or properties of an object in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation.

Measures aimed at improving the quality of products should be comprehensive and cover measures to improve the quality of raw materials and starting materials, improve technology, and after-sales service.

Methods for quantitative assessment of quality indicators constitute the content of the science of qualimetry, which develops rules and techniques for collecting and processing data in determining quantitative indicators.

In qualimetry, methods of mathematical statistics are widely used, which explains the probabilistic nature of many quality indicators.

Product quality indicators, depending on the tasks of assessing its level, are classified:

P about application- basic, single.

The base is an indicator of product quality, taken as the initial one in comparative assessments. Relative is an indicator that is the ratio of a single indicator of product quality to the corresponding base indicator, and the defining indicator is the quality of a product by which its quality is evaluated. The most widely used in the practice of assessing the level of quality are single indicators related to one of the properties (characteristics) of quality products. Single indicators are easy to compare and control. Consider the classification of single indicators.

All individual indicators are divided into economic and technical, and the latter, in turn, are divided into operational and production-technological.

Performance metrics include:

Purpose indicators;

Reliability indicators;

Ergonomic indicators;

Aesthetic indicators;

Environmental indicators;

Patent and legal indicators;

The production and technological indicators include the following:

• laboriousness,
• material consumption,
• energy intensity,
• standardization and unification
• blockiness.

Economic indicators include capital investments in production, capital investments in operation, unit cost of production, selling or market price.

Purpose indicators characterize the degree of compliance of the object with the intended purpose, design, resistance to external influences. These include, for example, the efficiency of the machine, productivity, power consumption, degree of automation, etc.

Ergonomic indicators characterize the "machine-human" system as a whole, take into account the anthropometric, biomechanical, engineering and psychological properties of a person, manifested during the operation of an object or in the production process.

The requirements of technical aesthetics are characterized by the compositional integrity of the form, the functional expediency of the form (for example, streamlining), and the presentation of the object.

Patent-legal indicators characterize the number and weight of new inventions, patents implemented in the object. The patent purity of an object today is an important factor in the competitiveness of products in international markets.

A set of individual production and technological indicators directly determines the value of production costs in the cost of production, and hence the economic indicators of its quality.

Different types of products can be characterized by the following quality indicators:

• purpose indicators that determine the properties of the product and its scope, as well as the functions for which it is intended;
• indicators of reliability and durability;
• manufacturability indicators characterizing the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products;
• ergonomic indicators;
• indicators of standardization and unification, characterizing the degree of use of standardized products in the production and the level of unification of the component parts of the product;
• patent and legal indicators characterizing the degree of patent protection of a product in Russia and abroad;
• economic indicators reflecting the costs of development, manufacture and operation or consumption of products, as well as the economic efficiency of operation;
• safety indicators.

Using state standards class GOST 4. - System of indicators of product quality quality indicators are selected for the designed object.

In the list of product quality indicators, destination indicators are in first place. Moreover, in some cases, the appointment indicators are divided into main, main and auxiliary. For example, the main parameter (a target indicator with a numerical criterion becomes a parameter) lathe is the dimension of the workpiece (diameter and length), the main ones are productivity and accuracy, the auxiliary ones are weight, footprint, etc.

Indicators and parameters determine, as well as other indicators of product quality, a niche in the sales market and the competitiveness of products. Therefore, their selection is given Special attention.

When designing an object, it is necessary to set quality indicators and ensure their observance.

Grade technical level and the quality of industrial products is based on a comparison of the totality of values ​​of the quality indicators of the evaluated products, with the corresponding values ​​of the quality indicators of the base sample.

GOST 22851-77 establishes the following nomenclature of the main 10 groups of quality indicators according to the product properties they characterize:

1. Purpose indicators characterize the properties of the product that determine the main functions for which it is intended, and determine the scope of its application.

2.Reliability indicators characterize the properties of reliability, durability, maintainability and persistence.

Reliability- the property of the product to maintain performance for some time or operating time.

Durability- the property of the product to maintain performance up to the limit state with the necessary breaks for Maintenance and repair.

maintainability- the ability of the product to be repaired.

Persistence- the property of products and products to maintain a serviceable and consumable condition for the period established in technical documentation period of storage and transportation, as well as after it.

3.Ergonomic indicators characterize the "man - product" system and take into account a complex of human properties that manifest themselves in production and household processes. These include hygienic(illuminance, temperature, pressure, humidity), anthropometric(clothes, footwear, furniture, control panels) and psychophysiological(speed and power capabilities, thresholds of hearing, vision, etc.).

4.Aesthetic indicators characterize informational expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production performance, stability of presentation (characteristics artistic styles, shades, smells, harmony, etc.).

5.Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of products that determine the optimal distribution of the costs of materials, time and means of labor at technical training production, manufacture and operation of products. These are indicators of labor intensity, material and capital intensity, and the cost of products. Both general (total) and structural, specific, comparative or relative indicators are calculated.

6.Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, unified and original parts, as well as the level of unification with other products.

The main indicators of unification are the coefficients of applicability, repeatability, mutual unification for groups of products, specific gravity original parts (assemblies). Standard are all parts of the product manufactured according to state and industry standards.

7.Patent Law Indicators characterize the degree of renewal technical solutions used in products, their patent protection, as well as the possibility of unhindered sales of products in our country and abroad (number or specific gravity of patented or licensed parts (assemblies), etc.).

8.Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on environment arising from the operation or consumption of products. For example: the content of harmful impurities emitted into the environment, the probability of emission of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and use of products, the level of MPC.

9.Safety performance characterize the features of the product that determine human safety during its operation or consumption. They reflect the requirements for the standards and means of protecting people who are in the zone of possible danger in the event of emergency, and are provided for by the system of state standards for labor safety, as well as international standards.

10.Economic indicators characterize the costs of development, manufacture, operation or consumption of products, taken into account in the integral indicator of product quality ( different kinds costs, prime cost, price, etc.), when comparing various product samples - technical and economic indicators.

Economic indicators constitute a separate group of indicators, and are taken into account when assessing the technical level and quality separately, when the beneficial effect from the operation of the product and the total costs of its costs and operation are established.

The choice of the nomenclature of quality indicators establishes a list of items quantitative characteristics properties of products that make up its quality and provide the possibility of an adequate assessment of the level of product quality. When justifying the choice of the nomenclature of industrial product quality indicators, the following are taken into account:

Purpose and conditions of use (operation) of products.

Consumer requirement.

Ensuring the solution of problems of product quality management.

Composition and structure of characterizing properties.

Basic requirements for quality indicators.

The composition and structure of quality indicators are determined in accordance with the full classification of quality indicators used in assessing the quality level of industrial products. Example typical nomenclature quality indicators, is given in Appendix A.

3.2 Failure Risk Analysis (FMEA)

Method of analysis of the types and consequences of potential defects (FMEA) is effective tool improving the quality of developed technical objects, aimed at preventing defects or reducing negative consequences from them. This is achieved through the anticipation of defects and/or failures and their analysis, carried out at the stages of design of the structure and manufacturing processes, to refine and improve the designs and processes put into production.

The FMEA method allows you to analyze potential defects, their causes and consequences, assess the risks of their occurrence and non-detection at the enterprise and take measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood and damage from their occurrence. This is one of the most effective methods refinement of the design of technical objects and their manufacturing processes at such important stages of the product life cycle as its development and preparation for production. The application of the FMEA method is based on the following principles: Teamwork. The implementation of the FMEA method is carried out by a specially selected cross-functional team of experts. Hierarchy. For complex technical objects or processes for their manufacture, both the object or process as a whole and their components are analyzed; component defects are considered by their influence on the object (or process) in which they are included. Iteration. The analysis is repeated for any changes to the object or requirements to it, which may lead to a change in the complex risk of a defect. Registration of the results of the FMEA. The results of the analysis carried out and decisions on the necessary changes and actions should be recorded in the relevant reporting documents.

In the FMEA process, the following tasks are solved:

Make a list of all potential possible types defects of a technical object or its production process, while taking into account both the experience of manufacturing and testing similar objects and the experience of real actions and possible errors of personnel in the production process, operation, maintenance and repair of similar technical objects;

Determine the possible adverse consequences from each potential defect, conduct a qualitative analysis of the severity of the consequences and a quantitative assessment of their significance;

Determine the causes of each potential defect and evaluate the frequency of occurrence of each cause in accordance with the proposed design and manufacturing process, as well as in accordance with the expected conditions of operation, maintenance, repair;

Evaluate the adequacy of the operations provided for in the technological cycle aimed at preventing defects in operation, and the sufficiency of methods for preventing defects during maintenance and repair; quantitatively evaluate the possibility of preventing a defect by means of the provided operations to detect the causes of defects at the stage of manufacturing the object and signs of defects at the stage of operation of the object;

The criticality of each defect (with its cause) is quantitatively assessed by the priority number of the risk of the LFR and, with a high LFR, the design is finalized and production process, as well as requirements and operating rules in order to reduce the criticality of this defect.

The algorithm of the FMEA command is shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 - FMEA command algorithm

As part of the implementation term paper you need to do the following steps:

1. Analyze possible failures object.

2. Make an Ishikawa diagram for the identified failures (Figure 3.2).

3. Determine the basic PFR of the product.

4. Determine the frequency response for the factors of the 2nd level and the average frequency response for the analyzed failures.

5. Construct a Pareto chart for factors of the 1st level.

6. Identify the most significant failures, the elimination of which should be paid special attention at the design stage.

Figure 3.2– Ishikawa diagram of factors causing car failure

Each design parameter is evaluated according to three criteria:

Significance (S);

Probability of occurrence (O);

Probability of detection (D).

After receiving expert assessments S, O, D, the priority number of the risk of PCR is calculated according to the formula:

PHR \u003d S x O x D (1)

The base RFR is calculated for the object based on statistical data:

PHR \u003d S x O x D \u003d 5 x 3 x 3 \u003d 45 (2)

Table 3.4 - RR for 2nd level factors and average RR for the analyzed failures

The choice of quality indicators establishes a list of names of quantitative characteristics of product properties that are part of its quality and provide an assessment of the level of product quality.

The rationale for the choice of the nomenclature of quality indicators is made taking into account:

purpose and conditions of use of products;

analysis of consumer requirements;

tasks of product quality management;

composition and structure of the characterized properties;

basic requirements for quality indicators.

The main directions for determining the composition and structure of the characterized properties reflect the classification of indicators used in assessing the level of product quality.

According to the properties They may be single and comprehensive(group, generalized, integral).

By way of expression they may be in natural units (kilograms, meters, points, dimensionless), as well as in cost units.

According to the quality level - basic, relative indicators.

According to the stage of definition - forecasted, design, production, operational indicators.

According to the properties The following groups of indicators are used: destination; economical use raw materials, materials, fuel and energy; reliability(reliability, durability, persistence, maintainability); ergonomic, aesthetic; technological; transportability; standardization and unification; patent law; environmental; security.

Quality indicators should meet the following basic requirements :

to help ensure that the quality of products meets the needs of the national economy and the population;

be stable;

contribute to a systematic increase in production efficiency;

take into account modern achievements of science and technology and the main directions technical progress in sectors of the national economy;

characterize all the properties of the product that determine its suitability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

The procedure for choosing the nomenclature of product quality indicators provides for the definition of:

type of product group;

the purposes of applying the nomenclature of product quality indicators, the original nomenclature of groups of quality indicators;

the initial nomenclature of quality indicators for each group;

method for choosing the nomenclature of quality indicators.

The type (group) of products is established on the basis of inter-sectoral and sectoral documents that classify products according to their purpose, conditions of use.

The objectives of the application of the nomenclature of product quality indicators are set in accordance with the objectives of product quality management. Depending on the specific features of the product and the conditions of its manufacture and use, some of the indicated groups of product quality indicators may be absent. If necessary, additional groups of indicators specific to the products in question are introduced.

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of the product, which determine the main functions for which it is intended, and determine the scope of its application. For products of mechanical engineering and instrumentation, electrical engineering and other indicators of purpose characterize the useful work performed by the product.

For conveyors of different types, indicators of purpose are productivity, length and height of transportation, etc.; for measuring instruments - accuracy indicators, measurement limits, etc.

To the group appointment indicators include the following subgroups: classification, functional and technical efficiency, constructive, as well as composition and structures.

Classification indicators characterize the belonging of products to a certain classification group. To classification indicators, for example, include: motor power; excavator bucket capacity; gear ratio of the gearbox; tensile strength of cardboard for shoes; carbon content in steel, etc.

Indicators of functional and technical efficiency characterize the beneficial effect of the operation or consumption of products and the progressiveness of technical solutions embedded in products. These indicators for technical objects are called operational.

To indicators of functional and technical efficiency relate:

an indicator of the productivity of the machine, which determines the amount of manufactured products for a certain period;

indicator of accuracy and speed of response of the measuring device;

an indicator of the accuracy of fabric for garments;

specific energy intensity of an electric fireplace, determined by the consumption of electricity per unit of generated heat;

indicator of water resistance of the fabric for the raincoat;

calorie content of foods, etc.

Structural indicators characterize the main design solutions, ease of installation and installation of products, the possibility of its aggregation and interchangeability.

For products for which design documentation has been developed, the use of design indicators in assessing the quality level is mandatory.

To constructive indicators, for example, include: overall dimensions; connecting dimensions; the presence of additional devices, for example, the presence of a signal and a calendar in a wrist watch, etc.

Indicators of composition and structure characterize the content of chemical elements or structural groups in the product.

To indicators of composition and structure for example include:

mass fraction of components (alloying additives) in steel;

concentration of various impurities in acids;

mass fraction of sulfur, ash in coke;

mass fraction of sugar, salt in food products and etc.

Indicators of the economical use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy characterize the properties of the product, reflecting its technical excellence in terms of the level or degree of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy consumed by it.

Such indicators in the manufacture and operation of products, for example, include:

specific consumption of the main types of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy (per unit of the main quality indicator);

specific gravity of the product (per unit of the main quality indicator);

coefficient of use of material resources - the ratio of useful consumption to the cost of producing a unit of output;

efficiency factor, etc.

Reliability indicators. Reliability is one of the main properties of industrial products. The complexity and intensity of the operating modes of various products is constantly increasing, the responsibility of the functions performed is increasing. The more responsible the functions, the higher the reliability requirements should be. Insufficient reliability of machines and devices leads to high costs for repair and maintenance of their performance in operation. The reliability of products largely depends on the operating conditions: temperature, humidity, mechanical stress, pressure, radiation, etc.

Terms and definitions in the field of reliability refer to technical objects, which are understood as an object of a specific purpose, considered during the periods of design, production, research and testing for reliability, circulation, operation. Objects can be products, systems and their elements, in particular, structures, installations, devices, machines, equipment, devices and their parts, assemblies and individual parts.

Reliability - this property of an object to keep in time within the established limits the values ​​of all parameters that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation. The reliability of an object, depending on the purpose and conditions of its use, includes reliability, durability, maintainability and persistence. For specific objects and their operating conditions, these properties have different relative importance. For example, for some non-repairable objects, the main property is non-failure operation, for repairable objects - maintainability. The parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions include kinematic and dynamic options, indicators of accuracy of functioning, performance, speed and. etc. Over time, the values ​​of these parameters may change. When changes exceed the allowable limits, the object transitions to an inoperable state. Quantitatively, the reliability of an object is assessed using indicators that are selected and determined taking into account the characteristics of the object, the modes and conditions of its operation, and the consequences of failures.

Reliability - the property of an object to continuously maintain a healthy state for some time or some operating time.

The reliability indicators include: the probability of failure-free operation; mean time to failure; failure rate; bounce flow parameter.

Durability - the property of the object to maintain a working state until the limit state occurs with the established system of maintenance and repair. The object can go to the limit state, remaining operational, if, for example, its use becomes unacceptable according to the requirements of safety, efficiency and harmlessness. To durability indicators include: average resource; resource between medium (major) repairs; resource to write off, average term services, etc.

maintainability - the property of the object, which consists in adaptability to the prevention and detection of the causes of failures, damages and the maintenance and restoration of a working state by carrying out maintenance and repairs.

The maintainability is affected by the design features of machines, mechanisms and assemblies; access to control units and adjustment points; completeness of supporting documentation. Maintainability is closely related to constructability and manufacturability. To maintainability indicators include: the probability of restoration of a working state; average recovery time of a working state; average labor intensity of repair and maintenance.

Persistence - the property of an object to retain the values ​​of reliability, durability and maintainability indicators during and after storage or transportation. The main indicator of shelf life is the average shelf life.

Shelf life - this is the calendar duration of storage or transportation of the object, during and after which the values ​​​​of the indicators of reliability, durability and maintainability are stored within the established limits. The persistence indicators of technical objects include the gamma percentage shelf life, i.e., the shelf life achieved with a given gamma probability, expressed as a percentage. The persistence of materials, products and substances is mainly associated with a change in their physical and chemical properties.

The persistence of an object is characterized by its ability to withstand the negative impact of the conditions and duration of storage and transportation on its reliability, maintainability and durability. Persistence is presented in the form of two components, one is manifested during storage, and the other - during the use of the object after storage or transportation.

Obviously, long-term storage and transportation under the necessary conditions for many objects can adversely affect not only their behavior during storage or transportation, but also during the subsequent use of the object. The second component of persistence is essential. It is necessary to distinguish between the Persistence of the object before commissioning and the Persistence of the object during the period of operation during interruptions in work. In the second case, the shelf life is included in the service life.

Depending on the features and purpose of the object, its shelf life before commissioning may include the shelf life in packaging or in a preserved form, the installation period and the storage period on another packaged or preserved more complex object.

The reliability indicator quantitatively characterizes one or more properties that make up the reliability of an object. The reliability indicator may have a dimension (for example, time between failures) or not (for example, the probability of failure-free operation). Reliability indicators can be single and complex. Unit reliability indicator characterizes one of the properties, a complex - multiple properties constituting the reliability of the object.

Examples of single indicators of reliability: the time between failures of a radio receiver, which characterizes its reliability; gamma percentage resource of the car before overhaul, characterizing its durability; the average recovery time of the working state of the radio receiver, characterizing its maintainability; the designated shelf life of the battery, characterizing its persistence.

A comprehensive indicator of reliability quantitatively characterizes at least two main components, for example, reliability and maintainability. An example of a complex reliability indicator is readiness factor, the value of which in some cases is determined by the formula:

where T-time between failures (indicator of failure-free operation);

TV- average recovery time (repairability indicator).

It can be seen from the formula that the readiness factor simultaneously characterizes two different properties of the object - reliability and maintainability.

Ergonomic indicators characterize the convenience and comfort of consumption (operation) of the product at the stages of the functional process in the system "man - product - environment of use".

The development and complication of technology required the optimal coordination of product designs with the performance characteristics of a person. This is how the science of ergonomics arose, which is engaged in a comprehensive study and design of labor activity to optimize products, conditions and labor processes. The environment of use refers to the space in which a person performs functional activities, for example, a tractor cabin, a salon passenger car, shop premises, etc.

The effectiveness of human interaction with the product can be characterized, for example, by indicators of productivity, accuracy, error-free operation, human fatigue. Improving the efficiency of human interaction with the product is achieved by improving working conditions.

The classification and nomenclature of economic indicators includes:

1. Indicators characterizing the degree of conformity of the product ergonomic requirements to the working posture, reach areas, grip of the hand, including the conformity of the product and its elements:

the size and shape of the human body and its parts;

distribution of human body weight.

2. Indicators characterizing the degree of compliance of the product with ergonomic requirements for the volume and speed of human working movements, its strength, conditions for receiving, processing and issuing information, including indicators of product compliance:

power, energy and speed capabilities of a person;

the possibilities of the human organs of vision, size, shape, brightness, contrast, color and spatial position of the object of observation;

the capabilities of the human hearing organs containing sources of sound information;

the possibilities of the organs of taste and smell of a person;

tactile capabilities of man.

3. Indicators characterizing the degree of compliance of the product with ergonomic requirements for the means of information interaction between a person and a product, as well as the formation of skills, including indicators of product compliance management:

human capabilities for perception, storage and processing of information;

fixed and newly formed human skills (taking into account the ease and speed of their formation).

4. Indicators characterizing the direct influence of the environment of use and the indirect influence of the product through the environment on the efficiency of human activity:

level of microclimatic factors (temperature, humidity, pressure):

lighting characteristics;

noise, vibration and overload levels;

radiation level;

the level of mobility and changeability of the air flow;

composition of the air mixture;

the level of intensity of magnetic, electric and electromagnetic fields.

An Ergonomic Product Quality Index quantifies one or more of the ergonomic properties of a product used to determine whether it meets ergonomic requirements. An example of an ergonomic indicator is the force on the handle of the mechanism. The set of ergonomic indicators may change with the development of scientific and technological progress, the identification and study of new properties of the evaluated products.

Aesthetic indicators characterize the aesthetic properties of products: information expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production performance.

Informational expressiveness is determined by the shape of the product and is characterized by such single quality indicators as sign, originality, stylistic conformity, fashion conformity. Significance of the product affects the socio-aesthetic ideas and representations of society. The presence in the form of products of originality, originality and other features distinguishes this product from similar ones and at the same time corresponds to the main compositional design. The correspondence of stable features of the form to the level of social and cultural development of consumers is determined by the indicator of the quality of stylistic correspondence. The property inherent in the product and reflecting the existing aesthetic views of society is characterized by an indicator of compliance with fashion. It should be borne in mind that fashion and views on the artistic forms of products are very changeable.

The rationality of the form is expressed by indicators of functional and constructive fitness and expediency. Functional and constructive adaptability is associated with the reflection in the form of the product of the functions performed by it, design solutions, features of manufacturing technology and materials used.

The integrity of the composition, which characterizes the relationship of the compositional properties of the product, includes the following quality indicators: the organization of the volumetric and spatial structure, tectonicity, plasticity, graphic clarity of the form and elements, color coloring. The organization of the volume-spatial structure expresses how fully the laws of logic are used in the form of the product. This quality indicator can also take into account the proportions, scale, rhythm and other constructive and artistic means of product composition. The real structure of the product and its design solutions, reflected in the form, are evaluated by the indicator of tectonicity. Plasticity determines the expressiveness of the volumetric and elemental form of the product. The specificity of the outlines of the volumetric and elemental forms is expressed by the indicator of the graphic clarity of the form, and the relationship and combination of the colors of the product - by the color tint.

The perfection of the production performance of the product is determined by the following quality indicators: thoroughness of the coating and surface finish; cleanliness of joints, roundings and mating surfaces; clarity of execution of brand names, signs, packaging and accompanying documentation, i.e. these indicators characterize the presentation of the product.

Evaluation of aesthetic quality indicators of specific product samples is carried out by an expert commission. A ranked (reference) series of products of a similar class and purpose, compiled by experts on the basis of basic samples submitted to the commission by the manufacturer and selected by experts, is taken as an aesthetic assessment criterion.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of the composition and structure or design of the product, which determine its suitability for achieving optimal costs in production, operation and restoration for the given values ​​​​of product quality indicators, the volume of its output and the conditions for performing work.

To manufacturability indicators include: the specific labor intensity of the manufacture of the product; specific material consumption of the product; material utilization rate; specific energy consumption of the product; average one-time operational labor intensity of maintenance (repair) of this type; average one-time operational duration of maintenance (repair) of this type, etc.

Specific labor intensity of product manufacturing is determined by the formula:

where T- the total labor intensity of manufacturing products;

AT - defining product parameter.

Total labor intensity calculated by the formula:

where t1 - labor intensity for individual workshops, sections or types of work included in the technological process of manufacturing this product;

k - the number of workshops, sections or types of work.

Specific material consumption of products is determined by the formula:

where M- total material consumption of products;

AT - the defining parameter of the product.

Total material consumption of products is determined by the formula:

An important indicator of manufacturability, which characterizes the efficiency of the use of material resources in the manufacture of products, is material utilization rate and is determined by the formula:

K i. m=Mg/Mv

where Mg- quantity (mass) of the material in the finished product, kg;

Min - quantity (mass) of the material introduced into the technological process, kg.

The need for a quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of the design of products, as well as the range of indicators and the methodology for their determination, are established depending on the type of products, type of production and the stage of development of design documentation by industry standards or enterprise standards.

The number of indicators should be minimal, but sufficient to assess manufacturability.

Transportability indicators characterize the suitability of products for transportation without using or consuming it.

Transportability indicators include:

the average duration of preparation of products for transportation;

average labor intensity of preparing products for transportation;

the average duration of installation of products on a means of transportation of a certain type;

coefficient of use of the volume of the means of transportation;

the average duration of unloading a batch of products from means of transportation of a certain type.

The preparatory operations preceding transportation include packaging, sealing, loading, cushioning, installation, securing, etc. Preparation for the transportation of products may also include some preparation operations for the corresponding vehicles.

Transportation costs include the costs associated with the operation Vehicle and with operations for the care of products during their transportation.

The final operations include unloading products, unpacking them, etc. This may also include some operations to transfer vehicles to their original state.

The most complete and comprehensive transportability is assessed by cost indicators that allow you to simultaneously take into account material and labor costs, qualifications and the number of people involved in transportation work, as well as the time factor.

To assess the transportability indicators, it is necessary to have initial data characterizing the transportation process, such as: mass and volume of a unit of production, indicators of physical and mechanical properties, overall dimensions of the product, indicators of product storage, maximum allowable values ​​of transportation modes (maximum speed of transport, inertial overloads and etc.), norms of loading and unloading operations, the coefficient of the maximum possible use of the capacity or carrying capacity of the vehicle when transporting this product, the susceptibility of the transported goods to thermal and mechanical external influences, etc.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment arising from the operation or consumption of products.

When choosing environmental indicators, requirements should be reflected, the fulfillment of which ensures the maintenance of rational interaction between human activities and the environment, as well as the prevention of direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of operation or consumption of products on nature.

Accounting for environmental indicators should ensure:

limitation of releases into the natural environment of industrial, transport and domestic Wastewater and emissions to reduce the content of pollutants in the atmosphere, natural waters and soils to amounts not exceeding maximum allowable concentrations;

conservation and rational use of biological resources;

the possibility of reproduction of wild animals and the maintenance of favorable conditions for their habitat;

preservation of the geophone of flora and fauna, including rare and endangered species.

To justify the need to take into account environmental indicators when assessing product quality, an analysis of the processes of its operation or consumption is carried out to identify the possibility of chemical, mechanical, light, sound, biological, radiation and other environmental impacts. When identifying the harmful effects of these factors on nature, a group of environmental indicators must be included in the nomenclature of indicators used to assess the level of product quality.

To environmental performance include: the content of harmful impurities released into the environment; the probability of emissions of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation, operation or consumption of products.

When assessing the level of product quality, taking into account environmental indicators, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements (norms) for environmental protection. These requirements and norms are determined by:

accepted international technical regulations and standards;

the system of state standards in the field of protection and improvement of the use of natural resources and other regulatory documents in this area.

Safety indicators characterize the features of products that ensure the safety of a person (service personnel) during operation or consumption of products, installation, maintenance, repair, storage, transportation from mechanical, electrical, thermal effects, toxic and explosive fumes, acoustic noise, radioactive radiation, etc. .

Safety indicators should reflect the requirements that determine the measures and means of protecting a person in an emergency situation that is not authorized and not provided for by the rules of operation in a zone of possible danger.

To characterize the dispersion of the actual values ​​of a certain quality indicator for different units of the same type of product, homogeneity indicators are used, which are used to assess the stability of quality indicators in conditions of mass and serial production of products.

The better the production is established, the more homogeneous the raw materials used, materials, components, the more stable the production conditions, including climatic ones, the smaller the spread of possible values ​​of quality indicators characterizing the products.

To homogeneity indicators , for example, include: the standard deviation of the values ​​of quality indicators, scope- the difference between the maximum and minimum results.

When assessing the level of product quality, it is necessary to take into account economic indicators that characterize the costs of developing, manufacturing, operating or consuming products.

Examples of economic indicators are the costs of manufacturing and testing prototypes, the cost of manufacturing products, the cost of consumables in the operation of technical facilities.

Economic indicators are a special type of indicators for assessing the level of product quality, since they are practically interconnected with all classification groups of indicators (purpose, reliability, manufacturability, etc.).

The economic effect of improving the quality of products is determined by summing up the total savings over the entire service life, which gives the national economy the use of products of improved quality and the savings in its production.

2. Reliability indicators characterize the properties of reliability, durability, maintainability and persistence.

Reliability - the property of a product to remain operational for some time or operating time.

Durability - the property of the product to maintain operability to the limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair.

maintainability- the ability of the product to be repaired.

Persistence - the property of products and products to maintain a serviceable and consumable condition during the period of storage and transportation established in the technical documentation, as well as after it.

For example, indicators transportability characterize the suitability of products for transportation that is not accompanied by its use or consumption. They are determined by experimental, calculation or expert methods. For example, an indicator of the suitability of products for the preservation of consumer properties during transportation is reflected in the rate of natural loss for certain types products (glass, cement, etc.).

K d - the share of products that retain their original properties within the specified limits during transportation,%;

Q p - the amount of products loaded into the vehicle;

Q in - the number of unloaded products that retained the values ​​of quality indicators within acceptable limits.

3. Ergonomic indicators characterize the "man - product" system and take into account a complex of human properties that manifest themselves in production and household processes. These include hygienic(illuminance, temperature, pressure, humidity), anthropometric(clothes, footwear, furniture, control panels) and psychophysiological(speed and power capabilities, thresholds of hearing, vision, etc.).

Psychophysiological characterize the adaptability of the product to the human senses.

Psychological characterize the possibility of perception and processing of various information.

Physiological characterize the permissible physical loads on various human organs.

4. Aesthetic indicators characterize information expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production performance, stability of presentation (characteristics of artistic styles, shades, smells, harmony, etc.).

5. Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of products that determine the optimal distribution of the costs of materials, time and means of labor in the technical preparation of production, manufacture and operation of products. These are indicators of labor intensity, material and capital intensity, and the cost of products. Both general (total) and structural, specific, comparative or relative indicators are calculated. Relative indicators are, for example:

– material utilization factor

M g - the amount of material in the finished product;

M in - the amount of material introduced into technological process;

- unit cost indicator

S beats - unit cost;

S is the total cost of the product;

B defining parameter of the product (power, weight, etc.).

6. Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, unified and original parts, as well as the level of unification with other products.

The main indicators of unification are the coefficients of applicability, repeatability, mutual unification for groups of products, the proportion of original parts (assemblies). Standard are all parts of the product manufactured according to state and industry standards.

7. Patent Law Indicators characterize the degree of renewal of technical solutions used in products, their patent protection, as well as the possibility of unhindered sales of products in our country and abroad (number or specific gravity of patented or licensed parts (assemblies), etc.).

8. Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment arising from the operation or consumption of products. For example: the content of harmful impurities emitted into the environment, the probability of emission of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and use of products, the level of MPC.

9. Safety performance characterize the features of the product that determine human safety during its operation or consumption. They reflect the requirements for the norms and means of protecting people who are in the zone of possible danger in the event of an emergency, and are provided for by the system of state standards for labor safety, as well as international standards.

10. Economic indicators characterize the costs of development, manufacture, operation or consumption of products, taken into account in the integral indicator of product quality (various types of costs, cost, price, etc.), when comparing various product samples - technical and economic indicators.

Table 2.1 shows an example of using some of the main indicators for products consumed in use and consuming their resource.

Table 2.1

Applicability of some indicators of product quality by type

the sign "+" means applicability, the sign "-" non-applicability, the sign "(+)" limited applicability of some groups of this type of product.

Product quality management, as can be seen from the history of its development, is not just a control of quality parameters and the reasons for their deviations - this is a management activity that covers life cycle products, systematically providing strategic and operational processes for improving the quality of products and the functioning of the quality management system itself.

From the foundations of management it is known that the division of labor as the development of industrial relations led to the allocation of specific labor processes - management processes. Management (management) is the influence of one person or group of persons (managers) on other persons to induce actions corresponding to the achievement of the set goals, provided that managers take responsibility for the effectiveness of the impact. The commonality of management tasks makes it possible to formulate its general laws, and the analysis and generalization of management practice makes it possible, based on laws, to specify the content of management within the framework of management science (management).

AT general view the structure and management processes can be represented as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1 Enlarged composition of the management system

Management as a field of activity implies three levels of solving managerial problems in relation to the system and its parts.

1. The macro level (meta-management) includes solving the problems of self-organization of the control system: the tasks of the ideology and policy of goal-setting, the development strategy of the control system as a whole, determining its structure, functions of subsystems, personnel policy top management, etc.

Depending on the nature of the evaluation tasks to be solved, indicators can be classified according to various criteria (Fig. 1.2).

The most widely used in assessing the quality of products for industrial purposes are indicators grouped by characteristic properties.

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of the product, which determine the main functions for which it is intended, and determine the scope of its application.

They fall into the following categories:

• indicators of functional and technical efficiency- machine performance, fabric strength, etc.;
• constructive indicators - overall dimensions, coefficients of assembly and interchangeability, etc.;
• indicators of composition and structure - percentage, concentration, etc.

Rice. 1.2. Classification of product quality indicators

Product quality indicators for characterized properties

Indicators characterize the following properties:

• Reliability - the property of a product to continuously maintain operability for some time or some operating time, expressed in the probability of no-failure operation, mean time to failure, failure rate.
• maintainability- the property of the product, which consists in its adaptability to the prevention and detection of the causes of failures, damages and the elimination of their consequences by carrying out repairs and maintenance. The single indicators of maintainability are the probability of recovery to a healthy state, the average recovery time.
• Recoverability products are characterized by the average recovery time to a given value of the quality index and the level of recovery.
• Persistence - the property of products to maintain a serviceable and operable, consumable condition during and after storage and transportation. Single indicators of shelf life can be the average shelf life and the assigned shelf life.
• Durability - the property of the product to remain operational until the limit state occurs with the established system of maintenance and repairs. Single indicators of durability are the average resource, the average service life.

Economy indicators determine the perfection of the product in terms of the cost of material, fuel and energy and labor resources for its production and operation. This is first of all:

• cost price;
• purchase price;
• consumption price;
• profitability, etc.

indicators characterize the system "man - product - environment of use" and take into account a complex of such human properties as:

• hygienic;
• anthropometric;
• physiological;
• psychological.

indicators characterize:

• information and artistic expressiveness of the product;
• rationality of form;
• the integrity of the composition.

Indicators are related to such properties of the design of the product, which determine its suitability for achieving optimal costs in the production, operation and restoration of the specified values ​​of quality indicators. They are decisive for the efficiency indicators. The individual indicators of manufacturability include:

• specific labor intensity;
• material consumption;
• energy intensity of manufacturing and operation of the product;
• the duration of the maintenance and repair cycle, etc.

Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of the product with standard, unified and original components, which are the parts, assemblies, assemblies, sets and complexes included in it. This group of indicators includes the coefficients:

• applicability;
• repeatability;
• unification of a product or group of products.

Patent Law Indicators characterize the degree of patent purity of the technical solutions used in the product, which determines its competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets.

indicators determine the level of harmful effects on the environment during the operation or consumption of the product. These include:

• the content of harmful impurities released into the environment;
• the probability of emission of harmful particles, gases and radiation, the level of which should not exceed the maximum permissible concentration.

Indicators characterize the features of the product that determine the safety of humans and other objects during its use. They should reflect the requirements for measures and means of protecting a person in an emergency situation that is not authorized and not provided for by the rules of operation in a zone of possible danger.

Product quality indicators by the number of characterized properties

The indicator by which the decision is made to evaluate the quality of products is called decisive. The properties taken into account by the defining indicator can be characterized by single, complex (generalizing) and (or) integral indicators that relate to the classification feature of product quality indicators by the number of properties characterized.

Single indicators characterize one property of the product, which is its quality in relation to certain conditions of creation, operation and consumption.

Complex (generalizing) indicators are the average value, taking into account quantitative estimates the main properties of products and their weight coefficients.

Integral indicators reflect the ratio of the beneficial effect of operation and the cost of acquiring and operating products.

The optimal value of the product quality indicator is the one at which the greatest beneficial effect from the operation (consumption) of the product is achieved at a given cost for its creation and operation (consumption).

Similar quality indicators are determined for consumer goods, but they must take into account the specifics of the purpose and use of these items.

In world practice, in order to assess the degree of superiority of products, it is used gradation (class, grade)— a category or category assigned to products having the same functional application but different quality requirements.

With a numerical designation upper class usually the number 1 is assigned, and when designating the number of any characters, such as asterisks, usually the lower class has a smaller number of such characters.

According to federal law RF "On consumer protection":

• for durable goods, the manufacturer is required to establish life time;
• for food, medicines, household chemicals - shelf life.

These two indicators establish the terms after which the product poses a danger to the life, health and property of the consumer or becomes unsuitable for its intended use.

Features of assessing the quality of products for industrial purposes and consumer goods are reflected in the industry regulatory and technical documentation, which regulates the choice, methods for their calculation and scope.