Economic indicators of economic activity of the organization. Socio-economic indicators characterizing the activities of the company

The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:

Economic effect;

Performance indicators;

Business break-even point.

The economic effect is an absolute indicator (profit, sales income, etc.) that characterizes the result of the enterprise's activities.

profit .

The limitation of economic effect indicators lies in the fact that they cannot be used to draw a conclusion about the qualitative level of resource use and the level of profitability of the enterprise.

Economic efficiency is a relative indicator that measures the effect obtained with the costs that caused this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect:

For example, these are indicators of capital productivity and the turnover ratio of working capital, which characterize, respectively, the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and working capital.

The degree of profitability of the enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. The following main indicators can be distinguished:

a) product profitability(certain types) (R p) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (P p) to the costs of its production and sale (Z pr):

b) profitability of the main activity(R od) - the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of its production and sale:

where P r.v.p - profit from the sale of all products;

З pr.v.p - the cost of production and sale of products.

in) return on assets(Ra) - the ratio of balance sheet profit to the result of the average balance sheet (K cf). This indicator characterizes how effectively fixed and current assets of the enterprise are used. This indicator is of interest to credit and financial institutions, business partners, etc.:

G) return on fixed capital(R o.k) - the ratio of balance sheet profit (P b) to the average cost of fixed capital (Of s.g):

e) return on equity(R s.k.) - the ratio of net profit (P h) to the average cost of equity (K s.s.):

This indicator characterizes how much profit each ruble invested by the owner of the capital gives;

Payback period(T) is the ratio of capital (K) to net profit (P h).

This parameter shows how many years the funds invested in this enterprise will pay off under unchanged conditions of production and financial activity.

Break even point of business.

The concept of a break-even business can be expressed as a simple question: how many units of production must be sold in order to recover the costs incurred in doing so.

Accordingly, product prices are set in such a way as to reimburse all semi-variable costs and receive a markup sufficient to cover semi-fixed costs and make a profit.

As soon as the number of units of production (Q kr) sufficient to reimburse conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs (full cost) is sold, each unit of production sold in excess of this will be profitable. At the same time, the increase in this profit depends on the ratio of conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs in the structure of the total cost.

Thus, as soon as the volume of sold units of production reaches the minimum value sufficient to cover the full cost, the enterprise receives a profit that begins to grow faster than this volume. The same effect occurs in the case of a reduction in the volume of economic activity, that is, the rate of decrease in profits and increase in losses outpaces the rate of decrease in sales. Definition of a point of break-even housekeeping is presented on fig.

Profit of the enterprise: the procedure for the formation and distribution

The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of the activities of a manufacturing enterprise is profit .

Profit generation procedure:

Profit P r from the sale of products (sales)- this is the difference between the sales proceeds (Вр) the costs of production and marketing of products (full cost price З pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excises (AKC):

P p \u003d V p - Z pr - VAT - ACC.

Profit from other sales (P pr)- this is the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property, waste, intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale (B pr) and the costs of this sale (Z p):

P pr \u003d B pr - Z r.

Profit from non-operating operations is the difference between income from non-operating operations (D ext) and expenses on non-operating operations (R ext):

P vn = D vn - R vn.

Income from non-operating operations- this is income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income from bonds and other securities, income from the lease of property, fines received, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products.

Balance sheet profit: P b \u003d P r + P pr + P ext.

Net profit: Pch \u003d Pb - otchsl.

Retained earnings: Pnr = Pch - DV - percent.

Profit distribution procedure:

reserve fund created by the enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Allocations to the reserve fund are made in accordance with the current regulations.

accumulation fund is intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of fixed and working capital. The value of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's development and expansion capabilities.

consumption fund is intended for the implementation of measures for social development and material incentives for the company's personnel.

Economic indicators characterize the state of the economy, as well as its various objects and processes occurring within it in three times. By themselves, they represent one of today's most popular and - more importantly - effective tools to determine the state of the economy of a particular company or country.

The composition and structure into which economic indicators are divided is one of the most important objects of study of science, and at the same time represent its content element. This system includes a set of systematized characteristics that are interconnected and determine the state of the economy as a whole.

grouping

Economic indicators in their structure are quite branched and are divided into groups in accordance with a number of characteristics.

In accordance with the division of the relevant science into micro- and macroeconomics, generally generalized macroeconomic indicators are distinguished, which determine the economy as a whole, as well as its various large parts and spheres. There are also microeconomic indicators, which mainly relate to the economy of various enterprises, firms, corporations and all kinds of companies.

What does the structure include?

According to their structure, economic indicators differ in:

• absolute (which is quite often called quantitative);
• voluminous;
• relative (also called qualitative).

Absolute and volume indicators are expressed in monetary or natural units, that is, weight, pieces, length, volume, or, for example, a certain currency.

At the same time, the relative economic performance of an enterprise is a ratio of two indicators that have the same or different dimensions.

In the first case, dimensionless characteristics are considered, which mainly indicate the rate of change of a certain economic value or ratio, as well as the proportions of economic homogeneous values ​​that are subsequently obtained by comparing them and are measured as a percentage or share calculation.

In the second case, we are talking about dimensional indicators, in accordance with which the overall rate of change of a given value over time is characterized, as well as the efficiency of using various resources and the sensitivity of the considered value in relation to a specific factor that causes its changes. For example, an indicator of the efficiency of car engines can be measured in accordance with the mass of gasoline consumed per kilometer, while the indicator of return on invested capital can be measured by the total amount of output that falls on each invested ruble.

What are they like?

In the totality of relative economic indicators, which determine the dynamics of various processes, indicators of growth and growth rates differ. Each of these types has its own characteristics.

Growth rates

The economic indicators of the enterprise, which determine the growth rate, are the ratio of the established amount of the economic product that was produced or consumed in a given time period to the amount that was produced or consumed in the previous period. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is customary to consider a quarterly, monthly, annual period, or simply certain dates. If during the studied time period there are no changes in the volume of the product, then this indicates that the growth rate is 1 or 100%, and any deviations already indicate a positive or negative change in this value.

Indicators of economic growth determine how the state of the economy changes, as a result of which they can also be called indicators of the state or change of the economy. Quite often, a group of such relative characteristics, which is used in compiled statistics, is formed at the expense of indices. The index itself is the ratio of a certain parameter at the moment to its basic value, fixed at a certain time, taken as a basis. In other words, economic growth indicators take into account the index in order to characterize the relative value of a certain parameter in comparison with the base (starting) one, which makes it possible to understand how this value has changed over a specified time period.

Growth rates

Incremental indicators of economic efficiency indicate an increase in the amount of a product sold, produced or consumed over a certain period of time to the amount that is characteristic of the base period. If during a given period of time (for example, during a year) no changes in the volume of production are observed, then this indicates that the growth rate is zero, and any deviations already indicate the positive or negative of this characteristic.

By analogy with how speed indicators of economic efficiency are measured, in this case the measurement is carried out as a percentage or in shares. Based on physical analogies, they can be called "indicators of economic acceleration."

Groups

The main economic indicators are divided into a number of different groups depending on their definition, on the location of their numerical values, and also on what exactly they are used to decide.

Knowledge of settlement-analytical or simply calculated indicators is established by carrying out calculations based on certain mathematical dependencies and economic-mathematical models, and this determination is carried out using certain methods. Calculation and analytical basic economic indicators can often be used as initial ones in the process of determining planned or forecast parameters, as well as the effectiveness of the implemented socio-economic programs.

The values ​​typical for statistical, reporting or reporting-statistical indicators are based on the financial statements of companies, as well as the collection and processing of various statistical information, observations and sample surveys.

Regulatory technical and economic indicators in the vast majority of cases are set by the authorities, but they can also represent the norms of resource costs that are allocated for the manufacture of a unit of a particular product, as well as the consumption of various products or the performance of work. Indicators in the form of norms and norms also make it possible to determine the accepted, given ratios and proportions, including the rate of accumulation, profit, savings, taxation or wages.

Also, technical and economic indicators often intersect with scientific and technical ones, indicating various achievements in science and technology.

In addition, average socio-economic indicators are also used, which are the average of a large set of values. At the same time, one must correctly understand that the average economic indicator does not necessarily have to be the arithmetic mean of a group of homogeneous characteristics, as people who are only familiar with economics, as well as with modern mathematical and economic statistics, often think.

Where are they used?

The composition, which characterizes the indicators of economic development of companies, is continuously updated and supplemented, as well as the available methods for its determination are being improved. The most widely used economic indicators today are in planning, forecasting, management and analysis. The success of managing the economy, various economic objects and processes depends quite strongly on the range of indicators used, as well as the degree of completeness with which they can characterize the managed procedures. In addition, it also depends on how correctly and accurately the definition and analysis of economic indicators was carried out.

Formation system

The analysis of the company's economic activities is a detailed study of various economic indicators that can characterize various aspects of its work. At the same time, various financial and economic indicators are grouped into a certain system in accordance with certain criteria. Thus, the system that reflects the state of the company's work is a set of interrelated values ​​that allows you to fully characterize the property and financial position of the company, as well as determine its activities and results.

Kinds

The economic indicators of the enterprise are divided into two types - these are cost and natural. Such a division is carried out depending on which meters were specifically used in the process of calculating these parameters.

Cost indicators are by far the most common type, as they allow you to generalize a variety of economic phenomena. For example, if a company prefers to use various types of materials and raw materials in the course of its work, then in order to determine the generalized amounts of receipts and expenditures, as well as to understand the balance of these objects of labor, it is necessary to use systemic economic performance indicators.

Natural indicators can be called primary, while cost indicators are secondary, since the calculation of the latter can be carried out only on the basis of the former. At the same time, there is a certain number of economic phenomena that can be expressed exclusively in terms of cost, and in particular, this applies to distribution costs, the cost of various products, profits and many others.

In addition to natural parameters expressing a specific amount of material values ​​in natural units of measurement, the calculation of economic indicators is also carried out on the basis of conditionally natural indicators. With their help, you can summarize the volume of various types of the same type of products that are manufactured by this organization. For example, in the canning industry, all manufactured products can simply be expressed in conventional cans, and such a can, which differs in certain sizes and capacities, will be considered as a conventional unit, and any other similar product, even if of different sizes, is ultimately converted into such a conditional bank. This is how the expression of the total volume of goods in the so-called conditionally natural indicators is carried out.

There is also a division into quantitative and qualitative, depending on which side of economic processes, phenomena and operations will be measured in the particular case under consideration.

Among other things, economic indicators are divided into two types - specific and volume, depending on the reduction.

Thus, for example, the volume of sales, output, profit and cost of goods are volume indicators characterizing the volume of a certain economic phenomenon. At the same time, volume indicators are in this case primary, while specific indicators are secondary. The calculation of specific indicators is carried out on the basis of volumetric and, for example, the cost and final cost of products are volumetric characteristics, while the ratio of one indicator to the second, that is, the cost per ruble of marketable products, will already be called specific indicators.

How is the activity of the enterprise reflected?

The subdivision of economic indicators is carried out in accordance with the areas of the company's activities that are characterized by them. For example, there are parameters that determine the profitability, profitability or profitability of a particular company. In this case, the main indicator that will indicate the profitability of the organization is the ratio of the net profit received by it over a certain time period to the average amount of established capital.

The profitability of an organization is defined as the ratio of the profit received from a certain production activity to the sales revenue that was generated during the same period.

Profitability indicators in this case are relative values ​​of profit. It should be noted that there is a whole system of such parameters, and in particular, the return on assets is quite important in this case. There are other metrics available, but they are generally a variety of ratios of return to capital invested or production costs.

Quite an important indicator that allows you to characterize the financial condition of the company is the turnover of working capital. If we talk about the most important parameters of turnover, then in this case the duration of one turnover, expressed in days, as well as the total number of turnovers over a certain period, will already be considered.

An increase in the turnover rate of working capital indicates that the company is strengthening financially, as well as increasing the efficiency of using funds and increasing business activity.

Let's analyze the main economic indicators of JSC "Krasnodargazstroy" according to the data presented in table 1.

Table 1 - Main economic indicators of the enterprise

According to the table, we can conclude that the volume of sold products from 2009-2010 increased by 46.2% compared to 2009, and amounted to 17,785,765 thousand rubles in the reporting year.

The cost of goods sold increased by 48.0% due to higher prices for raw materials and materials and due to higher wages. The average annual cost of fixed assets decreased by 19.2% compared to 2009, and in 2010 amounted to 453,685.5 thousand rubles. Return on assets increased by 81.4% and amounted to 39.2 rubles in 2010.

Profitability at the enterprise is low and its significant decline in 2010 is associated with a decrease in sales volumes.

Also, the most informative form for analyzing and evaluating the financial condition of an organization is the balance sheet.

The balance sheet asset characterizes the property mass, i.e., the composition and condition of material assets that are directly owned by the company.

Liabilities balance characterizes the composition and status of the rights to these values ​​that arise in the course of economic activity of the enterprise from various participants in the commercial business.

Let us present the balance sheet of JSC Krasnodargazstroy in an aggregated form using tables 2 and 3. The analytical grouping of the asset of the balance sheet of JSC Krasnodargazstroy is shown in table 2.

Table 2 - Analytical grouping of the assets of the balance sheet of OJSC Krasnodargazstroy

Based on the calculations carried out, it can be concluded that the activity of an economic entity is focused on creating material conditions for expanding its core business, since most of the non-current assets are concentrated in fixed assets and construction in progress. As for fixed assets, in 2010 their amount amounted to 495,021, which is 131,725 ​​thousand rubles. less than in 2009. The amount of construction in progress for 2010 is 6133 thousand rubles, which is 15425 thousand rubles. less than in 2009. It should be noted that construction in progress will provide new buildings, workshops or sites.

The amount of intangible assets for 2010 amounted to 18 thousand rubles, which is 3 thousand rubles. less than in 2009.

It should be noted that there was an increase in the cost of inventories and in the reporting year their value amounted to 2120069 thousand rubles, which is 244043 thousand rubles. more than in 2009 or 13% more than in 2009, this may indicate an increase in production capacity or the irrationality of the chosen strategy due to which a significant part of current assets was liquidated from circulation, whose liquidity could be high .

Cash in 2010 increased due to the fact that they were not directed to the purchase of fixed assets, and to pay off the company's accounts payable.

It should be noted that in the reporting year, compared to 2009, there was a sharp increase in receivables by 773,872 thousand rubles, which may indicate an imprudent credit policy of the enterprise in relation to customers, or an increase in sales, or the insolvency and bankruptcy of part buyers.

Table 2 shows that in 2010 compared to 2009, the equity capital of the company increased by 60,957 thousand rubles. or by 7.9% and amounted to 8.8% in the balance structure. The authorized capital remained unchanged and amounts to 71 thousand rubles.

Table 3 - Analytical grouping of liabilities in the balance sheet of OJSC Krasnodargazstroy

It should be noted that the growth of the sources of formation of the organization's property in 2010 compared to 2009 increased by 1,268,824 thousand rubles. occurred due to an increase in the capital of the organization by 60957 thousand rubles. or 7.9%. The share of short-term liabilities in 2010 is 16.3% more than in 2009.

This increase was due to an increase in accounts payable by 932,682 thousand rubles. according to the items: debt to the personnel of the organization for 16003 thousand. rub. compared to 2009, the debt to state off-budget funds for 2737 thousand rubles, the debt to suppliers and contractors for 1737598 thousand rubles. compared to 2009 Debt on taxes and fees in the reporting year decreased compared to 2009 by 45,993 thousand rubles. or 84%.

Table 4 - Indicators of the financial stability of the enterprise

Having calculated all the necessary indicators of financial independence and capital structure, we can conclude that almost all the calculated coefficients do not correspond to the normative values.

The coefficient of autonomy - characterizes the share of equity in the balance sheet. A decrease in this indicator from the normative value, which should be at least 0.5, otherwise it indicates a weakening of the financial independence of the enterprise from external sources. ikov. In 2009, this indicator was 0.094, in dynamics by 2010 it decreased by 0.006 and amounted to 0.088 in the reporting year, and as a result, the financial dependency ratio increased by 0.006 in the reporting year. This indicates an increase in the amount of borrowed capital, which is also reflected in the financing ratio, which led to an increase in the financial risk ratio, respectively.

The financing ratio shows the ratio of equity and borrowed capital in 2009, this indicator was 0.104, in dynamics by 2010 it decreased by 0.007 and amounted to 0.097 in the reporting year, it does not meet the standard (> 1), hence the predominance of borrowed capital in the enterprise. The financial risk ratio (shoulder of financial leverage) is the ratio of borrowed capital to equity capital. The smaller it is, the closer it is to “0”, the more financially stable this enterprise is. In our case, the coefficient in 2010 is 10.289, which negatively characterizes our company.

The equity ratio is below the normative value (>0.1). In dynamics, by 2010, the value of this coefficient increased by 0.021 and amounted to 0.036 in the reporting year.

The coefficient of financial stability also decreased, in dynamics by 2010 it decreased by 0.005 and amounted to 0.097 in the reporting year, which does not meet the standard.

The agility coefficient shows whether the organization's capital is mobile, i.e. the largest share of capital is placed in current assets or not. In dynamics, the indicator decreases, which follows, a decrease in the share of assets in property.

The permanent asset index in 2009 amounted to 0.848, in dynamics by 2010 it decreased by 0.241 and amounted to 0.607 in the reporting year (with the standard:<1), что свидетельствует что часть внеоборотных активов сформирована за счет заемного капитала.

Based on the preliminary review of the balance sheet of JSC Krasnodargazstroy for 2009-2010, we can conclude about the work of the company:

• 1. During the year, the policy of the management of JSC Krasnodargazstroy led to a deterioration in performance, primarily in terms of a decrease in current assets.
• 2. The structure of liabilities differs in the excess of accounts payable over receivables.
• 3. These changes worsened the financial position of OAO Krasnodargazstroy. To find out the reasons, it is necessary to analyze financial indicators (ratios).

The concept of economic analysis

Economic analysis is essential for economic growth and development of an enterprise of any level and scale of activity.

Definition 1

Economic analysis is a science that studies the economy of an enterprise, its activities from the side of implementing plans and development strategies, assessing its financial and property condition, as well as identifying potential reserves in different directions

The subject of economic analysis is the property and financial condition of the company, its current financial and business operations, which are considered from the point of view of the implementation of business plans and development forecasts.

Economic analysis comprehensively studies information obtained from all sources, directs the results of the analysis to improve and optimize the company's activities, and allows you to implement the best management ideas.

The object of economic analysis is a specific area of ​​activity of the enterprise: production, marketing, supply, investment, activities of individual production and financial structures, etc.

Economic analysis, despite its isolation and becoming an independent economic discipline, is closely interconnected with other sciences.

Main economic indicators

Economic indicators are usually divided into groups, depending on which side of financial activity they reflect.

The main indicators are:

• Profitability
• profitability
• Profitability

The company's profitability most fully reflects the indicator, which is calculated by calculating the ratio of the net profit received for the period to the average equity of the company for the same period.

Profitability is also important. It is calculated by dividing the profit received for the period by the proceeds from the sale of products for the same time period.

Profitability indicators of an enterprise are relative values.

There are many indicators of profitability. The most important, of course, is the rate of return on assets, calculated by the formula:

$Rassets = Net income / Avg. assets$

There are other indicators of profitability. Their calculation comes down to calculating the ratio of profit to the analyzed indicator (revenue, capital, cost, etc.)

Remark 1

In addition to relative values, absolute indicators also play an important role: the amount of receivables overdue, the amount of accounts payable, the size of the company's current assets, and the amount of equity capital.

For a manufacturing enterprise, the turnover ratio of working capital is of great importance. The most important of them are:

• Turnover duration (in days)
• The number of turns per period.

Remark 2

The higher the turnover of working capital, the more stable and productive the enterprise and the use of its capital, the higher the level of business activity of the company.

The role of the analysis of economic indicators in the enterprise

Economic analysis is essential in the enterprise. Performing the function of management, economic analysis is closely related to planning and forecasting at the enterprise, since without an in-depth analysis it is impossible to carry out competent business planning.

Economic analysis serves as a justification for the proposed plans and forecasts, as well as one of the means of monitoring their implementation. After all, planning begins with analysis, and ends with it.

Economic analysis, as mentioned above, is also an element of management, especially in production.

The cumulative role of economic analysis increases with the development of economic and financial relations. This is due to a number of factors such as:

• The need to increase efficiency
• Transition to market relations
• Development of new forms and methods of management.

Economic performance of the enterprise include quite a few individual components. performance indicators of the enterprise is carried out in order to obtain data on the level of development of the enterprise, its effectiveness. Based on these data, conclusions are drawn about possible ways to improve the work of the enterprise and increase its efficiency.

First of all, they include liquidity ratios, showing the ability of the enterprise to pay for the short-term nature.

The economic indicators of the activity of an enterprise of this category are divided into indicators of current, urgent liquidity and working capital.

Current liquidity shows the result of the ratio of the company's current assets to the total volume of short-term liabilities.

Urgent liquidity is calculated as the ratio of highly liquid working capital to the total liabilities of the enterprise of a short-term nature. Such assets include accounts receivable, financial investments, cash.

Working net worth is equal to the difference between all assets and liabilities of a short-term nature.

In addition to liquidity ratios, the economic performance of the enterprise includes turnover ratios (business activity), which reflect how effectively the use of the assets of the enterprise. These indicators include inventory turnover, receivables, accounts payable, assets and fixed assets.