Section of the presentation on the topic of nuclear energy. Presentation on the topic "atomic energy" Development of nuclear energy presentation

The atomic age has a long prehistory. The beginning was laid by W. Roentgen's work "On a New Kind of Rays" published in December 1895. He called them X - rays, later they were called x-rays. In 1896, A. Becquerel discovered that uranium ore emits invisible rays with great penetrating power. This phenomenon was later called radioactivity. In 1919, a group of scientists led by E. Rutherford, bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, obtained an oxygen isotope - this is how the world's first artificial nuclear reaction was carried out. In 1942, under the stands of the football stadium at the University of Chicago (USA), the first ever nuclear reactor. Nuclear energy is a very important part of life modern man, because on this moment it is one of the most progressive and developing branches of science. The development of nuclear energy opens up new opportunities for humanity. But like everything new, it also has its opponents, who argue that nuclear energy has more disadvantages than advantages. First you need to find out - how did nuclear energy originate?

Europe was on the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such a powerful weapon pushed for its fastest creation. The physicists of Germany, England, the USA, and Japan worked on the creation of atomic weapons. Realizing that it was impossible to work without a sufficient amount of uranium ore, in September 1940 the United States purchased a large amount of the required ore, which allowed them to work on the creation of nuclear weapons in full swing.

The United States government decided to create an atomic bomb as soon as possible. This project went down in history as the "Manhattan Project". Led by Leslie Groves. In 1942, an American nuclear center was established on the territory of the United States. Under his leadership, the best minds of that time were gathered not only from the USA and England, but from almost all of Western Europe. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. All that remains at the site of the explosion are fragments of green radioactive glass, which the sand has turned into.

In the twentieth century, society developed rapidly, people began to consume everything large quantity energy resources. A new source of energy was needed. Great hopes were attached to the use of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to provide the bulk of the world's energy needs. The world's first experimental nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Prior to this, the energy of the atomic nucleus was used mainly for military purposes. The launch of the first nuclear power plant marked the opening of a new direction in energy, which was recognized at the 1st International Scientific and Technical Conference on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy (August 1955, Geneva). Abroad, the first nuclear power plant for industrial purposes with a capacity of 46 MW was put into operation in 1956 at Calder Hall (England). A year later, a 60 MW nuclear power plant was put into operation in Shippingport (USA). At the beginning of the 1900s 435 operating nuclear power plants generated about 7% of the energy produced in the world.

People who do not understand the design and operation of nuclear power plants believe that these very nuclear power plants are dangerous and are afraid of building new enterprises, afraid to go to work for these enterprises and generally have a negative attitude towards this phenomenon. The protesters claim that they are not against nuclear technology, but against nuclear energy as such, because they consider it dangerous. As an argument, they cite the events that occurred not so long ago at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and at the Fukushima station. accident in Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima has changed people's attitudes towards nuclear power all over the world. This trend is clearly demonstrated by a survey conducted by the international company Ipsos in 24 countries, where about 60 percent of the world's population is concentrated. In 21 out of 24 states, the majority of respondents were in favor of closing nuclear power plants. Only in India, the US and Poland, according to Ipsos, the majority of citizens are still in favor of the continued use of nuclear energy.

There are 2 ways to develop nuclear energy According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear energy will grow and make up a significant part of the global energy balance. People will achieve a secure future in the field of nuclear energy Shutdown of operating nuclear power plants, search for a new alternative way electricity generation

For: Annually Atom stations in Europe they avoid the emission of 700 million tons of CO 2. The operating nuclear power plants in Russia annually prevent the emission of 210 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; low and sustainable (in relation to the cost of fuel) electricity prices; Contrary to the prevailing public opinion, nuclear power plants are recognized by experts around the world as the safest and most environmentally friendly compared to others. traditional ways energy production. In addition, a new generation of nuclear reactors has already been developed and is being installed, for which complete operational safety is a priority. Against: Basic ecological problems nuclear energy are in the management of SNF (spent nuclear fuel). So most of the Russian SNF is currently stored in temporary storage facilities at nuclear power plants; The problem of eliminating nuclear power plants: a nuclear reactor cannot simply be stopped, closed and left. It will have to be taken out of service for many years, only partially reducing the maintenance staff. No matter how much it would be desirable for supporters or opponents of the development of nuclear energy, it is too early to put an end to the discussion of the future of the nuclear industry in the world as a whole. One thing is indisputable: it is unacceptable to rely only on nuclear specialists who are in love with their work and officials in charge of the nuclear industry. The consequences of the decisions they make are too heavy for the whole society to be held responsible only for them. The public, and especially civil society organizations, must play an important, if not key, role in the discussion and adoption of meaningful decisions.

The accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant is a major radiation accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of a strong earthquake in Japan and the tsunami that followed. The earthquake and the tsunami hit disabled external power supplies and backup diesel power plants, which caused the inoperability of all normal and emergency cooling systems and led to the melting of the reactor core at power units 1, 2 and 3 in the first days of the accident.

The earthquake hit the prefectures of Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima. As a result of tremors at 55 nuclear reactors, safety systems worked normally. As a result of the earthquake, 11 existing power units in Japan were automatically shut down. After an 8.4-magnitude earthquake at the Oginawa station, all three reactors were shut down in the normal mode, but later (two days later, on March 13), a fire broke out in the engine room of the first power unit, which was quickly localized and extinguished. As a result of the fire, one of the turbines was destroyed, and no radioactive emissions into the atmosphere followed. It was the water that brought the main destruction to the Fukushima-1 station: the backup diesel generators were drowned out by the water, which provided electricity to the power units at the nuclear power plant after the earthquake. The power outage, necessary for the operation of the control and protection systems of the reactor, led to tragic events in the future.

The fact that the presence of radioactive iodine and cesium released from the active zone of the Fukushima nuclear power plant reactor was recorded in Russia (including Moscow) soon after the accident is true. The presence of these isotopes is recorded by instruments, however, not only in Primorye or Moscow, but throughout the globe, as experts predicted from the very beginning of the development of the accident in Japan. However, the amounts of these isotopes are so insignificant that they cannot have any effect on human health. Therefore, there is no need for Muscovites and guests of the capital to stock up on iodine-containing drugs, not to mention the prospects for any kind of evacuation. The head of the Hydrometeorological Center of Primorye, Boris Kubay, confirmed that the concentration of iodine -131 is 100 times lower than the permissible values, so there is no threat to human health.

According to available data, the volume of radioactive releases from the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is 7 times lower than that observed during the Chernobyl accident. Much higher in the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and the liquidation of its consequences was the number of victims, which reached 4,000 people according to the WHO. However, one should not forget that the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant has a character that is fundamentally different from the nature of the Chernobyl disaster. In Chernobyl, the main danger to human health was the release of radioactive elements directly at the time of the accident. Subsequently, the radioactive contamination of the territories adjacent to the NPP only decreased as a result of a natural decrease in the radioactivity of unstable elements and their gradual erosion in the environment. The Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is located on the coast of the ocean, due to which a significant part of the radiation contamination enters the ocean water. On the one hand, this caused a much less intense contamination of adjacent territories (besides, unlike Chernobyl, there was no reactor explosion at Fukushima as such, which means there was no massive spread of radioactive particles through the air), but on the other hand, a leak of contaminated water into the ocean from the damaged Fukushima reactors continues, and it will be much more difficult to eliminate it.

Among those who insist on the need to continue the search for safe and economical ways to develop nuclear energy, two main directions can be distinguished. Supporters of the first believe that all efforts should be focused on eliminating public distrust in the safety of nuclear technology. To do this, it is necessary to develop new reactors that are safer than existing light water reactors. Here, two types of p reactors are of interest: a “technologically extremely safe” reactor and a “modular” high-temperature gas-cooled p reactor. The prototype of the modular gas-cooled reactor was developed in Germany, as well as in the USA and Japan. Unlike a light water reactor, the design of a modular gas-cooled reactor is such that the safety of its operation is ensured passively - without direct actions of operators or an electrical or mechanical protection system. In technologically extremely safe p acto p ah, a passive protection system is also used. Such a reactor, the idea of ​​which was proposed in Sweden, does not seem to have progressed beyond the design stage. But it has received strong support in the US, among those who see its potential advantages over a modular gas-cooled reactor. But the future of both options is uncertain due to their uncertain cost, development difficulties, and the uncertain future of nuclear power itself.

1. Thorium Thorium can be used as a fuel in the nuclear cycle as an alternative to uranium, and the technology for this process has been in existence since 1990. Many scientists and others have called for the use of this element, arguing that it has many advantages over the current uranium fuel cycle used in mining plants. this world. 2. Solar energy Solar energy is rich, inexhaustible and perhaps the best known of alternative and energy sources. The most popular method of using this energy is to use solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is then delivered to the final consumer. 3. Hydrogen Another alternative source of energy is hydrogen, which can be used together with a fuel cell for transportation needs. Hydrogen is low toxic when burned, can be produced domestically and be three times more efficient than a typical gasoline engine. Hydrogen can be obtained from a variety of processes, including fossil fuels, biomass and electrolyzed water. To get the most out of hydrogen as a fuel source, the best method is to use renewable and energy sources for its production.

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Nuclear power in Russia Nuclear power, which accounts for 16% of electricity generation, is a relatively young branch of the Russian industry. What is 6 decades in terms of history? But this short and eventful period of time played an important role in the development of the electric power industry.

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History The date of August 20, 1945 can be considered the official start of " nuclear project" Soviet Union. On this day, a resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR was signed. In 1954, the very first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk - the first not only in our country, but throughout the world. The station had a capacity of only 5 MW, worked for 50 years in an accident-free mode and was closed only in 2002.

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Within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the nuclear power industry complex of Russia for 2007-2010 and for the future up to 2015", it is planned to build three power units at the Balakovo, Volgodonsk and Kalinin nuclear power plants. In general, 40 power units should be built before 2030. At the same time, the power Russian NPPs should increase annually by 2 GW from 2012, and by 3 GW from 2014, and the total capacity of Russian nuclear power plants by 2020 should reach 40 GW.

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Beloyarsk NPP is located in the city of Zarechny, in Sverdlovsk region, the second industrial nuclear power plant in the country (after Siberian). Three power units were built at the station: two with thermal neutron reactors and one with a fast neutrons. At present, the only operating power unit is the 3rd power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, put into operation in April 1980 - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor. It is also the largest fast neutron reactor in the world.

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Smolensk NPP Smolensk NPP is a largest enterprise Northwestern region of Russia. The nuclear power plant generates eight times more electricity than other power plants in the region combined. Commissioned in 1976

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Smolensk NPP It is located near the city of Desnogorsk, Smolensk Region. The station consists of three power units, with RBMK-1000 type reactors, which were put into operation in 1982, 1985 and 1990. Each power unit includes: one reactor with a thermal power of 3200 MW and two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each.

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Novovoronezh NPP Novovoronezh NPP is located on the banks of the Don River, 5 km from Novovoronezh, a city of power engineers, and 45 km south of Voronezh. The station provides 85% of the needs of the Voronezh region in electricity, and also provides heat for half of Novovoronezh. Commissioned in 1957.

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Leningrad NPP Leningrad NPP is located 80 km west of St. Petersburg. On the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, supplies electricity to about half Leningrad region. Commissioned in 1967.

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NPPs under construction 1 Baltic NPP 2 Beloyarsk NPP-2 3 Leningrad NPP-2 4 Novovoronezh NPP-2 5 Rostov NPP 6 Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP 7 Other

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Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant is an unfinished nuclear power plant located near the town of Agidel in Bashkortostan at the confluence of the Belaya and Kama rivers. In 1990, under public pressure, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of the Bashkir nuclear power plant was stopped. She repeated the fate of the unfinished Tatar and Crimean nuclear power plants of the same type.

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History At the end of 1991 in Russian Federation 28 power units operated, with a total nominal capacity of 20,242 MW. Since 1991, 5 new power units with a total nominal capacity of 5,000 MW have been connected to the grid. As of the end of 2012, 8 more power units are under construction, not counting the units of the Low Power Floating Nuclear Power Plant. In 2007, the federal authorities initiated the creation of a single state holding Atomenergoprom, uniting the companies Rosenergoatom, TVEL, Techsnabexport and Atomstroyexport. 100% of JSC Atomenergoprom's shares were transferred to the simultaneously established State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.

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Electricity generation In 2012, Russian nuclear power plants generated 177.3 billion kWh, which accounted for 17.1% of the total generation in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The volume of supplied electricity amounted to 165.727 billion kWh. The share of nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia is about 18%. Nuclear energy is of high importance in the European part of Russia and especially in the north-west, where the output at nuclear power plants reaches 42%. After the launch of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin announced plans to increase nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30% electricity at nuclear power plants by 4 times.

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Nuclear power in the world In today's rapidly developing world, the issue of energy consumption is very acute. The non-renewability of such resources as oil, gas, coal makes us think about alternative sources of electricity, the most realistic of which today is nuclear energy. Its share in world electricity generation is 16%. More than half of these 16% are in the USA (103 power units), France and Japan (59 and 54 power units, respectively). In total (as of the end of 2006) there are 439 nuclear power units in the world, 29 more are in various stages of construction.

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Nuclear power in the world According to TsNIATOMINFORM, by the end of 2030, about 570 GW of nuclear power plants will be put into operation in the world (in the first months of 2007, this figure was about 367 GW). At the moment, the leader in the construction of new units is China, which is building 6 power units. It is followed by India with 5 new blocks. Russia closes the top three - 3 blocks. Intentions to build new power units are also expressed by other countries, including those from the former USSR and the socialist bloc: Ukraine, Poland, Belarus. This is understandable, because one nuclear power unit will save such an amount of gas in a year, the cost of which is equivalent to 350 million US dollars.

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Lessons from Chernobyl What happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 years ago? Due to the actions of the employees of the nuclear power plant, the reactor of the 4th power unit got out of control. His power increased dramatically. The graphite masonry was white-hot and deformed. The rods of the control and protection system could not enter the reactor and stop the temperature rise. The cooling channels collapsed, water pouring out of them onto the red-hot graphite. The pressure in the reactor increased and led to the destruction of the reactor and the building of the power unit. Upon contact with air, hundreds of tons of red-hot graphite caught fire. The rods, which contained fuel and radioactive waste, melted, and radioactive substances poured into the atmosphere.

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Lessons from Chernobyl. Putting out the reactor itself was not at all easy. This could not be done by conventional means. Due to high radiation and terrible destruction, it was impossible to even get close to the reactor. A multi-ton graphite masonry was burning. The nuclear fuel continued to release heat, and the cooling system was completely destroyed by the explosion. The temperature of the fuel after the explosion reached 1500 degrees or more. The materials from which the reactor was made were sintered with concrete and nuclear fuel at this temperature, forming previously unknown minerals. It was necessary to stop the nuclear reaction, lower the temperature of the debris and stop the release of radioactive substances into the environment. To do this, the reactor shaft was bombarded with heat-removing and filtering materials from helicopters. This began to be done on the second day after the explosion, April 27th. Only 10 days later, on May 6, it was possible to significantly reduce, but not completely stop radioactive emissions.

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Lessons from Chernobyl During this time, a huge amount of radioactive substances ejected from the reactor was carried by winds many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from Chernobyl. Where radioactive substances fell to the surface of the earth, zones of radioactive contamination were formed. People received large doses of radiation, got sick and died. Firefighters were the first to die from acute radiation sickness. Helicopters suffered and died. Residents of neighboring villages and even remote areas, where the wind brought radiation, were forced to leave their homes and become refugees. Huge territories became unsuitable for habitation and for conducting Agriculture. The forest, the river, the field, everything became radioactive, everything hid an invisible danger.

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Nuclear power

§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. §69. Nuclear power. §70. The biological effect of radiation. §71. Production and application of radioactive isotopes. §72. thermonuclear reaction. §73. Elementary particles. Antiparticles.

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§66. Fission of uranium nuclei

Who and when discovered the fission of uranium nuclei? What is the mechanism of nuclear fission? What forces act in the nucleus? What happens during nuclear fission? What happens to energy when a uranium nucleus fissions? How does the temperature change environment during the fission of uranium nuclei? How big is the released energy?

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Fission of heavy nuclei.

Unlike the radioactive decay of nuclei, accompanied by the emission of α- or β-particles, fission reactions are a process in which an unstable nucleus is divided into two large fragments of comparable masses. In 1939, the German scientists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann discovered the fission of uranium nuclei. Continuing the research begun by Fermi, they found that when uranium is bombarded with neutrons, elements of the middle part periodic system- radioactive isotopes of barium (Z = 56), krypton (Z = 36), etc. Uranium occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes: uranium-238 and uranium-235 (99.3%) and (0.7%). When bombarded by neutrons, the nuclei of both isotopes can split into two fragments. In this case, the fission reaction of uranium-235 proceeds most intensively on slow (thermal) neutrons, while uranium-238 nuclei enter into a fission reaction only with fast neutrons with an energy of the order of 1 MeV.

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Chain reaction

The main interest for nuclear energy is the nuclear fission reaction of uranium-235. Currently, about 100 different isotopes with mass numbers from about 90 to 145 are known, arising from the fission of this nucleus. Two typical fission reactions of this nucleus are: Note that as a result of nuclear fission initiated by a neutron, new neutrons are produced that can cause fission reactions of other nuclei. The fission products of uranium-235 nuclei can also be other isotopes of barium, xenon, strontium, rubidium, etc.

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In the fission of a uranium-235 nucleus, which is caused by a collision with a neutron, 2 or 3 neutrons are released. Under favorable conditions, these neutrons can hit other uranium nuclei and cause them to fission. At this stage, from 4 to 9 neutrons will already appear, capable of causing new decays of uranium nuclei, etc. Such an avalanche-like process is called a chain reaction

The scheme for the development of a chain reaction of fission of uranium nuclei is shown in the figure

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multiplication factor

For a chain reaction to occur, the so-called neutron multiplication factor must be greater than unity. In other words, there should be more neutrons in each subsequent generation than in the previous one. The multiplication factor is determined not only by the number of neutrons produced in each elementary event, but also by the conditions under which the reaction proceeds - some of the neutrons can be absorbed by other nuclei or leave the reaction zone. Neutrons released during the fission of uranium-235 nuclei can only cause fission of nuclei of the same uranium, which accounts for only 0.7% of natural uranium.

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Critical mass

The smallest mass of uranium at which a chain reaction is possible is called the critical mass. Ways to reduce neutron loss: Using a reflective shell (from beryllium), Reducing the amount of impurities, Using a neutron moderator (graphite, heavy water), For uranium-235 - M cr = 50 kg (r = 9 cm).

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Diagram of a nuclear reactor