Presentation "Energy and Ecology" on ecology - project, report. Presentation "environmental problems of thermal power engineering" The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia

The electric power industry is the process of production, transmission and sale of electrical energy to consumers. The power industry includes: In terms of generation: Thermal power industry - the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fuels into electrical energy; Nuclear power in practice is often considered as a subspecies of thermal power. In her thermal energy, which is then converted into electrical energy, is released not during the combustion of organic fuel, but during the fission of atomic nuclei in a reactor; Hydropower - conversion of the kinetic energy of a natural water flow into electricity; "Alternative energy - perspective views power generation, not yet widely used, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy; In terms of transmission: Power lines of various voltage levels (in Russia - from 0.4 to 1050 kV). They are divided into air and cable. There are transmissions at high (from 110 kV and above), medium (0.4-110 kV) and low (0.4 kV, including 110-380 V - the voltage in the household network in Russia) voltage. Usually, transmission at high voltages is called the transport of electricity, at low and medium voltages - distribution; Transformer facilities (substations) - serve to switch from one voltage level to another; Energosbyt - the organization of sales of electricity to end consumers. In 2004-2007, energy sales activities in Russia were separated into a separate business (separate legal entities).

slide 1

slide 2

slide 3

slide 4

slide 5

slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

slide 10

slide 11

slide 12

slide 13

slide 14

slide 15

slide 16

slide 17

slide 18

slide 19

slide 20

slide 21

slide 24

slide 25

Environmental problems of thermal power engineering Completed by 10th grade student Soboleva Regina MKOU "Maslovskaya secondary school" Novousmansky district Voronezh region

About 90% of energy is currently produced by burning fuel (including coal, firewood and other bio-resources). The share of heat sources is reduced to 80-85% in electricity generation. At the same time, in industrial developed countries oil and oil products are mainly used to meet the needs of transport. For example, in the United States (data for 1995), oil in the country's total energy balance was 44%, and only 3% in electricity generation.

Coal is characterized by the opposite pattern: at 22% in the total energy balance, it is the main source of electricity (52%). In China, the share of coal in electricity generation is close to 75%, while in Russia the predominant source of electricity generation is natural gas (about 40%), and coal accounts for only 18% of the energy received, the share of oil does not exceed 10%.

On a global scale, hydro resources provide about 5-6% of electricity, nuclear energy provides 17-18% of electricity. Moreover, in a number of countries it is predominant in the energy balance (France - 74%, Belgium - 61%, Sweden - 45%).

Fuel combustion is not only the main source of energy, but also the most important supplier of pollutants to the environment. Thermal power plants are most "responsible" for the growing greenhouse effect and acid precipitation. They, together with transport, supply the atmosphere with the main share of technogenic carbon (mainly in the form of CO2), about 50% of sulfur dioxide, 35% of nitrogen oxides and about 35% of dust.

There is evidence that thermal power plants pollute the environment with radioactive substances 2-4 times more than nuclear power plants of the same capacity.

TPP emissions contain a significant amount of metals and their compounds. In terms of lethal doses, the annual emissions of a TPP with a capacity of 1 million kW contain more than 100 million doses of aluminum and its compounds, 400 million doses of iron, and 1.5 million doses of magnesium.

The lethal effect of these pollutants does not appear only because they enter the body in small quantities. This, however, does not exclude their negative impact through water, soil and other parts of ecosystems.

At the same time, the impact of energy on the environment and its inhabitants largely depends on the type of energy carriers (fuel) used. The cleanest fuel is natural gas, followed by oil (fuel oil), bituminous coals, brown coal, shale, peat.

Although at present a significant share of electricity is produced by relatively clean fuels (gas, oil), however, the trend towards a decrease in their share is natural. According to available forecasts, these energy carriers will lose their leading role already in the first quarter of the 21st century.

The possibility of a significant increase in the global energy balance of coal use is not ruled out. According to available calculations, the coal reserves are such that they can provide the world's energy needs for 200-300 years. Possible coal production, taking into account the explored and probable reserves, is estimated at more than 7 trillion tons. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect an increase in the share of coals or products of their processing (for example, gas) in energy production, and, consequently, in environmental pollution.

Coals contain from 0.2 to tens of percent sulfur mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfate, ferrous iron and gypsum. The available methods of trapping sulfur during fuel combustion are not always used due to complexity and high cost. Therefore, a significant amount of it enters and, apparently, will enter the environment in the near future. Serious environmental problems are associated with solid waste from thermal power plants - ash and slag.

Although the bulk of the ash is captured by various filters, nevertheless, about 250 million tons of fine aerosols enter the atmosphere in the form of emissions from thermal power plants annually. The latter are able to noticeably change the balance of solar radiation near the earth's surface. They are also condensation nuclei for water vapor and precipitation formation; and, getting into the respiratory organs of humans and other organisms, cause various respiratory diseases.

Emissions from thermal power plants are a significant source of such a strong carcinogen as benzopyrene. Its action is associated with an increase in oncological diseases. Emissions from coal-fired thermal power plants also contain oxides of silicon and aluminum. These abrasive materials can destroy lung tissue and cause diseases such as silicosis.

A serious problem near TPPs is the storage of ash and slag. This requires large areas long time are not used, and are also centers of accumulation of heavy metals and increased radioactivity.

There is evidence that if all of today's energy was based on coal, then CO2 emissions would amount to 20 billion tons per year (now they are close to 6 billion tons/year). This is the limit beyond which such climate changes are predicted, which will cause catastrophic consequences for the biosphere.

TPP is a significant source of heated water, which is used here as a cooling agent. These waters often end up in rivers and other bodies of water, causing their thermal pollution and the accompanying natural chain reactions (algal growth, oxygen loss, death of aquatic organisms, transformation of typical aquatic ecosystems into swamps, etc.).

http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-62399.html http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=thermal%20 power plants& stype=image&lr=193&noreask=1&source=wiz http://images.yandex.ru /yandsearch?text= water resources& uinfo =ww-1263-wh-916-fw-1038-fh-598-pd-1 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text= Obtaining%20energy%20with%20using%20coal& uinfo =ww-1263-wh-916-fw-1038-fh-598-pd-1 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text= emission%20%20gas by cars& uinfo =ww-1263-wh-916- fw-1038-fh-598-pd-1 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text= TES& uinfo =ww-1263-wh-916-fw-1038-fh-598-pd-1 http:/ /images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text= use%20oil& uinfo=ww-1263-wh-916-fw-1038-fh-598-pd-1 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text= use %20natural%20gas& uinfo=ww-1263-wh-916-fw-1038-fh-598-pd-1 Resources and literature used

Thermal power plants THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The first thermal power plants appeared in con. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and received predominant distribution. All R. 70s 20th century TPP is the main type of power plant.

Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TPES) prevail, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which drives the steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator). Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TPES) prevail, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which drives the steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).

TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of the exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Station, or GRES). TPPs driven by an electric generator from a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPS) Thermal power plants driven by an electric generator from a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs)

Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the flow of water is converted into electrical energy. The hydroelectric power station consists of a series of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and power equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum head used, HPPs are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m). Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the flow of water is converted into electrical energy. The hydroelectric power station consists of a series of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and power equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum head used, HPPs are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).

Principle of operation The principle of operation of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that generate electricity. The necessary water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by derivation - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a derivation are used together to obtain the necessary water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the building of the hydroelectric power station. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the engine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of the water current into electrical energy. There are also all kinds of additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, a transformer station, switchgear and much more.

Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - produce from 25 MW to 250 MW and more; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.

Nuclear power plants A nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which nuclear (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The power generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of nuclear fission of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPPs), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants operate on nuclear fuel.

Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of nuclear power plants: A small amount of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after processing. High power Low cost of energy, especially heat. The possibility of placement in regions located far from large water energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where there are limited opportunities for using solar or wind power. During the operation of a nuclear power plant, a certain amount of ionized gas is released into the atmosphere, but a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, removes even more radiation emissions, due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous, requires complex and expensive processing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely severe; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of a possible liquidation.

Non-traditional sources of electricity What are these non-traditional and renewable energy sources? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-grade energy of the environment, it is also customary to include small hydropower plants, which differ from traditional - larger - HPPs only in scale.

Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species, ecological cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. The negative qualities are the low flux density (specific power) and the time variability of most NRES. The first circumstance makes it necessary to create large areas of power plants that "intercept" the flow of energy used (the receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of ​​a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently paid off by low operating costs.

Thermonuclear power plant At present, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - a fusion reaction of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The fusion reaction does not produce gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, nor does it produce plutonium, which is used to make nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from plain water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious .

The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "Ecology"

Ecology is a science that studies the relationship of man, animals, plants and microorganisms with each other and with the environment. Presentations and reports on Ecology will help in the study of this wonderful science.

slide 2

Thermal power plants

THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The first thermal power plants appeared in con. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and received predominant distribution. All R. 70s 20th century TPP is the main type of power plant.

slide 3

slide 4

Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TPES) prevail, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which drives the steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).

slide 5

TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of the exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Station, or GRES). Thermal power plants driven by an electric generator from a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs)

slide 6

Slide 7

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT