Veterinary and sanitary regime at livestock enterprises for the production of milk, the cultivation and fattening of cattle. Veterinary and sanitary measures Veterinary and sanitary measures on a dairy farm

The feed shop, warehouses and feed storage are located on the line of demarcation with the production area. Strict control over the premises for animals is carried out by zoo veterinarians. For the maintenance of animals, permanent persons are assigned to each production group who must be trained in the methods of keeping animals fed, caring for them, as well as observing veterinary and sanitary rules and providing first aid to sick livestock.

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Lecture

Veterinary and sanitary regime at livestock

milk production enterprises,

raising and fattening cattle

The territory of the complex (specialized economy) is divided into zones isolated from each other:

• production, which houses premises for keeping animals, walking and fodder areas with a hard surface and canopies, veterinary facilities;
• administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic and technical services, an overpass for washing and a platform for disinfecting cars and other Vehicle;
• aft, where facilities for storing and preparing feed are placed, which is separated from the first two zones by a fence with a separate entrance to these zones. (The feed workshop, warehouses and feed storage are located on the line of demarcation with the production area.)

Strict control over the premises for animals is carried out by zoo veterinarians. Newly acquired animals must be healthy and come from well-off farms. They enter quarantine for 30 days, where they are examined, if necessary, their skin, hooves, horns are treated with 1% chlorophos, they are examined for mastitis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc. After quarantine of a batch of animals and the release of the premises, they are cleaned and disinfected.

Each farm builds standard projects manure storages and treatment facilities - at large complexes. The manure storage is located on the leeward side outside the fence of the territory of the complex at a distance of at least 60 m. It is surrounded by a fence and planted with perennial greenery. Provide access roads with hard surface.

Usually the manure on wet-flush farms is quite liquid and is separated by various methods into liquid and dense (solid) fractions. Dense disinfected biothermally. Liquid cattle on farms are disinfected in one of three ways: long-term aging, chemical, biological.

Manure, wastewater from isolators, quarantines, and a slaughter and sanitary station are subject to collection, storage, disinfection separately or disinfected before being discharged into the general network.

To serve animals, permanent persons are assigned to each production group, who must be trained in the methods of keeping, feeding animals, caring for them, as well as observing veterinary and sanitary rules and providing first aid to sick livestock.

Farm workers should undergo regular medical examinations. Persons suffering from tuberculosis or other diseases common to humans and animals are not allowed to work on farms.

The complex (farm) operates under the regime of a closed type enterprise. Employees are allowed to enter the economic zone only through the sanitary checkpoint, and the entry of vehicles through a permanent disinfection barrier.

In the premises of the sanitary checkpoint, the farm staff and other visitors take off their home clothes and shoes, leave them in the dressing room for home clothes (in the closet assigned to each employee), take a shower, put on clean, disinfected overalls and safety shoes in the dressing room for work clothes. At the end of work, work clothes are removed, handed over for disinfection and washing, take a shower and put on home clothes and shoes. It is forbidden to go out in overalls and safety shoes, as well as to take them out of the complex.

In the zone of specialized livestock farms, all livestock for personal and public use is subjected to preventive treatment in accordance with the plan of anti-epizootic measures and taking into account the local epizootic situation. Veterinary specialists directly involved in servicing farms and specialized farms should be exempted from servicing livestock that is in the personal use of citizens.

On the territory of specialized livestock farms, it is prohibited to keep dogs (except guard dogs), as well as any livestock and poultry for personal use. Guard dogs are subjected to rabies vaccinations, deworming and other veterinary treatments.

Managers, zootechnicians and veterinary specialists of farms must ensure strict control over animals that are in the personal property of citizens working on farms, as well as living in the territory where a specialized farm is located. In the event of an infectious disease in livestock owned by workers serving the public stock, the owners of the animals are released from work on the farm until the end of the eradication of the disease.

In order to prevent animal diseases, it is necessary to ensure a zootechnical regime for keeping livestock, provided for by technological standards.

The entire herd of dairy cows (buffaloes, camels, mares) must be under the constant supervision of a veterinarian or paramedic and be examined for brucellosis, tuberculosis, and, if necessary, for other diseases within the timeframe and methods provided for by the relevant regulatory documents.

In farms that are unfavorable for infectious diseases of cattle, measures are taken to ensure a complete recovery of the herd in a short time.

If you suspect a disease in livestock, it is necessary to isolate diseased animals. Milk from sick cows must be drained into a separate container and not used until a diagnosis is made.

In case of livestock disease with infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans, veterinarians are obliged to prohibit the export of milk from the farm, its use within the farm until a diagnosis is established, and at the same time notify the territorial sanitary and epidemiological service about this.

It is forbidden to use for food and feeding to animals milk from cows with anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, rabies, malignant edema, leptospirosis, plague, contagious pleuropneumonia, Q fever, as well as when the udder is affected by actinomycosis, necrobacteriosis. Such milk after boiling for 30 minutes must be destroyed.

Corpses and salvage are taken out by special vehicles, in case of especially dangerous diseases, the corpses are destroyed by incineration or autoclaving.

Milk from cows sick or suspicious of tuberculosis, brucellosis and leukemia must be disinfected by processing into melted butter or by boiling. After disinfection, the milk is taken to the dairy or used on the farm.

Milk from the affected quarters of the udder of animals with mastitis is subject to destruction after boiling, milk from the unaffected quarters of the udder of the same animals is subjected to thermal disinfection (boiling or pasteurization at 76 ° C for 30 s) and used to feed young farm animals.

It is forbidden to donate milk obtained from cows during the first 7 days after calving and the last 7 days before the eve of lactation. It is used as feed for young animals.

Veterinary and sanitary measures in dairy production

If sanitary conditions are not observed during milking, pathogenic microorganisms enter the milk from the skin of the animal, from the clothes and hands of attendants, from dishes and equipment, as well as in various ways during inflammation of the udder, metritis, enteritis and other diseases of cows.

Freshly milked milk is the optimal environment for the development of microorganisms: favorable nutritional composition, optimal temperature (35-36°C) allow them to multiply rapidly. Therefore, the cooling of milk after milking and during processing is necessary to prevent the rapid reproduction of microbes in it. To reduce microbial contamination, the first portions of milk must be given in a separate bowl, as it contains a large number of microbes.

The source of microbial contamination of milk can be farm workers if they violate the rules of personal hygiene. According to veterinary and sanitary requirements, it is forbidden to work on dairy farms for persons carrying microbes, as well as those with skin diseases.

The littering of barnyards and cowsheds, their population with flies contribute to the contamination of milk.

If the technology of sanitizing milking equipment is violated, a protein-fat film is deposited on it, in which microorganisms that pollute milk multiply. Therefore, in the production of milk, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the hygiene of the content, milking technology, but also to the sanitization of milking machines and dairy equipment.

Numerous diseases can be transmitted through milk, the pathogens of which enter it from sick animals and people from external environment.

Milk and dairy products made from milk containing microbial and fungal toxins (staphylococcal enterotoxin, botulinum toxin and mold fungi) can cause human food intoxication.

The appearance of microorganisms and their toxins dangerous for humans and animals in milk can be prevented by conducting regular diagnostic tests of cows for tuberculosis, brucellosis and mastitis, followed by the removal of patients from the herd; maintaining the cleanliness of animals, livestock farms, milking parlor and dairy block; carrying out primary processing of milk; maintaining the cleanliness of dairy equipment and regularly implementing sanitary and hygienic measures.

Veterinary and sanitary treatment of dairy

Dairy - a food workshop, the sanitary condition of which determines the quality of milk received on the farm. Therefore, it cannot be located near veterinary facilities, manure storage facilities, slurry receivers.

In the dairy, milk received from the milking parlor or from the milking site is subjected to primary processing and stored until it is sent to milk processing enterprises. Dairy should be provided with clean (preferably tap) hot water and good ventilation.

For washing and degreasing dairy premises, preparations that do not leave an unpleasant odor are used. For preventive disinfection use hot 2% solution of soda ash or 2% solution of desmol. In case of forced disinfection after mechanical cleaning of the surface of the room, disinfectants are used. In the summer every month, and in the winter once every 2 months, all the walls of the room, the floor and the ceiling are whitewashed with 20% freshly slaked lime. The floor and walls lined with tiles are washed with 2% solution of soda ash.

Veterinary and sanitary treatment of dairy equipment

For the sanitization of dairy equipment, detergents, disinfectants and detergent-disinfectants are used.

For washing in dairy production, powders are used, conditionally designated by the letters "A", "B", and "C". Powder "A" is used in farms with hard water (more than 8 mg-eq / l), powder "B" - in water of medium hardness (from 4 to 8 mg-eq / l) and powder "C" - with soft water ( less than 4 meq/l). The drug dissolves well, odorless, has high detergent properties, but the disinfecting ability is negligible.

The composition of washing powders includes soda ash, NP-1 sulfonic acid, sodium metasilicate, sodium sulfate as an anti-corrosion additive.

For simultaneous washing and disinfection of milking equipment, a grayish-white desmol powder with a chlorine smell is used. For sanitization of milking machines with a circulating washing device, 0.25% is used, and without circulation - 0.5% of the solution of desmol. However, they form foam and are not very suitable for washing modern milking machines equipped with an automatic washing system. Therefore, for the simultaneous washing and disinfection of milking equipment, liquid alkaline agent DPM-2 and acid KSM-1 are proposed. They contain non-foaming surfactants.

For the disinfection of dairy equipment, heat treatment, chemical agents, and more often a combination of them - a thermochemical method are used.

Heat treatment is carried out with steam or hot (70-85°C) water. Water vapor is considered one of the most powerful disinfectants. To obtain steam on the farm, steam generators such as KV-300, KV-400, KV-600, etc. are used. Milking pails, milking buckets, milk chambers, flasks and other containers are processed in the flask steamer PF-1 (fountain steamer) through a hose attached to the steam source. The steaming of the devices for the purpose of disinfection is carried out once a day for 3 minutes at a flow rate of 200 g of steam per minute.

Milking machines, small milk utensils, inventory and small-sized containers for storing milk are disinfected by immersing in a bath with hot (70-85 ° C) water, or poured with a stream of such water for 5-10 minutes.

For chemical disinfection, substances are used that do not transmit odors to milk, do not corrode metal and do not affect the quality of milk. For disinfection of milking machines and dairy equipment, chlorine preparations are used: bleach, chloramine, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite, from which basic solutions containing 2.5% active chlorine are first prepared, and before disinfection, workers with active chlorine 0.025% concentration.

In addition to these agents, a new drug anolyte ANK (neutral) has been developed. Washing and disinfection with ANK analyte (active chlorine 100-200 mg / l) of milk utensils, milking machines, pipelines, containers for storage and transportation of milk should be carried out in accordance with sanitary regulations care of milking machines and milk utensils.

In order to remove plaque from the milk pipeline resulting from the attack of salts and alkaline solutions, the milking machines are washed once a month with 1% solution of acetic or hydrochloric acid, followed by washing the installation with warm water.

Sanitization of milking equipment

Washing of milking equipment is carried out immediately after each milking and use of milking equipment in order to prevent drying of milk residues. Only warm water is used for washing, as cold water causes fat to harden and other milk substances to settle.

For the sanitization of the milking machine, the sanitary rules provide for the following technological process:

1. pre-rinsing with warm water until milk residues are completely removed (5-8 minutes);
   1. washing with 0.25% alkaline solution (50-60 ° C) of one of the detergents in tech. 15 minutes;
   2. disinfection with one of the working solutions of chlorine-containing preparations with 0.025% active chlorine (at least 10 minutes);
   3. rinsing from chemical residues. funds with warm water for 5-10 minutes;
   4. washing before milking with hot (60-70°C) water for 8-10 minutes.

Monitoring the sanitary condition of milking equipment

and milk dishes

Control of the sanitary condition of milking equipment and milk utensils is carried out by visual inspection and bacteriological studies of swabs from their working surfaces.

The foreman of the farm conducts visual control of the sanitary condition of dairy equipment daily between milking cows. Once a week, the foreman or laboratory assistant of the farm conducts a chemical control for the residual amount of detergents and disinfectants using universal indicator paper.

The veterinary laboratory carries out bacteriological control of the sanitary condition of milking equipment in terms of coltiter by an accelerated method at least once a quarter in order to check the fulfillment of the specified sanitization regimen. The veterinary laboratory determines the total bacterial contamination by the cup method as necessary when determining the reasons for a sharp decrease in the quality of milk.

When visually monitoring the sanitary condition of dairy equipment, attention is primarily paid to surface areas that are difficult to access for washing: in milking machines - the inner surface of the head of the teat rubber, as well as the manifold and fittings, milk pipes and hoses sealing gasket bucket lids; in milking machines, in addition to the specified parts of the milking machines, the inner surface of the milk pipes, the air separator of the milk pump, the filter and rubber hoses are inspected.

The cleanliness of rubber hoses and opaque pipelines is checked by test wiping their internal surfaces with a brush with an elongated handle.

If there are visible traces of milk residues, mucous or mineralized deposits (“milk stone”) or an unpleasant odor on the surface of the equipment, the sanitary condition is assessed as unsatisfactory. Such equipment is not allowed to be used until the specified contaminants are completely removed.

The total bacterial contamination of swabs from the working surfaces of dairy equipment is determined, if necessary, to establish the causes of microbial contamination of milk and control the quality of sanitization of dairy equipment on farms.

Studies are carried out by the cup method by inoculation of the washing liquid in meat-peptone agar, followed by counting the number of grown colonies of microorganisms.

The flush is taken before the next milking with a sterile cotton swab, previously moistened with 10 ml of sterile saline and squeezed against the walls of the test tube, by 2-fold wiping with 100 cm 2 the area of ​​the object being examined. Washouts from some units of milking machines are taken without taking into account the area - from the entire surface of the collector or for the length of the rod - the tampon holder (12 cm) when examining pipelines, rubber hoses and teat rubber. After taking the wash, the swab is immersed in the same test tube, placed vertically in a thermos with ice and transported to the laboratory.

Colititer is considered to be the smallest amount of wash, expressed in milliliters, in which bacteria of the Escherichia coli group are found.

Veterinary and sanitary rules for specialized

pig farms

The territory of pig-breeding enterprises is separated from the nearest residential area (settlement) by a sanitary protection zone. Its dimensions for pig breeding enterprises where less than 12 thousand heads per year are grown and fed are at least 500 m, from 12 to 54 thousand heads per year - 1500 m, 54 thousand heads and more - 2000 m. a reproducer for growing replacement pigs for an enterprise for 54 and 108 thousand heads per year and a complex provide for at least 1,500 m.

The territory of pig-breeding enterprises is divided into four zones isolated from each other:

• production, in which reproductive and fattening sectors are distinguished, walking areas with a hard surface are placed, veterinary facilities (the mutual arrangement of pigsties on the territory of the enterprise is taken in accordance with technological processes);
• administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic services, facilities for engineering and technological maintenance (garage, technical warehouses, mechanical workshops);
• storage and preparation of feed. The feed shop is located at the entrance to the territory of the enterprise (close to the feed shop or in a block with it is a concentrated feed warehouse, a feed storage facility);
• storage and processing of production waste; the zone is located outside the site of the pig-breeding complex (it includes facilities for storing and processing manure). The territory of each zone is landscaped and fenced along the entire perimeter with a fence that prevents the uncontrolled passage of people and animals.

Specialized pig breeding farms and complexes for growing and fattening pigs operate on the principle of closed enterprises (see Veterinary and sanitary regime at pig breeding enterprises).

The introduction of animals is allowed only after quarantine. Animals subject to forced or on-farm slaughter are transported to the slaughter and sanitary station (slaughter site) by special vehicles with a hermetic body. Special intra-farm transport is also needed.

Incoming feed is subject to veterinary control, food waste is sterilized.

Carcasses from forced slaughter are subjected to bacteriological examination. Depending on the results of the research, they are handed over to meat processing enterprises or disposed of. Until the results of the research are obtained and handed over for processing, the carcasses are stored in refrigerated chambers at the slaughterhouse.

Removal of corpses and slaughterhouse waste from the collection point for production meat and bone meal carried out by special transport of the plant.

Veterinary and sanitary rules at sheep breeding enterprises

The territory of the sheep farm is divided into two zones: production and economic. In the production area there are premises for animals, an artificial insemination point, a veterinary checkpoint (or disinfection barrier), a site for biothermal disinfection of manure. AT economic zones That is, veterinary and veterinary and sanitary facilities are located on a separate site - a veterinary or medical and sanitary station, a hospital, an isolation ward, a slaughter and sanitary station, a dissecting, waste or biothermal pit, coupon panels, a shearing station.

Sheep farms should operate as closed enterprises. Upon entering production facilities must be dezokovriki. On the territory it is forbidden to keep dogs (except watchdogs and shepherds), livestock and poultry that are in personal use.

Before putting the sheep in stall keeping, the sheepfolds are repaired, they are cleaned, disinfected and whitewashed, the walking areas (bases) are cleaned and disinfected. Before the start of the pasture season, pastures are assessed and their plots are assigned to each flock. Before the start of insemination, all preventive veterinary measures must be completed in the brood flocks, among test rams and producers, and if necessary, culling should be carried out. Before the start of lambing, the sheepfolds are cleaned and disinfected, maternity wards are equipped with thermal emitters for heating newborn lambs.

Veterinary and sanitary rules for fur farms

and rabbit breeding enterprises

The territory of a fur-breeding or rabbit-breeding enterprise must have a hard surface of the main areas, be fenced with a special fence 1.6-2.0 m high and have a production and economic zone.

In the production area there are sheds and cages for animals, a veterinary checkpoint, a veterinary station with an isolator, an incinerator and a primary processing skins. In the economic zone there is a feed kitchen, refrigerators and other feed storage facilities, household facilities. The feed shop and the point for the primary processing of skins are located on the border of the production and economic zones. The veterinary checkpoint should be located at the entrance to the production area and have a disinfection barrier, a room for washing and disinfecting vehicles, and a disinfection chamber for processing containers, equipment and workwear. Quarantine is located separately on the production area, the veterinary station is built separately from the main facilities and surrounded by a separate fence.

Farms must operate in a strict closed regime with a ban on entry and entry to unauthorized persons and vehicles. The territory of each brigade and sheds with cages are fenced with metal mesh fences. They must have separate personnel, equipment, overalls and work equipment. It is forbidden to keep dogs (except guard dogs), other animals and birds on the territory.

Mechanical cleaning, washing, sanitary repair, disinfection and whitewashing of sheds and cages is carried out before the start of mating, before lambing (kindling), after jigging of young animals and before placing the next batch of animals.

Special attention on fur farms, they focus on the preparation and quality control of feed and rodent control measures. Refrigerator chambers and feed stores are cleaned, washed and disinfected as they are freed from feed, but at least once a year. Feed preparation equipment is washed with hot water daily and disinfected at least once a week. Meat, fish and other feed and feed additives entering the farm must have the appropriate veterinary documents and constantly monitored by the veterinary service.

at poultry farms

Commodity poultry farms for egg and meat production, as a rule, with a closed production cycle are very large agricultural enterprises with a huge number of poultry. Therefore, the veterinary and sanitary regime for them should be especially strict. They operate in a fully closed mode, are securely fenced and have various production areas (branches) isolated from each other with a sanitary gap of up to 300 m. It is strictly forbidden for unauthorized persons and vehicles to be in the production areas. Service personnel and vehicles enter the territory of the enterprise only through the veterinary checkpoint. At the same time, workers completely change their clothes to work clothes and, if necessary (unfavorable epizootic situation), are subjected to sanitary treatment. Separate poultry houses (workshops) must be completely closed to exclude animals and wild birds from entering them, and equipped with disinfection barriers. The sanitary regime is carried out in strict accordance with the plans of veterinary and sanitary measures and the technological mode of operation. hatching egg can only come from farms free of contagious diseases in the presence of accompanying veterinary documents. The premises and equipment of workshops (poultry houses) are regularly cleaned and disinfected. During the period technological gap preventive cleaning and disinfection. Strict veterinary and sanitary control is carried out in incubators, feed shops, for the loss of poultry, removal of litter, etc. in accordance with applicable regulations. Disinfection of containers, inventory, hatching sections, cages, bedding is carried out after each technological cycle. Bird corpses, incubation waste are disposed of or burned.

Veterinary and sanitary measures

at beekeeping enterprises

Beekeeping farms (objects) should operate in areas that are free from quarantine diseases of bees, rich in honey plants. They are arranged taking into account the division into zones: administrative and economic, stationary apiaries and places of permanent migration. The gap from the administrative zone to the apiaries must be at least 5 km. In addition to household facilities, beekeeping enterprises are recommended to have a veterinary station with a pharmacy, a warehouse for disinfectants and disinfection equipment, a sanitary inspection room with a disinfection unit for processing vehicles, equipment and overalls, which is usually located at the entrance to the honey processing workshop.

Unauthorized persons and vehicles are also not allowed on bee farms. At the entrance to the stationary apiary, dezokovriks are equipped. To service apiaries, people who have completed special beekeeping courses or who have a large practical experience in this case.

Bee colonies for the farm are purchased only from a prosperous area with mandatory quarantine for 30 days. Upon receipt of used inventory, apiary equipment, containers, they must be disinfected. Preventive disinfection of equipment, inventory and premises (winter houses) is carried out at least once a year. In the shops for the processing of beekeeping products, disinfection and disinsection is carried out at least once a quarter, measures to protect apiaries from the introduction of pathogens, disinfection and deratization measures are carried out in accordance with the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for Keeping Bees.

Veterinary and sanitary measures

at fish farms

The complex of general veterinary and sanitary measures recommended for fish farms includes:

a) prevention of the introduction into the farm of pathogens of contagious diseases;

b) preventive disinfection and disinfestation of ponds, hydraulic structures, fishing gear, inventory and live fish containers;

c) fish breeding and epizootic inspection of farms: control over the growth and health of fish;

d) diagnostic studies of fish;

e) preventive quarantine of imported fish and forage animals;

f) preventive culling and isolation of sick and suspected fish from among the breeding stock;

g) culling and destruction of diseased fish.

PREVENTION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF DISEASED FISH INTO THE FARM

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate into a reservoir not only with sick and recovered fish or fish that have been in contact with it, but also with water, as well as with weedy wild fish, which is a natural reservoir of pathogens for a number of infectious diseases of pond fish.

In fish farms, technical, biological and chemical means are used to combat weedy fish and intermediate hosts of a number of infectious diseases.

biological measuresWeed fish control can be used to destroy it directly in the ponds themselves. For this purpose, predatory fish are grown together with carp and artificial spawning grounds are arranged in ponds to collect and subsequently destroy the caviar of weedy wild fish.

Chemicalscontrol of weed fish are also used for its destruction in incompletely drained barrels, pits, old rivers of feeding ponds after catching carp from them. For this purpose, bleach is used, which is added to water at the rate of obtaining free chlorine in water at a concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg / l. At this concentration, all fish die and float to the surface. It is collected in nets and used as feed for poultry or pigs in boiled form. Water in barrels and pits, subjected to chlorination, dechlorinates very quickly: after 3-5 hours, only traces of chlorine are found in it, and after a day, chlorine disappears completely.

The causative agents of infections and invasions can be introduced by waterfowl and fish-eating birds. Therefore, the accumulation and nesting of birds in the pond should not be allowed.

Fishing gear, fish-breeding equipment, fish containers must be thoroughly disinfected after use.

Breeding fish-breeding enterprises should work on the principle of a closed economy. The entrance of service personnel to the production area is allowed through the sanitary checkpoint, and the entry of vehicles through the disinfection barrier. Service personnel are provided with overalls and safety shoes, which are left in the sanitary inspection room at the end of the work shift. It is forbidden to go outside the farm in overalls. On the territory of the fish hatchery it is forbidden to keep pets: cats, dogs (except service ones).

REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPOSITION OF BRODY STOCK

The initial broodstock is formed from juveniles obtained by the factory method on artesian water from healthy fish of a farm free from infectious diseases. In some cases, it is allowed to import breeding stock (producers, replacement stock) from farms that are free from contagious fish diseases.

The fish brought to the fish hatchery are placed in quarantine ponds for a period of at least 30 days at a water temperature of at least 12 ° C, and those imported from abroad are kept in accordance with the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for Quarantine Fish Farms. The movement of fish (including quarantined ones) within the farm is carried out only with the knowledge of the veterinarian serving the farm.

REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING FISH

Each group of fish (spawners, replacement stock, juveniles, etc.) is kept in separate ponds designed for the corresponding age, and adult females are placed separately from males (such maintenance is mandatory for spawners and replacement groups of older ages). Joint keeping of fish imported from different farms and reservoirs is not allowed.

Planting fish in fish breeding facilities and feeding are carried out in accordance with approved standards. Proper sanitary conditions are maintained at all breeding fish farm facilities. After unloading, wintering ponds are disinfected with quicklime (25 q/ha), bleach (5 q/ha). Spawning, summer mother, nursery and feeding ponds after the end of the fish breeding process are disinfected with the same disinfectants and left without water during the winter.

For each category of ponds, a separate fish-breeding inventory is assigned. In the spring before the start of fish farming and in the fall after their completion, fishing equipment is disinfected.

Fish of all age groups, including spawners and a replacement group, are examined when transplanting from one category of ponds to another, as well as during control catches during the growing season at least once a month. If an infectious disease is suspected, pathological material from fish is also sent to a veterinary laboratory, while measures are taken to prevent the spread of the disease. After determining the causative agent of the disease, measures are taken in accordance with the instructions.

The export of fish from fish hatcheries for the purpose of rearing, breeding and acclimatization is carried out in strict accordance with the "Instructions for the transport of fish, fertilized eggs and other aquatic organisms." It is allowed to export only healthy fish after inspection of the farm before sending the batch of fish by a veterinarian.

DISINFECTION

In the complex of measures for the prevention and control of infectious diseases of animals, an important place is occupied by disinfection. The term “disinfection” (from French des – elimination and Latin infectio – infection, infection) in Russian translation means “disinfection”. Disinfection is understood as a set of measures aimed at the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in humans and animals in environmental objects.

The role of disinfection significantly increases in the conditions of industrial animal husbandry, when a significant concentration of livestock is kept in limited areas. Technological features of complexes and farms under adverse conditions contribute to the accumulation of various microorganisms in places where animals are kept, which can cause infectious diseases.

The causative agent of infection from an infected animal to a healthy one can be transmitted by infected objects of inanimate nature, which are called transmission factors and live carriers (insects, ticks, mouse-like rodents, etc.). Therefore, in addition to disinfection, the system of measures for the elimination of infectious diseases includes pest control(from French des - elimination and lat. insectum - insect) and deratization(from French des - elimination and lat. rattus - rat), aimed at the destruction of arthropods (insects and ticks) and rodents (mice, rats, etc.), which are carriers and distributors of infectious agents.

The role and significance of each event during disinfection is determined by the epizootological features of a particular infectious disease, and the choice of exposure - the specificity of the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen, its factors and ways of distribution.

In industrial animal husbandry, disinfection is an integral part of the technological process of production. Disinfection as a targeted anti-epizootic measure in the prevention and elimination of infectious diseases is effective only in the general complex, which provides for the impact on all links of the epizootic chain.

TYPES AND METHODS OF DISINFECTION

In livestock farms, disinfection is carried out without fail as a necessary measure to eliminate trouble for a particular infectious disease, as well as periodically for a preventive purpose in all farms, even those that are safe for infectious diseases.

Taking into account the epizootological significance, disinfection is distinguished preventive and forced. The latter, in turn, is divided into current and final.

Prophylactic is carried out in animal farms that are free from infectious diseases in order to prevent the accumulation of opportunistic microflora in rooms and other environmental objects. It is carried out in prosperous farms in order to prevent infectious diseases. Such disinfection reduces the overall microbial contamination of premises and prevents the accumulation and spread of pathogens of infectious diseases in the environment surrounding animals, at enterprises for the processing and storage of products and raw materials of animal origin.

In the practice of animal husbandry, preventive disinfection is divided into prelaunch and technological- during operation. Pre-launch is carried out after the completion of the construction of facilities, on the eve of the introduction of animals into the premises or the delivery of feed. All buildings and structures are disinfected, with particular care - premises for keeping animals, storing feed and fodder preparation.

Technological disinfection is divided into preventive disinfection of small farms and large specialized complexes that produce products on an industrial basis. Disinfection technologies are different in them.

In farms that are free from infectious diseases and located in a safe zone, preventive disinfection of premises for keeping adult animals is carried out once a year before transferring livestock to winter stall keeping.

In farms that are free from infectious diseases located in a threatened zone, winter quarters for keeping adult cattle in grazing and stall-walking are disinfected 2 times a year (in spring and autumn). In fattening farms - after each removal of a group of animals for slaughter; in maternity wards, pigsties, mother liquors, calf dispensaries - at least once a month; stalls (machines) of maternity wards, cages for calves are disinfected before animals are placed in them and after they are released. Preventive disinfection is also necessary after mass anti-epizootic measures (tuberculinization, vaccination, blood sampling, etc.) and in places of temporary mass gathering of animals (exhibitions, fairs, bazaars, etc.). It is carried out at least twice a year at enterprises for the procurement, storage and processing of animal raw materials, before and after the processing of animals at slaughterhouses, before and after loading refrigerators.

In large industrial-type farms, the frequency of preventive technological disinfection of individual objects and sectors during operation is determined by the technological cycle of their use. Programming and planned implementation of sanitary works for cleaning, disinfection and disinfestation in such farms is strictly required, since the success of production depends on it.

At complexes for growing and fattening young cattle before taking calves, each section is mechanically cleaned and disinfected. After a 115-day stay (first period), the calves are transferred to the sections of the second period for fattening. At this time, the sections of the first period are left free for two days and cleaned and disinfected before filling with new livestock. In sections of the second fattening period, disinfection is carried out after 277 days, i.e. after the fattened animals are shipped to the meat processing plant, corridors and galleries are disinfected daily at the end of the shift, and the floor is washed with water after each run of a batch of animals. Rooms for incoming calves are disinfected after each arrival of animals from supplier farms. Vehicles are also disinfected - every time after animals are delivered to them; tank trucks - after each removal of liquid manure.

On industrial dairy farms technological disinfection is carried out taking into account the system of keeping cows, the design of floors, the frequency of milking, the planning of nests and other features. Sections for keeping dairy and dry cows, feed passages and boxes are disinfected every 2 months. The stalls of the maternity ward are treated after release and before placing cows in them for calving, and all other rooms - once every 4 weeks. Manure grates and walkways are disinfected daily. The central gallery (passage), pre-milking and post-milking areas are cleared of manure and washed daily, and disinfected every 2 weeks. Newborn calves from the maternity ward are transported to a dispensary, which consists of two rooms. The rooms are used alternately, which allows them to be thoroughly mechanically cleaned and disinfected before being refilled.

On pig farms the timing and frequency of disinfection of individual objects are determined by the technological cycle of their use. So, at the complex for fattening 108 thousand pigs per year, 44 pens are sequentially disinfected daily, in which the queens of the first and second gestation periods were kept. In the area of ​​farrowing and maintenance of lactating sows - daily, in addition to the above 44 machines, 2 boxes with a total area of ​​1000 m 2 are disinfected.

In the pig farrowing shop and in the piglet rearing area, disinfection of isolated sections for 600 heads is carried out every time after they are released from animals (one section every 2 days).

Machines for keeping boars are processed every time after culling animals before replacing them with new livestock, and also once a month on a sanitary day, and machines for keeping repair boars - after they are transferred to the group of producers.

forced disinfection is carried out in farms of animals that are unfavorable for infectious diseases in order to localize the primary focus of infection, prevent the spread of infection within the farm and beyond. Such disinfection is divided into current and final.

current disinfection is carried out systematically (at the time specified for each disease) from the time of the first case of the disease on the farm and always upon detection and isolation of a newly diseased animal, as well as at the next examination of disadvantaged livestock within the time limits stipulated by the instructions for combating infectious diseases to reduce the level of contamination environment by pathogenic microorganisms. Current disinfection is aimed at the timely destruction of the causative agent of a particular disease, excreted by sick animals and microcarriers during the entire unfavorable period.

Current disinfection is especially necessary for infectious diseases, for which there are no effective biological preparations yet. It is carried out daily during the morning cleaning of the premises where there is cattle suspicious of the disease, as well as in isolation wards where sick animals are allocated.

Disinfection is carried out on everything that was and was in contact with a sick animal: a room, machines, feeders, cleaning equipment, bedding, manure, as well as shoes and overalls for service personnel. At the entrance to an unfavorable room for the disinfection of shoes of attendants, small disinfection barriers (baths, mats, boxes with foam rubber or other moisture-absorbing material) are equipped, which are filled or impregnated daily with a disinfectant. The procedure for the current disinfection is determined in accordance with the instructions.

If it is not possible to carry out cleaning and disinfection on the day the disease is detected, then after wetting the infected surfaces and materials with disinfectant, additional measures must be taken to prevent the spread of the pathogen (restrict access to the facility, install dezvannok for disinfecting shoes, extermination of rodents, insects, etc.) for the period before cleaning and disinfection.

In the presence of sick animals, disinfectants applied to the surfaces of walls, floors and equipment do not penetrate underground, manure channels and other hard-to-reach spaces, and they remain undisinfected. Taking into account all this, the complex of measures aimed at the complete elimination of the epizootic focus also includes final disinfection.

Final disinfection- this is the last stage in the complete destruction of pathogenic microorganisms in the focus of infection. It is carried out before the removal of quarantine (restrictive measures) after the improvement of the economy. The purpose of the final disinfection is the complete destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in all objects of the external environment, which can be a transmission factor. Before the final disinfection, the room is preliminarily irrigated with a weak disinfectant solution or water, thoroughly cleaned of manure and other contaminants, and only after that it is treated with a disinfectant solution, which is recommended for ongoing disinfection in this disease. The premises and the area around them, animal care items, vehicles, clothing of personnel caring for animals, sewage in liquid collectors, manure, etc. are subject to disinfection. Floors and soil are treated with particular care. The wooden flooring is removed, the boards that have become unusable are burned, the rest are plentifully irrigated 2–3 times with a disinfectant solution and dried in the sun. The soil under the floor is cleaned of manure, pollution and disinfected with a solution of formaldehyde, bleach or other disinfectants, then fresh, uncontaminated soil (clay, sand) is placed on top and compacted. And only after that lay the floor. Clay floors are disinfected in the same way.

The final disinfection is carried out according to the plan approved by the chief veterinarian of the district. In case of anthropozoonoses, the plan should be coordinated with the health authorities. Depending on the characteristics of the pathogen, its stability in the external environment, the degree of danger of the disease for animals and humans, the housing system, and taking into account the requirements of the instructions for combating a particular disease, the final disinfection plan indicates a list of objects, the sequence and timing of their cleaning, repair and disinfection., means and modes of disinfection, technical and material support, responsible executors for each item of the plan, methods of work efficiency.

Before the final disinfection, rodents, insects and wild birds living in livestock buildings are exterminated, stray dogs and cats are removed from the territory of farms. The implementation of these works is especially important when carrying out final measures to eliminate foci of infectious diseases, the spreading factor or carriers of which they can be.

Disinfection methods

Depending on the type of farms and the adopted technology for keeping animals, a wet, aerosol or gas disinfection method is used, as well as disinfection with bactericidal foams.

wet method disinfection is the most common. At this method the solution to the object of disinfection is supplied with a strong beating jet or finely sprayed. The quality of disinfection by the wet method depends on the temperature of the room and the disinfectant solution, the concentration of the solution, the exposure time of the chemical agent (exposure) and the method of application of the solution.

Aerosol method disinfection is widely used mainly in large livestock complexes. The essence of aerosol disinfection lies in the fact that aqueous solutions of chemicals are sprayed with the help of special generators to a misty state - an aerosol. An aerosol from a disinfectant can also be obtained in a non-apparatus way - by chemical sublimation.

To obtain disinfection aerosols, pneumatic, disk and thermomechanical aerosol generators are used. Of the pneumatic generators, the following are widely used: mobile aerosol apparatus - AAP; aerosol portable apparatus - APA-20; turbulent aerosol nozzle - TAN; diffuser of focused liquid jets - RSZh; spraying device for liquids - RUZH; jet aerosol generators SAG-1, SAG-10; aerosol generators of the "Kaskad" type, etc.

Of the disk aerosol generators, a multi-disk aerosol generator is used - MAG-3; centrifugal aerosol generator - TsAG, operating at an increased frequency of electric current.

The most commonly used thermomechanical aerosol generators are AG-UD-2 (Ga-2) and installations operating on the basis of aviation jet engines(GTU, "Aist", etc.). Compressed air is supplied to pneumatic sprayers by compressors of the brand SO-7A, O-38-B, PKS-5, etc., which have an air capacity of at least 30 m 3 / h and a pressure of 3-4 kgf / cm 2 (0.3 -0.4 MPa).

Aerosols from solutions of disinfectants are used for preventive and forced disinfection of livestock and utility rooms. Disinfectants are used in the form of volumetric (sprayed into the space of the room) or directed (applied directly to the treated surfaces from a distance of 1.5-3 m) aerosols.

Of disinfectants in the form volumetric aerosol (in the absence of animals) are used: 37-40% formaldehyde solutions, 20% paraform solution with the addition of 1% sodium hydroxide, 20-24% glutaraldehyde solution, 20% potassium fluoride peroxohydrate (PFC ) with a hydrogen peroxide content of 40-45%, 30% - alcamone solution, 4.5% iodez solution, 10% pemosa-1, peracetic acid preparations. Mass median particle diameter of bulk aerosols should not exceed 60 + 10 µm.

To disinfect the surfaces of the room in the absence of animals, they also use directed aerosols of chemicals, which are applied directly to the surface of the premises from a distance of 1.5-3 meters, providing a uniform coating of them with a thin film of disinfectant solution. The mass median particle diameter of directed aerosols should be in the range of 60-120 microns. Directed aerosols are obtained using a TAN nozzle and sprayers included in the package of disinfection units UDP, UDS, VDM, AVD, LSD, etc.

In the presence of animals in uniform volumetric aerosol, lactic acid, iodotriethylene glycol, combined surface disinfectant, Belsteril, Sandim-D, Finvirus, Glutex and sodium hypochlorite are used.

Before aerosol disinfection, the room and equipment are irrigated with water or a weak solution of a disinfectant and subjected to thorough mechanical cleaning. Then doors, windows, transoms, outlets of manure channels, hatches of natural and forced ventilation are closed, and through cracks are sealed with paper. Parts of the heating system (heating batteries, pipes, stoves, etc.) having a temperature of 40 ° C and above, and the surfaces of the room to which they are adjacent, are treated with a directed aerosol at a flow rate of 100 ml / m 2 before aerosol disinfection. Heavily moistened horizontal surfaces of rooms (puddles of wash water) should be dried before aerosol treatment.

The air temperature in the room should not be lower than 12°C, relative humidity should not be less than 60%. In case of insufficient air humidity, water should be sprayed in advance or together with disinfectants at a rate of 10 ml/m2.

Depending on the size of the room and the performance of the generator (sprayer), the number of aerosol injection points is determined. Using the TAN aerosol nozzle, the RSSZH, APA-20 sprayer, Cascade-type generators can process up to 500 m 3 from one position, with the help of the AAP apparatus - 2500 m 3, and when using AG-UD-2 (GA-2) generators and TsAG - up to 1500 m 3. The treated room is closed and kept (exposure) in accordance with the current instructions for the use of a particular drug. At the end of the exposure, the room is ventilated, including ventilation, windows and doors are opened. If, after disinfection, it is urgent to occupy the premises, then an aerosol of the corresponding neutralizer is introduced into it. When using aerosols of formaldehyde-containing preparations and solutions of glutaraldehyde, a 25% ammonia solution is used for neutralization at a dose equal to half of the sprayed disinfectant. To neutralize formalin residues after exposure, it is allowed to spray a 25% ammonia solution instead, and the floor of the room is irrigated with a 5% ammonia solution at a rate of 200 ml / m 2.

Using targeted aerosols of chlorine-containing and iodine-containing preparations, if necessary, the preparations are neutralized on the surfaces of the premises with a 1% solution of hyposulfite (sodium thiosulfate) at the rate of 150-200 ml/m 2 . After applying the neutralizers, after 1-2 hours, turn on the ventilation for ventilation. Drinkers and feeders after disinfection with aerosols are washed with water.

Prophylactic disinfection with aerosols carried out in a planned manner each time after the release of the premises from the animals. Aerosol disinfection in industrial pig-breeding complexes is carried out: in the pre-launch period - in all rooms; during the period of operation - in farrowing boxes freed from animals, sections for growing piglets and sections for fattening pigs. AT industrial complexes for fattening cattle, disinfection is carried out: before putting the complex into operation - in all premises; during the period of operation - in the premises of the 1st period (growing), in sections freed from animals, and in the premises of the 2nd period (growing and fattening).

Before disinfection, the room is irrigated with water or a weak disinfectant solution and thoroughly cleaned. Then close the doors, windows, ventilation hatches. The recommended air temperature in the room is not lower than 19°С, the humidity is not less than 60%. Solution consumption - 15 ml/m 3 , exposure 12 hours with quality control of disinfection for Escherichia coli and 20-30 ml/m 3 for 24 hours exposure for Staphylococcus aureus. Disinfection can be carried out with volumetric or directed aerosols.

For disinfection of premises volumetric aerosol use one of the drugs: 37% formalin, 40% paraform with the addition of 1% sodium hydroxide, 24% glutaraldehyde, 40% potassium fluoride peroxidate, 10% pemos-1 solution, 50% preparation of peracetic acid. It should be taken into account that disinfection with volumetric aerosols of formaldehyde-containing preparations and glutaraldehyde should not disrupt the technological process in adjacent premises.

During preventive disinfection directed aerosols, slatted floors in the premises of livestock complexes are disinfected using a 10% solution of formaldehyde, a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing 5% active chlorine, a 10% solution of peracetic acid (belsteril), a 25% solution of KDP, a 25% solution of sandim -D. Liquid consumption for processing 1 m 2 of the total surface of the slatted floor (including the lower and side surfaces of the floor gratings) must be at least 200 ml / m 2. The exposure when using aerosols from a formaldehyde solution is 3 hours, and from solutions of chlorine-containing preparations and peracetic acid - 4 hours. floor 60° in two mutually opposite directions.

Forced disinfection with aerosols in the absence of animals. Disinfection can be carried out with volumetric or directed aerosols. Before carrying out forced (current, final) aerosol disinfection, thorough sanitary preparation and sealing of the premises are carried out.

For disinfection of livestock buildings with bulk aerosols, one of the preparations is used: 37% formaldehyde solution, 24% glutaraldehyde solution, 4.5% iodine, pemos-1 in 10% concentration, 25% KDP solutions , sandima-D, glutex, finvirus, iodine monochloride with formalin (1:1) and peracetic acid preparations with a consumption rate of 15-80 ml / m 3 and an exposure of 12-24 hours (depending on the resistance of the pathogen). Forced disinfection (current and final) of the surfaces of the premises, equipment and inventory in case of salmonellosis and colibacillosis, as well as other infections, in which the quality control of disinfection for E. coli can be carried out with an anolyte with an active chlorine content of 450-500 mg / ml, disinfection exposure 4 hours The consumption of the preparation is 500-600 ml/m 3 .

For disinfection of livestock buildings with directed aerosols, the following are used: 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, 3% peracetic acid solutions, 2% formaldehyde or calcium hypochlorite solutions, 10% hydrogen peroxide solution with formic acid at the drug consumption rate 200 ml/m 2 and exposure 2-6 hours.

Ongoing disinfection of premises with aerosols in the presence of animals. In farms that are unfavorable for colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, pasteurellosis, infectious rhinotracheitis, low-dispersion directed aerosols are used from aqueous solutions of one of the following preparations: sodium hypochlorite, neutral calcium hypochlorite or monosodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid containing 1.5–2% active chlorine; 1.5–2% solution of chloramine B or 3% stabilized hydrogen peroxide solution (0.5% lactic or acetic acid is added to stabilize it), 3% solutions of peracetic acid and alkamone. Aerosols are obtained using sprayers at the rate of 100–200 ml/m 2 of surface.

Disinfection of premises in the presence of calves with bronchopneumonia, infectious rhinotracheitis is performed with an aerosol of a 3% solution of peracetic acid, a 3% (according to ADV) solution of belsteril and a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing 1% active chlorine (0.2 l / m 2). Aerosol disinfection of premises in the presence of calves (in case of illness) is carried out once every 3-5 days.

After spraying, the feeders and drinkers are washed with tap water.

Disinfection of air in livestock buildings is carried out only by chemical methods. In the chemical method, aerosols of disinfectants are used. For disinfection of indoor air in the presence of animals, aerosols of 40% lactic acid, 20% solution of resorcinol or iodotriethylene glycol are used with a consumption rate of 0.1–0.5 ml / m 3, or chlorine turpentine aerosol - 2 g of bleach and 1 g of turpentine per 1 m 3.

In case of colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, indoor air is treated with aerosols of lactic acid, triethylene glycol or resorcinol disinfected 4-5 times a day with an interval of 1.5-2 hours, and with chlorine turpentine aerosols - once with the ventilation turned off. Exposure 20 minutes.

For disinfection of indoor air in the presence of calves and for the prevention of respiratory diseases, aerosols of lactic acid, sandima-D, belsteril, KDP or iodotriethylene glycol are used. Lactic acid (40% solution) is consumed at 100 mg/m 3 with an exposure of 30 minutes. Disinfection is carried out in daytime 3 times a day with an interval of 4 hours. Iodtriethylene glycol is diluted with water 1:1 and 200 mg of the solution is consumed per 1 m 3 of the room. Processed once every two days. Processing is carried out during the entire period of the disease and two to three days after the cessation of detection of sick animals. Sandim-D, belsteril and KDP are used in a 3% concentration at the rate of 20 ml / m 3 of the room.

Non-apparatus method for obtaining disinfectant aerosols. Aerosols are obtained by mixing formalin with bleach in a ratio of 1:1 or 1:1.5. For preventive disinfection, 20 ml of formalin and 20 g of bleach with an active chlorine content of 25% are taken per 1 m 3 of the room. If there is 15–20% active chlorine in bleach, then 25–30 g of bleach is needed for 20 ml of formalin. Sublimation of formaldehyde is carried out in containers at the rate of 200 liters per 1000 m 3 of the room. Formalin and bleach are mixed. After a few minutes, the reaction ends. With a non-apparatus method for obtaining an aerosol, the relative humidity of the air must be at least 90%, for which the floor of the room is moistened before processing (0.2 l / m 2).

Aerosols from a 37% formaldehyde solution are also obtained using potassium permanganate with the addition of water in a ratio of 3:2:1.5. So, 30 ml of formalin, 20 g of potassium permanganate and 15 ml of water are spent per 1 m 3 of the room.

Both reactions are accompanied by the release of heat and splashing of the liquid, so the container in which the reaction takes place must be 10 times the volume of the mixed components.

With a non-apparatus method for obtaining aerosols of hydrogen chloride-iodine, two solutions are preliminarily prepared: a hydrochloric acid solution of iodine and a clarified solution of bleach (or neutral calcium hypochlorite). To prepare the first solution, take 375 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, in which 7 g of potassium iodide are dissolved, then 3.5 g of crystalline iodine. The second solution is prepared as follows: 25 g of bleach or calcium hypochlorite containing 25% active chlorine is dissolved in 125 ml of water and settled for at least a day. Condensation aerosol is obtained by mixing the first solution with the second in a ratio of 3:1; for every 100 ml of the mixture, 10 g of aluminum metal is added.

Hydrogen chloride aerosols at a dose of 5 ml/m 2 disinfect surfaces infected with Escherichia coli, and at a consumption rate of 10 ml/m 3 - with staphylococcus aureus.

A non-apparatus method for obtaining chlorine aerosols is achieved by reacting bleach with ammonium nitrate in the presence of water. The components are taken in a ratio of 1:0.4:0.3, which are mixed in a metal or wooden container. 20 g of bleach containing 21–26% active chlorine, 8 g of ammonium nitrate and 6 ml of water are spent per 1 m 3 of the room. Ammonium nitrate is pre-dissolved in water in a ratio of 4:3. Then half the amount of ammonium nitrate solution is poured into a container (barrel, bucket), bleach is added to it and the contents are mixed. After that, a solution of ammonium nitrate is added. The temperature in it should be at least 15 ° C, relative humidity 90%.

With the non-apparatus method of disinfection of livestock facilities, aerosols can be obtained by the interaction of sodium hydroxide, chlorophos and formalin. The components are taken in a ratio of 1:1:1.5. Sublimation of formaldehyde is carried out in a metal container. Sodium hydroxide and chlorophos are placed in a container, mixed and formalin is added. As a result, aerosols containing dimethyldichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) and formaldehyde-containing preparations are formed, under the influence of which non-spore microorganisms are neutralized and flies die.

Gas disinfection more often it is carried out for the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms during chamber disinfection, under a polyamide film, in hermetically sealed rooms. Gases have a detrimental effect on microorganisms only in the presence of moisture. For disinfection, the drug OKEBM, methyl bromide, formaldehyde and chlorine are used. It is very important to choose the right disinfectants, method and technology of disinfection, taking into account the specifics of the object. In this case, it is necessary to take into account not only the bactericidal properties of the preparations and their biological activity, but also the corrosive effect on the equipment.

Disinfection with bactericidal foams. Bactericidal foams are a preparative form of disinfectants obtained using a foam generator from a working solution of a disinfectant, which contains a biologically mild surfactant-foaming agent. To prepare the working solution, various disinfectants are taken: glutaraldehyde, chloramine B, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, iodine, sulfochloratin, etc., and foam concentrates of the following brands are used as surfactants: TEAS-K, SAMPO or PO-ZA. This method of disinfection was developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology and meets the requirements not only modern science but also veterinary practice.

Compared with existing ways disinfection, the use of bactericidal foams provides a longer contact of the disinfectant with the treated surfaces, especially those with a complex structure, as well as with ceiling and vertical ones.

Bactericidal foams used for veterinary disinfection are divided into:

- medium multiple(multiplicity 1:60 - 1:80 - the ratio of the volume of foam to the volume of the disinfectant working solution used for its foaming). Medium expansion bactericidal foams are designed to treat various surfaces(floor, walls, ceilings, equipment, partitions, etc.);

- high-fold(multiplicity 1:200-1:1000). High-expansion bactericidal foams are intended for the treatment of livestock buildings or other objects by volumetric filling.

Disinfection of livestock buildings with bactericidal foams is carried out only in the absence of animals at a temperature of at least 1 ° C and a relative humidity of at least 65%. Before disinfection, a thorough mechanical cleaning and washing of premises and equipment is carried out.

Working disinfectant solutions prepared for disinfection with bactericidal foams are used no later than 8 hours after their preparation. To prepare them, water is poured into the decontamination tank (UDS, UDP-M, LSD, UDF-20) and a disinfectant is added to the required concentration, as well as 5% of the TEAS-K foam concentrate for medium expansion foams, or 10% of the SAMPO foam concentrate, or PO- ZA or 5% foaming agent TEAS-K for high expansion foams.

To obtain medium-expansion bactericidal foams, after preparing the working solution, a foam generator of medium-expansion foams - PG-1 or another designed for these purposes is attached to the de-installation hose, and the de-installation is put into operation in order to ensure the pressure of the solution in the hose in front of the foam generator within 4- 5 kgf/cm 2 , and then apply foam from a distance of 2-5 m on the surface to be treated. The thickness of the foam layer applied to the surface should be within 2-3 cm, which corresponds to the consumption of the disinfectant working solution of 200-300 ml per 1 m 2 of the treated surface with a foam ratio of 1.60 - 1:80.

When volumetric filling of the treated object with bactericidal foam, a high-expansion foam generator is used - GVPV-30 (veterinary high-expansion foam generator - productivity 30 m3 per 1 min) or another design designed for these purposes, in which the air supply fan electric motor is turned on at the beginning, and then on the foam generator, a disinfectant working solution under pressure of 4-5 kgf / cm 2. In this case, the nozzle of the high-expansion foam generator should be directed inside the room, the doorway or window through which the foam is supplied must be closed from the foam generator so that the foam entering the room does not fall out and flood the foam generator. The consumption of the working solution is at this method processing 1 l / m 3 with a foam ratio of 1: 1000.

For preventive disinfection in infections belonging to the group of low resistance (group 1), the quality of disinfection in which is controlled by E. coli, use (in terms of DV) 0.3% solution of glutaraldehyde, 3% formaldehyde solution, 2% solution of chloramine or hydrogen peroxide, 1% solution (according to the preparation) of iodine.

Preventive, as well as forced (current and final) disinfection for infections belonging to the group of resistant (group 2) and forced disinfection for infections belonging to the group of low resistant (group 1), the quality of disinfection in which is controlled by E. coli and staphylococcus, is used 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution, 4% formaldehyde solution, 3% chloramine B or hydrogen peroxide solution, 1% solution (according to the preparation) of iodine, including Aujeszky's disease, 2% solution for foot and mouth disease . For fungal diseases, a working solution of glutaraldehyde is used - 2%, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and chloramine B - 4%.

For infections belonging to the group of particularly resistant pathogens of infectious diseases (group 4), the quality control of disinfection in which is carried out by the isolation of Bacillus cereus, a working solution containing 2% glutaraldehyde, 4% formaldehyde, 5% hydrogen peroxide, 3% iodesis is used. The treatment is carried out twice with an interval of 1.5-2 hours.

With this method of disinfection, labor productivity is increased by 2 times, the consumption of preparations is reduced by 2–3 times compared to the wet method of disinfection, while the efficiency of the treatments is improved. The use of bactericidal foams does not require sealing of the premises.

2. General economic and veterinary and sanitary measures for keeping cattle

veterinary sanitary infection livestock

Visiting specialized farms and complexes for the production of milk, raising heifers and fattening cattle is allowed with a written permit from the Main Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus, veterinary departments of the committees on agriculture and food of the regional executive committees, chief veterinarians of the districts.

The entrance to the territory is carried out through a sanitary checkpoint with the obligatory replacement of outer clothing and footwear for overalls and footwear.

Special vehicles on the territory of complexes and farms are allowed only through the disinfection barrier.

The attendants of livestock enterprises are provided with two sets of sanitary clothing, the change, washing and disinfection of which must be carried out at least once a week.

On livestock farms and complexes (in cowsheds, dispensaries, near-farm territories, walking areas), a complex of veterinary and sanitary works is periodically carried out: mechanical cleaning, sanitary repairs, disinfection, whitewashing, sanitary days.

On the territories of farms and complexes it is forbidden to keep dogs (except guard dogs) and livestock for personal use. Guard dogs must be vaccinated against rabies, distemper, parvovirus enteritis, deworming and other veterinary treatments.

At the entrance to each production room, permanent disinfection barriers (disinfectants, disinfectants) filled with 2% sodium hydroxide solution or other disinfectants are installed.

On dairy farms of farms, a workshop system for keeping cattle is used:

Dry cow workshop;

Maternity department and dispensary;

Shop for milking and insemination of cows;

Milk production shop

A prerequisite for all farms and complexes is the observance of the principle of "free-occupied" with the obligatory sanitation of the premises in at least 2-3 days.

The placement of new groups of animals in the premises (maternity ward, dispensary, calf barn) is allowed only after their preliminary preparation (mechanical cleaning, thorough washing, whitewashing and disinfection).

Preparation of premises for setting up new groups of animals is carried out as follows:

Thorough mechanical cleaning and washing of walls, floors, feeders, fences, machines, boxes, cages, manure channels, conveyors, etc. using technical means supplying water under pressure of at least 20 atmospheres;

Disinfection of premises is carried out to destroy pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens of infectious diseases, especially gastrointestinal and respiratory ones.

Wet disinfection (in the absence of animals and complete sealing of the room) is carried out by one of the disinfectants: 3-4% hot sodium hydroxide solution at the rate of 0.5-1 l per 1 m 2; 10-15% solution of calcium hypochlorite; 5% solution of chloromin; 2% solution of teotropin at the rate of 0.3-1 l per 1 m 2; 3% formalin or paraformaldehyde solution, 1% glutaraldehyde solution; hot 2% solution of Vitmol with a consumption rate of 1 liter per 1 m 2.

Wet disinfection in the presence of animals is carried out with a 1-3% solution of Vitan with a consumption of 0.5-1 l per 1 m 2; 0.25-0.35% (for peracetic acid) solution of belsteril at a consumption rate of 0.5-0.75 l per 1 m 2; 1-2% solution of glutex, dezavit-P, incrasept or combined surface disinfectant at the rate of 1 l per 1 m 2.

Aerosol disinfection (in the absence of animals and complete sealing of the room) is carried out with a 40% formalin solution at the rate of 15-20 ml per 1 m 3; 24% solution of glutaraldehyde with a consumption rate of 25 ml per 1 m 3; iodine monochloride with formalin (1:1) at a flow rate of 15-20 ml per 1 m 3 using aerosol generators.

Aerosol disinfection in the presence of animals is carried out with 1-3% formaldehyde solution, 2-3% teotropin solution, 1-2% glutaraldehyde solution, 0.5-1% sodium hydroxide solution, 0.5% solution of acetic or lactic acid, 1.5-2% solution of chloramine B, 3% solution of peracetic acid or 10-15% solution of belsteril at the rate of 15-25 ml per 1 m 3 of the room.

3. Requirements for keeping dry cows and heifers and for their preparation for calving

The launch of cows must be carried out 60 days before calving for 5-6 days.

With the cessation of lactation, it is necessary to carry out the mammary gland of cows for a latent form of mastitis using various tests (belomastin, dimastin, etc.) 1-3 days after the start.

Dry cows and heifers are placed in a separate room or section (shop for dry cows with the formation of groups depending on the calving period).

The microclimate of the premises is provided in accordance with ONTP-1-77 - Air temperature in winter is +10 ° C, relative humidity is up to 75%. air movement - 0.5 m / s, ammonia content up to 0.2 mg / l, air exchange 17 m 3 + / h per 1 quintal of body weight.

Diagnostic studies of the state of metabolism (protein, vitamin-mineral and carbohydrate-fat metabolism) are carried out from the control groups of cows once a month 60 days before calving.

Replenishment of vitamin deficiency in the diet is carried out by intramuscular administration of vitamin A - 700 thousand IU, D - 200 thousand IU, E - 200 IU - three times with an interval of 10-12 days for 1.5-1 month before calving;

Constant feeding of vitamin-mineral, mineral top dressings, polysalts of microelements throughout the entire dry period (mineral top dressing based on fodder chalk, developed by the Institute of Animal Husbandry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and produced by SPF "BI-VET" Smorgon, Kostovit-Forte, produced by Veterina JSC - Croatia, Filucen - Finland, Oligovit, Biovit-2, polysalts, etc.

During the dry period, control the quality and ratio of feed in the diet: (hay - 25-30%, silage or haylage - 25-30%, concentrates 20-25%, root crops - 15-20%);

Feeding silage or haylage is limited: 7-10 kg of hay, 3-5 kg ​​of silage or haylage are given per head good quality, 5-7 kg of root crops, 2 kg of concentrates for cows 14 days before calving.

Mandatory deacidification of acidic feed - silage and haylage with bicarbonate (drinking) soda at the rate of 60 to 100 g of soda per head;

Carry out daily exercise for pregnant cows and heifers for 3-5 hours a day.

Transfer of cows or heifers to maternity boxes after additional sanitary and hygienic treatment of the skin with the use of disinfectants 12-24 hours before calving.

Sanitation of the external genitalia, perineum, tail, back of the croup with warm water and soap and irrigation with a weak solution of disinfectants (potassium permanganate solution 1:5000, 1% lysol solution, etc.) 1 day before calving and with the appearance of the first signs childbirth.

Postpartum gynecological examination of cows in the maternity ward 2-3, 6.7, 15 days after calving.

4. Requirements for keeping healthy newborn calves in a dispensary from the first day to 20 days of age

a) Reception of a newborn calf, disinfection of the umbilical cord (with a 5% solution of iodine, 1% solution of potassium permanganate, lysol, etc.), wiping and drying it after being licked by a cow

b) On the first birthday, drinking colostrum (5% of the live weight of the calf) by sucking or from a teat drinker

c) During the first 7 days, drinking colostrum and milk at a temperature of 37-38C.

d) In farms that are unfavorable for gastrointestinal diseases, calves on the 1-3 day after birth are used for the purpose of prevention:

To compensate for the lack of immunoglobulins in the blood, colostral immunoglobulin, colostral serum (serocolostrin) or nonspecific immunoglobulin are used;

To normalize normal microflora, probiotics are used - dialact, bioflor, NK biococktail, propion-acidophilic broth culture (PABA), bifidoflorin, enterobifidin, bifidumbacterin, lactobacterin, etc. by drinking them 2-3 times a day;

To ensure the body use injections of vitamins - A, D, E;

To replenish trace elements of selenium, iodine, cobalt, iron, use destrumin, DIF-3, sedimin, sediphys, KMP, tetramineral;

To activate the immune system of calves, mandatory treatment with immunostimulants - T-activin, B-activin, Apistimulin-A, thymalin, mastim, dostim, etc.

e) In all newborn calves, it is necessary to monitor the level of the state of colostral immunity of the body and the technology of drinking colostrum 24-36 hours after birth by examining the blood and determining the concentration of immunoglobulins with a zinc sulfate test or using sodium sulfate.

f) Teaching calves to hay and other roughage on the 10-15th day of life.

g) Disinfection of calves transferred for fattening to complexes or specialized farms and for reproduction on the 5th-10th day after birth.

The microclimate in the sections of the dispensary is provided according to ONTP-1-77: In the sections in winter, the air temperature should be +20 ° C, relative humidity - 75%, air speed - 0.15 m / s, carbon dioxide content - 0.2 %, ammonia - 0.15 mg / l, air exchange - 20 m3 / hour. To heat newborn calves in each section, lamps with infrared lamps are equipped, ultraviolet sources are installed at the rate of one source per 2 cages.

h) Provide year-round rearing of newborn calves in individual dispensary houses and open-air film houses.

i) Constant monitoring of the state of metabolism.

5. Measures for rearing calves older than 20 days of age on complexes and farms

For the acquisition of livestock complexes, calves on large farms, the transfer of calves for further rearing is carried out at the age of 20-25 days.

Before transportation, each calf is fed 120 g of glucose or sucrose dissolved in 1-2 liters of water, anti-stress drugs are administered (tranquilizers - chlorpromazine, troftazan), antibacterial drugs (enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, vetoflok, ampivet, trimetosul, etc.); prolonged action antibiotics (bicillin-3 or 5, geomycin-retard, etc.); immunostimulants - adaptogens (T-activin, Apistimulin-A, dostim, masti, etc.)

Upon admission to new farms or complexes, calves are subjected to cleaning of the skin, washing, disinfection of hooves with a 10% solution of copper sulfate, 0.5% sodium hydroxide solution or 1-2% solution of formalin, lysol or creolin

Aerosol treatment of each batch of newly arrived calves with one of the following preparations:

Blood serum of cattle for the prevention and treatment of pneumoenteritis with antibiotics or silver preparations (0.5% protargol or 0.05% collargol at the rate of 2 ml per square meter of premises);

Iodtriethylene glycol at a dose of 500 mg/m3;

Lactic acid at a dose of 100 mg / m s;

Sublimation of 2 g of bleach and 0.02 g of turpentine per 1 m 3 of the room, etc.;

Aerosol treatment with 0.5% Glutex solution.

In the first feeding of calves newly admitted to the complex or farm, the following is prescribed: isotonic sodium chloride solution (1 l) with glucose or sucrose (100-120 g) inside; skimmed milk powder and concentrates at the rate of 40-50% daily requirement, and then for 1-2 days at the rate of 100% twice a day.

Production groups are formed by clinically healthy calves. The difference in age should not exceed 10-15 days, in weight 10-15 kg, the capacity of the section - 50-150 heads, the duration of filling - no more than 2-3 days from 2-3 farms

When picking production groups calves supplied from various supplier farms, it is necessary to take into account the epizootic situation, the timing of the specific measures taken.

Regrouping of animals is carried out taking into account the epizootic situation, the timing of vaccination, compliance with the empty-busy principle in accordance with the technology adopted at the complex or in this farm.

The microclimate of the premises is provided in accordance with ONTP-1-77. In sections in winter, the air temperature should be: for calves aged 20-90 days +15 ° C, 90-120 days - +12 ° C, older than 4 months - +10 ° C; relative humidity - 75%, air velocity - 0.3-0.5 m / s, carbon dioxide content - 0.2%, ammonia - 0.2 mg / l. During the warm period of the year, the air velocity should be 0.5-0.8 m/s.

6. Prevention of viral and bacterial enteritis in newborn calves by technological methods

Viral-bacterial enteritis of calves can be prevented by preventing the formation of an epizootic chain. This is achieved by appropriate technological methods, taking into account the peculiarities of the occurrence and spread of the disease. The epizootology of viral-bacterial enteritis in newborn calves is characterized by the following:

Calves, as a rule, are born not infected with pathogens of enteritis;

Calves become infected in the first hours and days of life directly from sick calves or indirectly, through service staff and general inventory;

The causative agents of the disease are found in the feces of calves with enteritis;

The main mechanism of transmission of enteritis pathogens is oral;

In farms that are permanently disadvantaged by the disease, the use of the same premises for calving and keeping calves for more than 15-20 days leads to outbreaks of enteritis.

The technological process must be built in strict accordance with the peculiarities of the epizootology of the disease, which dictate the need to constantly take measures to prevent the emergence of an epizootic chain, i.e. avoid contact of sick calves with healthy ones. This requirement was most fully expressed in the technology, which provides for calving and rearing of newborn calves in the calving shop with several isolated maternity blocks and a prenatal block. Maternity blocks is a small maternity department as part of the calving shop, consists of two rooms - a room for childbirth (calving) and a dispensary for calves. In the room for childbirth (calving) there is a calving of cows and here they are after calving. In the dispensary, newborn calves are kept in individual small-sized cages (photo 1).

Each dispensary has an autonomous sewage system in order to exclude the removal of excrement of newborn calves into the room for childbirth (calving). The slopes of the dispensary floor are made in the direction opposite from the door. There they arrange a pit, from which the excrement enters the manure bunker.

The main links of the technological chain:

1. Cows are transferred to the antenatal unit a few days before calving. Here they are prepared for calving.

2. The maternity block is filled strictly alternately. Until one RBC is filled, cows are not transferred to another block. This achieves the calving of the entire group of cows in a short time.

10 days after the last calving, all cows and heifers, as well as newborn calves, are taken out of the maternity block.

3. Carry out thorough mechanical cleaning and double disinfection by maternity units. Disinfect the milking machine, inventory. If necessary, the room is dried and a new cycle of work begins.

In order to get 150 calves within one month (c=150) and raise them to 10 days of age in a 20-local RPB (a=20) with a 2-day sanitation (n 3 = 2) and provided that the cows enter the RPB 15 days before calving (n 1 = 15), you must have 10 RPB. Under the same conditions, but with n 1 = 0, it is necessary to have 5 maternity blocks. On small farms, where 20-30 cows calve within a month, it is enough to have two RPBs.

If the farms do not have a maternity ward and calving is carried out in cow stalls, to avoid contact between healthy newborn calves and sick, infected cow bedding, immediately after birth, calves are placed in individual wheelchair cages, with the help of which newborn animals are transported to the dispensary

To exclude contact of healthy newborn calves with sick or infected ones, they are placed in individual outdoor houses, which can be either mobile (on skids) or stationary, as well as in individual houses under awnings or directly on the premises.

AT last years in the isolated rearing of calves, plastic houses (boxes) are used, appearance which is quite aesthetic, houses (boxes) are easy to wash, clean, disinfect, quickly rearranged to new places.

The use of individual houses allows you to fully implement the "empty-busy" principle when raising calves, to prevent the development of infectious diseases in calves when they occur.

Calves in dispensaries are kept in individual cages from 4-5 to 20-25 days, then they are transferred to a walking yard, where they are up to 20-35 days of age, and calves can be kept in captive rooms up to 2-3 months of age.

The advantages of mobile dispensaries over stationary facilities in camp conditions are that they can be moved to a clean place at any time, replaced, disinfected, etc.

The optimal sizes of individual houses for calves are:

An individual house must have a length of 1600 + 300 mm, width - 1200 + 200 mm, height - 1300 + 250 mm;

The walking area should have a length of 1200 + 300 mm, width - 1200 + 200 mm, height - 1000 + 100 mm

7. Prevention of respiratory infections in calves by technological method

Respiratory diseases of calves in farms that are stationary for these diseases are caused by viruses (infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, diarrhea, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, etc.); bacteria (pasteurella, staphylococci, pseudomonas, salmonella, etc.), chlamydia, mycoplasmas and their associations. Violation of conditions of detention, a cold aggravate the course of the disease. Therefore, along with the normalization of feeding and keeping animals, it is necessary to simultaneously prevent infection of calves with pathogens.

Technological methods for preventing the formation of an epizootic chain are built in accordance with the epizootic features of the disease. Mass respiratory diseases are characterized by the following:

Calves, as a rule, are born not infected with causative agents of the disease;

The mechanism of transmission of pathogens is airborne;

Calves are susceptible to the disease up to 4-6 months of age.

The currently accepted technology for keeping and moving calves not only does not protect against infection, but also contributes to the implementation of the mechanism of transmission of the infectious principle in a vicious circle:

1. Calves of winter calving, including those sick and recovering from bronchopneumonia, are taken out in the spring to summer camps or to walking yards.

2. Calves born in the summer enter the same camp or yard and here they become infected.

3. When placed in a stall, the calves born in the past stall period are transferred from the camp to other technological groups, and the summer calving calves infected by them are transferred to the calf barn.

4. Calves born in a new stall period enter the same calf barn, where they are infected by summer calving calves transferred here in autumn.

5. Infected winter calves will be transferred to summer camp where they will infect calves born in the summer.

Therefore, in order to improve the dysfunctional economy, it is necessary to break this chain.

Based on the age-related susceptibility of calves to the disease, measures should be designed in such a way that calves up to 4-6 months of age are kept in conditions that exclude their infection with pathogens of respiratory diseases.

You can start recovery at any time of the year, but it is better to start this work in the summer, using summer camps. Calves of summer calving must be kept all summer in a separate camp. Since the calves are born free from the pathogen and are in a camp where there are no other infected animals and therefore the possibility of infection is excluded, they remain healthy. This is the first healthy group from which recovery begins, regardless of what method it will be carried out with.

The technology for the prevention of respiratory infections by technological methods is based on the use of several rooms located in different places.

Method number 1.

A) Calves born during the stall period are transferred in the spring to the existing summer camp No. 1;

B) Calves born in the summer are kept until 10-15 days of age near the cows, then they are transferred to a free, separate camp No. 2, where throughout the summer they do not contact, including pasture, with other groups animals;

C) When switching to stall keeping, summer calving calves are placed in a sanitized room where there are no other animals;

D) Calves that will be born in the new stall period should come from the dispensary to a separate free sanitized calf house. Here they are kept until 4 months of age, and then mixed with calves of summer calving.

Method #2. it is used on farms where there is one large calf barn for calves from 15-20 days old to 6 months old. It must be reconstructed in such a way that at least four sections isolated from one another with autonomous system ventilation and sewerage. The calf house, subjected to mechanical cleaning, washing and disinfection, is empty all summer. In autumn, a healthy, isolated group of summer calving calves is introduced into one section, then, as they grow, they fill one after the other sections of the calf after the prophylactic age and keep them in the section at once. After cleaning and disinfecting the section, you can start a new cycle of work.

Method number 3. used on those farms where there is one small calf barn for calves from 15-20 days to 4 months of age. The premises are being repaired, disinfected and not occupied by animals in the summer. At the beginning of the stall period, calves are transferred here, which were born in the summer and were kept in an isolated camp. Calves after prophylactic age come here during the stall period.

Biological features of cattle as an object of selection

The relatives of our cattle are several species of wild bulls living or still recently living in Europe, Asia and North America. These include the European bison and its closest relative, the American bison...

Diseases of cattle and small cattle

Veterinary and sanitary examination of carcasses and other slaughter products in case of detection of invasive diseases that are not transmitted to humans through meat and meat products

Hypodermatosis is a chronic disease of cattle, characterized by inflammatory changes in organs and tissues, intoxication of the body with the waste products of the pathogen ...

Hygiene in livestock complexes

Methods and systems for keeping cattle. Exist various ways and systems for keeping cattle. Let's consider the main ones. With a tethered method of keeping, animals are in stalls, on a leash ...

The use of heterosis to improve the productive qualities of animal husbandry

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Organization of veterinary and sanitary control over the procurement and use of feed in subsidiary farms

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Organization and importance of rearing calves in the colostrum period

For the prevention of diseases on farms and complexes for raising calves, it is necessary to carry out a system of planned veterinary measures. At the same time, they are guided by the relevant recommendations and regulations ...

Plan of anti-epizootic, anti-invasive and veterinary and sanitary measures in CJSC Rassvet, Lyubinsky district, Omsk region

Preventive disinfection is carried out 2 times a year: after the animals are put out to pasture and before they are placed in stalls...

Problems and ways to improve the production and processing of milk

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Agriculture in France: Traditions and Problems

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Equipment for sanitary and veterinary control during processing and slaughter of cattle

Echinococcosis of animals

A plan for a clear system of measures to combat echinococcosis should be based on a detailed knowledge of the biology of the pathogen, the epidemiology and epizootology of the disease ...

Veterinary measures are a set of general and special measures that ensure the preservation and restoration of animal health, their normal productivity (working capacity). Veterinary activities include:

· veterinary and sanitary examination during procurement, slaughter of animals, trade in meat and other livestock products, as well as supervision of the sanitary condition of places of trade in the markets;

veterinary and sanitary supervision over the keeping, preparation and slaughter of animals, cattle driving, preparation, storage and processing of meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather, furs and other products and raw materials of animal origin, as well as their transportation by all means of transport, import and export of animals, meat, milk, eggs, animal raw materials, feed, etc.;

· Supervision over compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules by enterprises, organizations, institutions engaged in the procurement, storage and processing of products and raw materials of animal origin, as well as over the veterinary and sanitary condition of these enterprises, organizations and institutions;

· veterinary supervision over observance of veterinary and sanitary rules in fishery reservoirs.

Veterinary events are mass and individual. Mass activities include: zoohygienic measures (control over the maintenance, feeding, exploitation and reproduction of animals, control over the quality of feed, etc.); diagnostic studies; preventive vaccinations; therapeutic and prophylactic treatments (deworming, anti-mite, anti-water measures, disinfection, disinsection, disinfestation, deratization of livestock buildings, disinfection of means of transport, inventory, leather and fur raw materials, etc.).

Individual veterinary measures include the treatment of sick animals, surgical operations, obstetric and gynecological care, all types of state veterinary supervision, etc.

A special group includes organizational measures, including veterinary management, veterinary supply, training of veterinary personnel, veterinary propaganda, etc.

Preventive hygiene measures on farms

Sanitary and hygienic measures on farms as the basis for the prevention of animal diseases are carried out in accordance with the requirements of veterinary legislation and sanitary and hygienic standards. Disinfection, disinsection, deratization on farms and complexes is part of the general production process and is carried out according to a plan drawn up taking into account the peculiarities of the production technology.

The disinfection work plan provides for the timing of the method and modes of disinfection of production and utility rooms, inventory, equipment, overalls, vehicles and other objects, as well as the need for disinfectants.

The need for disinfectants is determined based on the total area of ​​disinfection facilities, the turnover of transport and workwear. When calculating the total disinfection area, the area of ​​the floor, walls, ceilings, feeders, etc. is taken into account.

Disinfection, disinsection, deratization. In order for the farm to have normal sanitary and hygienic conditions and animals not to get sick, it is necessary to periodically carry out disinfection (destruction of pathogenic microbes), disinfestation and deratization.

Disinfection is carried out using physical and chemical means. Physical means include sunlight and heat (fire, dry heat, steam, boiling). To chemical alkalis (caustic soda, quicklime, etc.), acids (sulphuric, hydrochloric), bleach, chloramine. Good means of chemical disinfection are gases chlorine, chloropicrin.

Disinsection is the destruction of insects with aerosols or aqueous solutions of insecticides hexachloran, carbolic acid, chlorophos, etc.

Especially carefully it is necessary to process latrines, garbage pits, manure storage places where flies breed.

For disinfection and disinfestation, disinfection units DUK-2, mounted on the chassis of a car, hydraulic panels, and dust sprayers are used.

Deratization extermination of harmful rodents. Rats and mice cause great harm to animal husbandry. They spoil and destroy feed, are carriers of dangerous infectious and parasitic diseases. The fight against them, first of all, is to store food, especially concentrated ones, in rooms inaccessible to rats and mice. Food that has not been eaten by animals must be removed. There should be no holes or cracks in the floor and walls. Holes at the entry points of water, heating and other pipes must be carefully sealed.

Traps and poisoned baits are used to control rodents. A good way to deratize is to use natural enemies of rodents, cats, ferrets, weasels. Three or four ferrets or weasels reliably protect a calf or cowshed from rats and mice.

Farm sanitation. The farm area must be fenced. Green spaces are of great benefit, protecting the farm from wind and dust, snow drifts.

For transport, barriers are arranged in the form of cemented recesses, where a disinfectant solution is poured. Rugs or mats impregnated with a disinfectant solution should be placed in front of the entrance to livestock buildings. Unauthorized persons are not allowed to enter the farm.

The farm should have a sanitary block with a wardrobe for home and special (working) clothes, a bathroom with hot water.

Every month, a sanitary day is held, when the premises and territory of the farm are cleaned, washed, and the walls are whitewashed with freshly slaked lime. In the summer, if possible, the premises are freed from animals and the floors, feeders, sewers are repaired, the ventilation ducts are cleaned of cobwebs and dust.

Veterinary sanitation is one of the most important branches of veterinary medicine, which develops and introduces into the practice of animal husbandry activities aimed at the prevention and elimination of animal diseases, the protection of people from infectious agents and invasions common to humans and animals, as well as ensuring the production of livestock products and feed of high sanitary quality.

In livestock farms, veterinary sanitation provides for measures aimed at maintaining the well-being of the entire herd, preventing the introduction or removal of pathogens of infectious diseases from it, and creating conditions that exclude the contact of a pathogenic pathogen with the animal's body. The recommended norms and rules of veterinary sanitation are decisive in the implementation of technological processes for the manufacture of high-quality livestock products. Currently, veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock farms, poultry farms, transport, at the state border, at meat processing and other enterprises associated with the production of livestock products and, as a rule, are included in its cost. In this regard, reducing the cost of carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures due to the reasonable choice of existing and the development of new disinfectants and insecticides, as well as promising models of equipment that provide the optimal technology for the use of these drugs, is one of the urgent tasks of veterinary sanitation.

For the first time, the system of veterinary and sanitary measures, as an integral part of veterinary sanitation, was scientifically substantiated by Academician A.A. Polyakov (1904 - 1990). A significant contribution in the areas of veterinary sanitation was made by the scientists of VNIIVSGE: A.A. Polyakov, A.A. Zakomyrdin (disinfection); V.S. Yarnykh (mechanization of veterinary works); K.P. Andreev, D.K. Polyakov (disinfestation and desacarization); D.F. Trakhanov (deratization).

Until now desk books for veterinary workers, his books became (Veterinary disinfection, 3rd edition, M., 1964; Fundamentals of veterinary sanitation, M., 1969; Guide to veterinary sanitation, M., 1986); which highlights the issues of disinfection, disinfestation, desacarization and deratization in relation to the conditions of industrial animal husbandry.

In the last decade, the science and practice of veterinary sanitation has been enriched with a wide range of new disinfectants, insecticides, raticides and other drugs. New high-performance equipment has been developed for carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures, in particular, for carrying out aerosol treatments of premises and animals.

The role of veterinary sanitation in our time is increasing due to the changed economic, natural-geographical, ecological and trade relations. Along with large livestock enterprises of an industrial type, there appeared farms raising and fattening of animals and private enterprises for the processing of animal products, where special attention is required to veterinary sanitation.

The presented textbook on veterinary sanitation, written by a team of authors, provides data from domestic and foreign researchers on modern means and technologies for disinfection, disinfestation, deratization and deodorization. The author's own material was also used.

The features of the action of pathogens of infectious diseases of disinfectants and the conditions that determine their effectiveness, as well as methods for determining the content of the active substance in disinfectants and their solutions, as well as the calculation of the need and methods for preparing working solutions, are described.

The textbook contains the most complete information on all areas of veterinary sanitation, including a list of veterinary and sanitary facilities and requirements for their operation; it contains veterinary and sanitary rules for animal husbandry, methods and means of disinfection, disinsection and desacarization, deodorization and deratization. The textbook provides a detailed description of traditional disinfectants and deratization agents and provides material on new disinfectants and deratization agents permitted for use by the Veterinary Legislation. Comparatively new methods of disinfection and deratization treatments are described with sufficient completeness: the use of aerosols, foam forms of preparations, the gas method of disinfection and disinfestation, the use of ionizing and optical radiation.

The list of facilities for carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures is varied (livestock premises, inventory, railway and automobile transport, premises and facilities of enterprises processing livestock products, milk, meat, soil, overalls, manure, manure, disposal of corpses, etc.). Particular attention is paid to quality control of ongoing veterinary and sanitary measures (disinfection, disinfestation, deratization), as well as personal hygiene and safety measures, labor protection and the environment during the above activities. The list of literature presents new legislative documents on veterinary sanitation.

For better assimilation of the material, part of the data is presented in a tabular and graphical version, illustrations are given on a separate color insert. To consolidate the data obtained at the end of each section, key control questions and tasks are given.

Chapter 1. Veterinary sanitation, its role and place in the system of measures to combat infectious animal diseases

Veterinary sanitation(lat. veterinus - relating to animals and sanitas - health) is the science of preventing infectious and parasitic diseases of animals and humans, as well as obtaining products, raw materials and animal feed of high sanitary quality.

In agriculture, veterinary sanitation is used as part of a set of measures to combat infectious and parasitic animal diseases in large and small farms.

Veterinary sanitation, like other sciences, has its own original methods of laboratory and industrial research, including the study of microorganisms, insects and mites that are biologically dangerous for animals and humans, as well as questions of chemistry and some branches of physics.

Veterinary sanitation, as a science, develops measures for the sanitation of various objects from pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, viruses, fungi, eggs and helminth larvae. Her recommendations are especially important for meat-packing plants, slaughterhouses, dairy plants, refrigerators, factories that process technical raw materials of animal origin, and such means of transport as wagons, ocean and other steamships, aircraft, and cars. The recommendations of veterinary sanitation are decisive in the implementation of technological processes for the manufacture of livestock products and determining the mode of operation of these industries.

Veterinary sanitation deals with the following issues:

ü development and implementation of evidence-based measures to prevent diseases common to animals and humans;

ü prevention of infectious diseases, creation of sustainable welfare of all animal species;

ü ensuring that livestock products of high sanitary quality are obtained on farms;

ü development of measures for the protection of nature from the accumulation of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora and chemicals in it;

ü development of veterinary and sanitary requirements for the design and construction of premises for animals, meat processing and raw materials enterprises, as well as disinfection and washing stations at railways and marinas.

Veterinary sanitation includes disinfection, disinsection, deratization and deodorization.

At present, as a result of the changed economic, natural, geographical and environmental conditions, interstate trade and political relations, the more complicated epizootological and epidemiological situation, the task of preventing infectious and parasitic animal diseases, including zooanthroponotic ones, has become urgent for veterinary specialists as never before. Therefore, in modern conditions production, veterinary sanitation is becoming increasingly important. In livestock farms, veterinary sanitation provides for mass measures aimed at maintaining the well-being of the entire herd, preventing the introduction into or removal from the farm of pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases, and thereby creating conditions that exclude the contact of a pathogenic pathogen with the animal's body. The recommended norms and rules of veterinary sanitation are decisive in the implementation of technological processes for the manufacture of high-quality livestock products.

Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization should be considered as integral parts of the overall complex of sanitary-hygienic, zooprophylactic and health-improving measures.

The heads of farms and enterprises are responsible for the organization of these activities and the timeliness of their implementation, and the veterinary personnel are responsible for the correctness and completeness of the implementation of these activities in accordance with the "Rules for the disinfection and disinfestation of objects of state veterinary supervision" approved by the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 13-5 -02/0522 dated 15.07.02 and "Veterinary and sanitary rules for the organization and conduct of deratization activities" No. 13-5-02/0043 dated 14.03.01.

Structure and organization of the veterinary and sanitary service in the Russian Federation

Coordinating Center for Research on Veterinary Sanitation in

the country is the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GNU VNIIVSGE of the Russian Agricultural Academy);

For the timely implementation of veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock, milk and meat processing and raw materials enterprises, a network of regional and city veterinary and sanitary stations, veterinary and sanitary and disinfection teams, as well as institutions that carry out veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock complexes, railways, meat processing and raw materials enterprises;

Regional (territorial, republican) veterinary and sanitary stations develop plans, organize and carry out appropriate veterinary and sanitary measures to ensure the veterinary welfare of farms and settlements within its service area; participate in the consideration project documentation for the construction and reconstruction of livestock and other enterprises, as well as supervise their veterinary and sanitary condition;

City veterinary and sanitary stations carry out activities that ensure the veterinary and sanitary well-being of cities. Stations organize and carry out local preventive veterinary-sanitary and anti-epizootic measures that ensure the welfare of animals in all state, cooperative and other organizations that do not have their own veterinary service, as well as private animal owners in the city. The station controls the veterinary and sanitary condition of all farms in the city that have animals;

Disinfection squads (a subdivision of the veterinary service as part of veterinary stations for combating animal diseases, laboratories and other veterinary institutions) carry out disinfection, as well as disinsection, disinfestation and deratization at livestock and poultry farms, warehouses and enterprises for storage, processing of raw materials of animal origin, and also at other facilities where there may be a danger of the spread of an infectious animal disease;

Disinfection-washing stations (DPS) and disinfection-washing points (DPP) have been established on the railways. Their functions include round-the-clock veterinary and sanitary measures in transport when loading and unloading animals, monitoring them along the way, as well as cleaning and disinfecting the cars in which animals, products and raw materials of animal origin were transported.

The success of the veterinary service, the organization of measures for the prevention and control of diseases, as well as the provision of livestock products of high sanitary quality on farms, to a large extent depends on the availability and operation of veterinary and veterinary and sanitary facilities.

Veterinary institutions and facilities designed on farms are envisaged depending on the direction and specialization, size and are assigned to conduct therapeutic, preventive, sanitary and diagnostic studies.

In accordance with the current structure of the state veterinary service of the Russian Federation, the most important link that ensures the veterinary and sanitary well-being of public animal husbandry and at other enterprises, organizations, as well as in households of citizens, is the veterinary service of farms and administrative districts.

Animal disease control stations- the central link of the veterinary service of each district. Together with district hospitals and points, the district veterinary laboratory, the meat and dairy and food control station, as well as with the veterinary service of collective farms, state farms and other farms, the station for combating animal diseases is called upon to ensure the implementation of anti-epizootic, treatment-and-prophylactic and veterinary-sanitary measures.

The regional veterinary station consists of a complex of buildings and structures. This complex includes a hospital with a laboratory, a hospital, an isolation ward, an artificial insemination station for farm animals and other premises. The largest of office space is an outpatient clinic.

The veterinary service makes extensive use of a network of diagnostic rooms and laboratories located directly on the farms. More complex diagnostic studies are performed by district, inter-district, regional, republican and other special laboratories.

The regional veterinary laboratory is one of the largest research and production veterinary institutions.

veterinary hospital- a medical and preventive institution, the zone of activity of which is a livestock enterprise. She caters to all animals this farm, as well as livestock, which is in the individual use of the population living in the territory of these farms. The veterinary clinic is located on the central estate of the economy or on the territory of one of the largest livestock farms.

Veterinary point- one of the most common veterinary institutions. Serves 1-2 households, as well as animals of the individual sector. Vetpunkt carries out preventive and veterinary and sanitary measures, outpatient and inpatient treatment of animals.

Medical and sanitary center carries out preventive and veterinary and sanitary measures, outpatient and inpatient treatment in farms with transhumance.

Veterinary laboratory- a special veterinary institution designed to carry out preventive, therapeutic, veterinary and sanitary measures and diagnostic studies only in specialized livestock farms (poultry farms for egg and meat direction, poultry farms, loudspeakers).

Veterinary facilities provided for several livestock complexes and farms of farms have a general economic purpose: they are located on the central estate of the farm or near one of the largest complexes, taking into account the optimal distance from other farms (complexes) and farms.

Veterinary facilities intended for one livestock, fur or poultry enterprise are located on the territory of the enterprise, linking them with convenient communications to serve nearby farms.

Veterinary facilities must be provided with water, including hot water, electricity, heat, communications, equipped with sewerage and have convenient access roads.

Veterinary distances from veterinary facilities to agricultural enterprises and utility facilities are shown in Table No. 1.

Table 1. Minimum distances between veterinary objects.

The distances between individual buildings and structures of veterinary facilities should not be less than fire breaks.

Veterinary facilities should be fenced and separated from the nearest residential area by a sanitary protection zone.

The size of the sanitary protection zone up to veterinary facilities that are part of livestock complexes and farms is determined by SanPiN for these enterprises.

In other cases, the size of the sanitary protection zone of general facilities for veterinary clinics, quarantines, isolation wards, medical and sanitary and slaughter and sanitary points should be at least 200 m, for collection points for raw materials for the production of meat and bone meal - 500 m, biothermal pits - 1000 m.

The nomenclature and purpose of veterinary objects are given in Table No. 2.

In the absence of a veterinary clinic or a medical and sanitary center on the farm, general facilities for the treatment of the skin of animals and an isolator for animals suffering from contagious diseases may be provided.

At enterprises for the production of beef and for rearing replacement heifers for 6 thousand livestock places, pig-breeding fattening and with a complete production cycle with an annual fattening of 54 thousand or more pigs per year, poultry enterprises provide for a slaughter and sanitary station serving these enterprises.

Quarantine sizes are determined depending on the cyclogram of the arrival and movement of the livestock, based on the duration of quarantine for each group of incoming animals in isolated sections for 30 days and the period of sanitization and disinfection of the vacated premises for at least 5 days.

A quarantine and a slaughter and sanitary station intended to serve one enterprise may be located on the same site with this enterprise. At the same time, they must be located separately from each other at a distance of at least 50 m, must be fenced with a solid or mesh fence 2 m high with a plinth buried at least 0.2 m into the ground, have an independent entrance (exit) to the public road use.

In farms that do not have a slaughter and sanitary station located in the area of ​​activity of veterinary and sanitary recycling plants for the production of meat and bone meal, the collection point for raw materials for the production of meat and bone meal is envisaged as general economic facilities.

A biothermal pit is provided in the case when the farms are located outside the zone of activity of veterinary sanitation plants and do not have a workshop for the processing of biological waste.

Organization of veterinary and sanitary supervision in the Russian Federation

Veterinary supervision is understood as a system of continuous control carried out by veterinary specialists in various sectors of the national economy. Objectives of veterinary and sanitary supervision: prevention and suppression of violations of veterinary and sanitary rules; prevention of consequences associated with violation of veterinary and sanitary rules; ensuring the production of safe livestock products; prevention of the occurrence and spread of animal diseases; protection of human health from diseases common to humans and animals.

The organization of veterinary supervision is regulated by veterinary legislation, which sets out the main provisions of veterinary and sanitary supervision, veterinary and sanitary rules for various types of livestock farms.

Depending on the subordination of organizations exercising veterinary supervision, a distinction is made between state veterinary, departmental veterinary and sanitary and industrial veterinary supervision. state veterinary supervision is carried out only by the state veterinary inspection of the country, republic, territory, region and state veterinary institutions (district and city state associations, laboratories of veterinary and sanitary examination, transport veterinary and sanitary sites, border control veterinary points, etc.). Functions of state veterinary supervision: detection of mass non-contagious animal diseases; organization of anti-epizootic measures, including measures to prevent and eliminate foci of diseases common to humans and animals, measures to protect the territory of the Russian Federation from the introduction of contagious animal diseases from foreign countries and control over their implementation;

development of veterinary rules and other regulatory acts that are mandatory for animal husbandry, animal husbandry, production, storage, transportation and sale of livestock products; control over the implementation by enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens of organizational and preventive measures, over their compliance with the current veterinary rules;

establishing the procedure for the production and use of biological, chemical and other preparations in veterinary medicine;

carrying out special measures to protect animals from the damaging effects of extreme factors, natural and technological disasters;

implementation of measures to suppress violations of the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation and the application of sanctions established by law Russian Federation"About Veterinary Medicine".

State veterinary supervision is carried out by the following officials:

chief state veterinary inspector of the Russian Federation - head of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation, who is appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, the autonomous region, autonomous districts, regions, territories, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, districts, cities that are appointed and are dismissed from their positions by the heads of higher authorities in relation to them; heads of zonal departments of state veterinary supervision at the state border and transport - chief state inspectors of zonal departments who are appointed and dismissed from their positions by the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation. Departmental veterinary and sanitary supervision at the facilities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as at the facilities of the Joint Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States located on the territory of the Russian Federation, is carried out by departmental veterinary and sanitary services acting in accordance with the regulation on veterinary and sanitary supervision, developed in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation "On Veterinary Medicine" and approved by the indicated ministries in agreement with the chief state veterinary inspector of the Russian Federation.

Production veterinary supervision on livestock farms of farms of different forms of ownership is carried out by specialists of the production veterinary service.

The objects of veterinary supervision are:

livestock farms, they contain all kinds of animals, animals, birds, fish; premises for animals; farm territories; manure storages; pastures; ponds, silos, feed kitchens, forage warehouses; animal care items; vehicles (wagons, sledges, harnesses, motor vehicles, tractors); pet food; products and raw materials of animal origin; slaughterhouses, waste facilities, animal burial grounds, biothermal pits; bases for overexposure of livestock, livestock feed stations; bases and forage warehouses;

on transport and the State Border, vehicles (wagons, ships, barges, aircraft, motor vehicles) for the transport of animals, products and raw materials; loading and unloading platforms and equipment; drinking columns; places for manure disinfection; ways of driving and transportation of animals; animals, meat, fish, eggs, raw materials, fodder; markets and station bazaars; places of trade in livestock, products, raw materials; livestock, meat, milk, fish, meat, dairy, fish and other products of animal origin; honey, mushrooms, other plant products; enterprises for slaughter and processing of livestock and poultry: territory, premises, animals, semi-finished products, canning and sausages, skins, bones, horns, hooves, horse hair, canyga;

enterprises for the procurement and processing of milk and dairy products: milk outlets, dairy cheese factories, cheese factories and combines; enterprises for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin: procurement bases, collection points, leather processing plants, fur coat enterprises, wool processing plants, bone processing and recycling plants.

In our country, the following methods of veterinary and sanitary supervision have been adopted: observation of objects of veterinary supervision; checks, examinations, examinations; special studies; veterinary and sanitary assessment (examination) of objects; verification of relevant documentary data.

Observation is the most accessible method of veterinary and sanitary supervision in collective farms, state farms, peasant farms and other livestock enterprises. Veterinary specialists monitor compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules for keeping and feeding animals, quarantine rules, loading animals and products into wagons, motor vehicles, etc.

Checking, examination, inspection is a more fundamental method of veterinary and sanitary supervision carried out in livestock farms, at enterprises for the procurement, processing, storage of products and raw materials. check, examine the veterinary and sanitary condition, compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules, established production technology, etc.

Special studies are carried out by veterinary specialists to determine the well-being of products and raw materials in a particular way. dangerous diseases transmitted from them to humans. Investigate water, feed for their veterinary and sanitary assessment. Special studies are also carried out if there is a suspicion of poor quality products, etc.

Veterinary and sanitary examination (assessment) is the main method of veterinary and sanitary supervision carried out in the meat, dairy industry, markets and other facilities. It is crucial to prevent the sale of unsound human food.

Verification of documents (veterinary certificates, certificates, certificates, inspection reports of farms, enterprises, autopsy protocols for animal corpses, etc.) is sufficient effective method establishing the well-being of farms, enterprises, settlements. It is used in the preparation, transportation of animals, products and raw materials. When completing farms, exporting, importing animals, products and raw materials.

test questions and tasks

1. What is the structure and organization of the veterinary and sanitary service in the Russian Federation?

2. Give the concept of veterinary supervision. What is its meaning?

3. List the objects and methods of veterinary supervision?

4. What characterizes state, departmental and industrial veterinary supervision?

5. What is the role of veterinary sanitation in the system of measures to combat infectious animal diseases?

6. Name the veterinary and sanitary facilities of local and public purposes.

7. What kind of veterinary and sanitary facilities do you know at cattle enterprises and pig farm?

8. Name the composition of the production premises of the veterinary checkpoint, veterinary station, slaughter and sanitary station.

9. What veterinary institutions and their functions do you know?

Chapter 2. Disinfection

Disinfection is understood as the destruction of environmental objects or the removal of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms from them. In the system of veterinary and sanitary measures that ensure the welfare of animal husbandry in terms of infectious diseases, increase the productivity of animals (poultry) and the sanitary quality of products, raw materials and feed of animal origin, disinfection (in the broad sense of the word) occupies one of the important places. The term "disinfection" (from the French word des - elimination and the Latin infectio - infection, infection) in translation means "decontamination".

The pathogen from an infected animal to a healthy one can be transmitted by infected inanimate objects (transmission factors) and live carriers (insects, mites, mouse-like rodents, etc.). Therefore, the system of disinfection measures includes: disinfection itself (in the narrow sense of the word), pest control(des - I eliminate and insectum - an insect) and deratization(rattus - rat), aimed at the destruction of arthropods (insects, ticks) and rodents - reservoirs, carriers and distributors of pathogens of many infectious diseases. The role and significance of the activities of each section of disinfection is determined by the epizootological features of a particular infectious disease, and the choice of exposure is determined by the specificity of the pathogen transmission mechanism, its factors and ways of spread.

The main purpose of these measures is to break the epizootic chain by influencing its most important link - the factor of transmission of the pathogen from the source of infection to a susceptible organism.

Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are included in the plan of anti-epizootic measures for each farm, farm, district, region, republic.

They are carried out by: veterinary workers of collective farms, state farms, livestock complexes, joint-stock companies and other farms (veterinary treatment operators, veterinary orderlies, disinfectors); disinfection squads of district and city stations for combating animal diseases, state veterinary associations; self-supporting veterinary and sanitary detachments; de-washing stations and points on railway transport.

On farms, the staff of specialists engaged in veterinary and sanitary work is established depending on the amount of work in accordance with the standards. At pig-breeding complexes, poultry farms, veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out by teams working on a contract and lease basis. In district disinfection teams, according to the standard staff, they are appointed to the positions of chief (veterinarian or paramedic), veterinary orderly and driver.

The veterinary and sanitary detachments were created as self-supporting institutions of regional subordination with different numbers depending on the amount of work. Squads are made up of squads and units.

According to the list veterinary services provided budget organizations and institutions of the state veterinary service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation, approved on January 20, 1992, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization are paid veterinary services.

In industrial animal husbandry, disinfection is an integral part of veterinary technology, that is, it is included in the technological process for the production of livestock products.

The plan provides for the timing, methods and modes of disinfection of production and auxiliary premises, overalls and footwear, vehicles, territory and other objects of processing; the need for disinfectants, washing and disinfection equipment and human resources, taking into account the scope of work; take into account the location of processing objects, production technology, the epizootic situation and other features of the economy.

Responsibility for the material support for the implementation of disinfection measures is assigned, as indicated above, to the head of the farm, and for the timeliness and completeness of execution - to the chief (senior) doctor of the farm.

Taking into account the epizootic significance, disinfection is distinguished between preventive and forced. The latter, in turn, is divided into current and final.