Cities are major centers of non-ferrous metallurgy production. Main centers of metal production: European north. European center

It produces 40 million tons of various metals.

This is primarily aluminum (17 million tons). The aluminum industry is represented by two geographically separated production links:

1st - the production of alumina (Al oxide) gravitates towards countries that produce bauxite;

2nd - aluminum production is close to sources of cheap electricity, mainly in developed countries. The main states for the extraction of bauxite: Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, Brazil; for the production of alumina - Australia, Russia, USA, Jamaica; for the production of aluminum - USA, Japan, Russia, Canada, Germany. In all these countries, production is carried out in areas of large hydroelectric power plants or thermal power plants.

Copper Production: Copper ores tend to be low in this metal.

Most of the copper ore reserves are concentrated in Chile, the USA, and Zambia.

Copper refining requires a lot of electricity, so part of the blister copper is exported to developed countries.

The largest producers of refined copper: USA, Russia, Japan and Germany.

Lead production:

In terms of lead ore mining, the leaders are: Russia, Australia, the USA, Canada, followed by Peru and Mexico. Major lead producers: USA, Russia, Western European countries.

Metallurgy and the environment: The development of metallurgy is accompanied by an increase in the content of iron, lead, tin, copper, mercury, arsenic and other metals in the environment, which creates a real threat to human health.

According to the degree of "harmfulness", metallurgical enterprises are one of the dirtiest industries.

19. Chemical resources of the world.

Production in the chemical industry is characterized by a high degree of technological complexity, so the principles of their placement are quite diverse.

The production of potash fertilizers is focused on the places of extraction of raw materials, which is associated with the easy solubility of raw materials and their possible losses during transportation. For the same reason, the production of soda is also focused on salt deposits. And the production of phosphate fertilizers, as a rule, is located in the ports of highly developed countries, where it is convenient to deliver raw materials (phosphorites) by sea. In the CIS countries, the production of these fertilizers is mainly focused on agricultural areas, since the raw material is high-quality apatite or phosphorite from the Kara-Tau deposit. When using phosphorites from other deposits, production is focused on the areas of extraction of raw materials. In some countries (Ukraine, France, Great Britain), which use phosphorus-containing ore for ferrous metallurgy, production is oriented towards ferrous metallurgy areas that produce thomas slags.

The production of nitrogen fertilizers is distinguished by more complex placement principles. In extremely rare cases, natural saltpeter is used as a raw material: Chilean, Norwegian and Indian. In general, the location of the production of nitrogen fertilizers is associated with the production of cheap ammonia, which is formed during coal coking, therefore plants producing nitrogen fertilizers are tied to metallurgical bases. Often the production of nitrogen fertilizers is oriented towards oil refining and petrochemical centers, which also supply cheap ammonia. At present, the geography of the production of nitrogen-containing products is changing due to the development of pipeline transport and the construction of ammonia pipelines, which makes it possible to deliver cheap ammonia to areas of already existing chemical production, most often military.

The production of synthetic rubber, as a rule, is focused on oil and gas processing enterprises, which is associated with the possibility of obtaining cheap alcohol. In some countries, this production is tied to large centers of the automotive industry. In those countries that are pioneers in the production of synthetic rubber, some enterprises are located in specialized agricultural areas (in Russia - Yaroslavl, Efremov, in France - Clermont-Ferrand, in Ukraine - Belaya Tserkov), due to the initial receipt of raw materials from agricultural products; in some countries (Russia, Canada, Sweden), production is located in wood chemical centers, which simultaneously produce wood alcohol.

The production of plastics and chemical fibers is quite labor-intensive, and also requires a continuous supply of raw materials, therefore it is located in oil port centers or in cities that have oil and gas pipelines.

The production of "light" chemistry is focused on an abundance of labor resources, and the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries require a highly skilled workforce, so they have not even been developed in all highly developed countries.

In the modern production of basic chemicals, especially mineral fertilizers, the CIS countries, the USA, and China stand out. Of the European countries, a rather large production of fertilizers, especially potash and nitrogen fertilizers, is represented in Germany, phosphate fertilizers - in France, which uses phosphorites from Tunisia and Algeria as raw materials, in America Canada, which ranks first in the world in the production of potash salts.

In recent years, the geography of the production of chemical fibers has changed significantly, in which there is a noticeable shift to the countries of East and Southeast Asia. China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Thailand account for over 33% of world production.

Hold on, beauty

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries producing various metals. It includes mining, ore beneficiation, metal smelting, production of rolled products, as well as processing of secondary raw materials.

The industry is divided into ferrous metallurgy - the smelting of steel, iron and ferroalloys. And non-ferrous, which includes the production of light metals - aluminum, magnesium, titanium. And heavy metals - copper, nickel, tin, lead.

The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:

features of the raw materials (ore) used;
the type of energy used to produce the metal;
geography of raw materials and energy sources.
Obviously, it is most advantageous to create metallurgical plants near raw materials (Urals) or energy (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia) bases, and sometimes between them. When placing, the provision of production with water, transport routes, and the environmental factor are also taken into account. Enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy (metal processing), most often located at the consumer.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of our country: Central, Ural, Siberian.

Central. A relatively young base is being created on the iron ores of the KMA, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. The main centers are Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol.

Ural. It has large reserves of ores. The main centers are Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Mednogorsk, Krasnouralsk.

The Siberian base is being developed on Kuznetsk coal and iron ore in the Angara and Mountain Shoria regions. Center - Novokuznetsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction, enrichment and metallurgical processing of ores of non-ferrous, precious and rare metals. The industry includes lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industry and production of noble and rare metals.

Non-ferrous metals are subdivided according to their physical properties and purpose into heavy (copper (Cu), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), light (aluminum (A1), titanium (Ti), magnesium ( Md) .precious (gold (Au), silver (Hell), platinum (Ft) and rare (zirconium (Zr), indium (In), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a very material-intensive production, since the content of non-ferrous metals in ore is extremely low, so non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are mainly focused on raw materials.

Ores of non-ferrous metals are usually multicomponent, so the importance of the integrated use of raw materials is great. An important factor in the location of enterprises for the smelting of non-ferrous metals is the energy one, since this is an energy-intensive production. But the production of light non-ferrous metals requires a lot of energy.

aluminum industry. It develops on the basis of its own (deposits in the Urals, in the North-West region, in Siberia) and imported raw materials. Almost all factories are more or less remote from raw materials, but are located either near hydroelectric power stations or large thermal power plants.

More than 3/4 of aluminum output is now accounted for by four large aluminum plants; Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokuenetsk. The first two of them are the largest in the world.

In terms of aluminum production, our country is in the group of world leaders, but up to 80% of aluminum produced in Russia is now exported.

copper industry. The main bases of the copper industry of our country are located in the Urals (Gaiskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye deposits). Here are located, mainly, conversion enterprises. The production of refined copper is located both in the Ural region and in the Center (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

Lead-zinc industry. It mainly gravitates towards the areas of extraction of polymetallic ores (Kuzbass, Transbaikalia, the North Caucasus, Primorye).

Nickel industry. It develops in the Northern economic region on the basis of deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates of Norilsk, in the Urals - on local and imported raw materials, in Eastern Siberia - on copper-nickel ores of the Taimyr Autonomous District.

The largest centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia are mainly located in the Urals and Siberia. First of all, this is due to the place of extraction of raw materials and the difficulties in their processing. After all, you need to process 100 tons of ore in order to extract 1 ton of copper. On average, the content of valuable non-ferrous metals in the rock contains from hundredths and up to 12%. This is what makes metals "colorful" and expensive.
Some deposits are equipped with enterprises that allow a full cycle of work, from mining to finished material and metal products. But all this requires certain conditions. Water, electricity, raw materials and transport accessibility are needed.
Combined enterprises somewhat reduce the cost of mining non-ferrous metals. After all, often when mining lead and zinc, the rock contains silver, nickel, or tungsten.
Large centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia, cities:
The Urals is the center of non-ferrous metallurgy. Although own copper deposits are practically depleted, and raw materials are imported from Kazakhstan, processing enterprises are still in the lead. In the Urals, the main and largest deposits are:
Sverdlovsk region
Krasnouralskoe

Kirovograd

Revdinsky

Orskoe

Rezhskoye

Chelyabinsk region
Karabash

Kyshtym

Upper Ufaley

Orenburg regionEastern Siberia
Bratsk

Norilsk

Monchegorsk

Shelekhov

Sayansk

Krasnoyarsk

In total, 14 industries stand out, which are associated with the extraction and processing of more than 70 types of non-ferrous metals, but all of them are tied to energy sources. Despite the fact that Russia occupies a leading position in terms of explored reserves of non-ferrous metals, we are only in 12th place in terms of production.
The policy of the state (not only in Russia) in order to save their own stocks of non-ferrous metals, they purchase raw materials from other countries, as well as recycle non-ferrous scrap. Thus, processing enterprises are not always tied to the actual deposits and are located in areas more convenient for transport. Even in the Moscow region (Podolsk) there are several chemical and metallurgical plants and laboratories.
The combination of non-ferrous metallurgy with the chemical industry is yielding results. For the extraction of some rare earth metals, it is not profitable to develop separate deposits, but most of them are also found in copper-nickel or zinc-lead rocks. And you just need to remove these grains, with the help of a more thorough cleaning.
Rare earth metals, and these are niobium, tantalum, europium, neodymium and others, are mined in the Murmansk region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
The leaders in gold mining are:
Sakha (Yakutia),

Khabarovsk region

Magadan region

Amur region

Kamchatka region

Koryaksky AO

Chukotka

Plants and factories provide jobs for the population, but the industrial cities of Siberia themselves look sad. They go there to earn money, because at metallurgical plants the salary is at the level of the oil and gas complex. But I think it's very difficult to live there. The ecological situation in cities is quite difficult, and enterprises need to be modernized. And this is the cost and shutdown of the enterprise, for the duration of the update.
No one is seriously doing this, and will not do it. After all, it is only important that we are almost ahead of the rest of the planet. We are rich and generous, our land is inexhaustible, and people are hardy and strong.

The metallurgical complex of Russia is the main synonym for the well-being and prosperity of our entire state, its confidence in the future.

First of all, it serves as the basis of all currently existing mechanical engineering. Understanding this, we will find out what enterprises are included in the mining and metallurgical complex.

These are mainly those industries that extract, enrich, melt, roll and process raw materials. The company has its own clear structure:

Ferrous metallurgy - ore and non-metallic raw materials.
Non-ferrous metallurgy: light metals (magnesium, titanium, aluminum) and heavy metals (nickel, lead, copper, tin).

Ferrous metallurgy

An industry with its own nuances. It is important to understand that not only the metal is important for it, but also mining with subsequent processing.

Highlight its important features:

more than half of the products serve as the basis for the entire engineering industry of the country;
a quarter of the products are used in the field of creating structures with increased load capacity.

Ferrous metallurgy is production, coal coking, the secondary limit of alloys, the production of refractories and much more. The enterprises included in the ferrous metallurgy are of the greatest importance and, in fact, are the basis of the industry of the entire state as a whole.

The main thing is that around them there are production facilities for the processing of various wastes, especially after the smelting of cast iron. Metal-intensive machine building and electric power production are considered the most frequent satellite of ferrous metallurgy. This industry has great prospects for the future.

Ferrous metallurgy centers in Russia

First of all, it should be remembered that Russia has always been and is the absolute leader in terms of the density of ferrous metal production. And this championship without the right to transfer to other states. Our country is confidently holding its positions here.

The leading plants are, in fact, metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. Let's name the most important centers of ferrous metallurgy in Russia:

Ural with iron and ore mining;
Kuzbass with coal mining;
Novokuznetsk;
Locations of KMA;
Cherepovets.

The metallurgical map of the country is structurally divided into three main groups. They are studied at school and are the basic knowledge of a modern cultural person. This:

Ural;
Siberia;
Central part.

Ural Metallurgical Base

It is she who is the main and, perhaps, the most powerful in terms of European and world indicators. It has a high concentration of production.

The city of Magnitogorsk is of paramount importance in its history. There is a famous metallurgical plant. This is the oldest and hottest "heart" of ferrous metallurgy.

It produces:

53% of all cast iron;
57% of all steel;
53% of ferrous metals from all indicators that were produced in the former USSR.

Such production facilities are located near raw materials (Ural, Norilsk) and energy (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia). Now the Ural metallurgy is in the process of modernization and further development.

Central metallurgical base

It includes factories of cyclical production. Represented in the cities: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Tula and Stary Oskol. This base is formed by iron ore reserves. They are located at a depth of up to 800 meters, which is a shallow depth.

The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant was launched and is successfully operating. It introduced an avant-garde method without a blast-furnace metallurgical process.

Siberian metallurgical base

Perhaps she has one feature: she is the "youngest" of the existing bases today. It began its formation during the USSR period. Approximately one fifth of the total volume of raw materials for pig iron is produced in Siberia.

The Siberian base is a plant in Kuznetsk and a plant in Novokuznetsk. It is Novokuznetsk that is considered the capital of Siberian metallurgy and the leader in terms of production quality.

Metallurgical plants and the largest plants in Russia

The most powerful full cycle centers are: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Beloretsk, Ashinsky, Chusovskoy, Oskolsky and a number of others. All of them have great prospects for development. Their geography, without exaggeration, is huge.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

This area is busy with the development and enrichment of ores, participating in their high-quality smelting. According to its characteristics and purpose, it is divided into categories: heavy, light and valuable. Its copper-smelting centers are almost closed cities, with their own infrastructure and life.

The main areas of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia

The opening of such areas depends entirely on: the economy, environmentalists, raw materials. This is the Urals, which includes factories in Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad and Mednogorsk, which are always built next to the production. This improves the quality of workmanship and the turnover of raw materials.

Development of metallurgy in Russia

Development is characterized by high rates and volumes. Therefore, huge Russia is in the lead and is constantly increasing its exports. Our country produces: 6% iron, 12% aluminum, 22% nickel and 28% titanium. Read more thisit is reasonable to look at the information in the tables of productions presented below.

Map of metallurgy in Russia

For convenience and clarity, the issue of special maps and atlases has been arranged. They can be viewed and ordered online. They are very colorful and comfortable. The main centers with all divisions are indicated there in detail: copper smelters, places for the extraction of ore and non-ferrous metals, and much more.

Below are maps of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia.

Factors of location of metallurgical plants in Russia

The fundamental factors influencing the location of plants in the country are literally the following:

raw materials;
fuel;
consumption (this is a detailed table of raw materials, fuel, small and large roads).

Conclusion

Now we know: there is a clear division into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. This distribution by extraction, enrichment and smelting depends directly on the main components: raw materials, fuel and consumption. Our country is the European leader in this field. The three main geographical "pillars" on which it stands are: the Center, the Urals and Siberia.

Ural.
Ferrous metallurgy. Based on its resources of iron ore, coal is not enough - they are brought from the Kuznetsk basin. The metal is used at the largest enterprises of the Urals (tanks, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for resource extraction are produced) and delivered to the central regions of the country (the European part). centers: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Asha, Chusovoy, Serov, Nizhny Tagil, Kyshtym.
Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Smelting of copper ores (Karabash, Kamensk-Uralsk, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kirovograd, Revda, Krasnouralsk), aluminum smelting (Krasnoturinsk, Yekaterinburg), nickel - Orsk, lead, zinc - Chelyabinsk. Color. metallurgy is based on its resources. Smelted metals are used at local engineering enterprises.
European Center. Ferrous metallurgy is mainly of the converting type (scrap metal is smelted in Elektrostal, Vyksa, Moscow, Orel), the largest plants in Tula, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk operate on a full cycle using imported raw materials - coal from Siberia, Donbass, the Komi Republic; iron ores are brought from the Kursk magnetic anomaly (their own).
Non-ferrous metallurgy - copper ores are smelted in Moscow.
All products of metallurgical enterprises are used in the central regions for the manufacture of products of the machine-building complex (combines, cars, buses, wagons, railway electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, trolleybuses, river and sea vessels, etc.)
European North. ferrous metallurgy in Cherepovets is one of the largest Russian iron smelting enterprises, it works on imported raw materials.
The metal is sent to the central regions, to the European North and to St. Petersburg for mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding. Pitch metallurgy in St. Petersburg.
Non-ferrous metallurgy works on its own raw materials. Aluminum is smelted - Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Boksitogorsk; copper - Veliky Novgorod, Monchegorsk, nickel - Mochegorsk. Remelted ores are sent to machine-building plants in the central and southern regions of Russia.
Siberia.
Ferrous metallurgy - Belovo. Non-ferrous metallurgy. Specialization in the smelting of aluminum ores - Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Achinsk, Belovo, Shelekhov - use their own resources and cheap energy from hydroelectric power plants. Lead and zinc are smelted in Novokuznetsk, copper and nickel in Norilsk. All enterprises work on local raw materials, smelted metals are exported to enterprises in the Urals and central regions.
Far East - a metallurgical base is being formed. This area is mainly located mining enterprises and processing plants. Extracted: tin, lead, zinc, gold. Lead and zinc are smelted in Dalnegorsk, and iron ore is smelted in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Products are exported to China, Japan, South Korea and the European part of Russia.