Most students hear about speech errors for the first time only in high school. Let them talk? (Speech and grammatical errors) Incorrect use of prepositions
One cannot disagree with the main pathos books. (Paphos - passionate inspiration, rise. In this sentence, the word should be used idea). A thousand tanks grappled hand to hand. (Hand-to-hand - (fight, fight) with hands or hand-held weapons). He handled with ease Cyrillic, there was no more virtuoso master for composing messages. (Cyrillic alphabet is the Slavic alphabet that underlies the modern Russian alphabet. In this sentence, you should use the word pen(wielded with a pen)). Yesterday I walked huge rain. (You should use the word strong). His heart was beating, his lips dried up and he licked them with his tongue. (Shrivele - dry, shrink, warp. In this sentence, use the word dry up). We received a huge number of calls, but not all of them were successful read. (The sentence should be amended to read that not all calls were answered.) Indigenous people of North America Indians- Significantly underprivileged. (Indians are the inhabitants of India, the indigenous inhabitants of North America are called Indians).Majority I spent the summer months at the dacha. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: I spent most of the summer in the country). On the future day began a discussion of current affairs. (On the next day began the discussion of current affairs). The monument impresses with its bizarre dimensions. (Dimensions - limiting external outlines, dimensions of objects. The word should be used in the sentence forms: The monument strikes with its bizarre forms). The country was divided into three unequal half. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: The country was divided into three unequal parts). Students intently listening to the teacher's story. (You can look closely, you should listen attentively). Satirical portrayal of Russian life describes Leskov in "Bloch". (The sentence should be corrected as follows: Leskov's "Flea" contains a satirical depiction of Russian life). Eugene Onegin differed from other landowners in his exaltation: not without reason “he replaced the old corvée with a light yoke with a yoke.” (Exaltation - enthusiasm, painful liveliness). If a alive take a closer look at these people, they will become noticeable impartial traits. (It is forbidden alive look at people; impartial - impartial). expressively depicted the main characters in the novel. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: The images of the main characters in the novel are expressive). President's words blow on us with optimism. (The sentence should be amended to read: President's words give us optimism.) Exams require us difficult efforts. (You should use the word big or labor intensive). The new law will primarily change atmosphere entrepreneurship. (Atmosphere (only in the singular) - environmental conditions, situation. The word should be used region ( entrepreneurship)). Russian dance ballerinas shocked the judges. (The word ballerun is not in Russian, you should use the word dancer). Spectators give me confidence that as an actor I still have a lot to do. (You should use a fixed expression give me hope). On the image This policy has many negative points. (Image is a consciously created image. The sentence should use the word reputation- a public assessment of someone). The authority of elders chase us throughout our lives. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: The authority of the elders must remain unshakable for us throughout our lives). Yesenin's image personified in our minds with a white birch. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: Yesenin's image is associated (correlated) in our minds with a white birch). Chatsky identifiesyourself future Decembrists. (The sentence should be corrected as follows: Chatsky is prototype future Decembrists). I know perfectly well all its advantages and disadvantages, because we already know each other week without a year.(Without a year, a week is very short. The sentence should use the expression for ages).
Wrong choice of a function word, leading to the destruction of the meaning of the sentence
I only met the professor twice, That's why we are on a short footing with him. (Need: … but we are on a short footing with him or ... However we are on a short footing with him).
Deputies gain all-Russian fame thanks to scandals. (Wrong preposition used. Preposition thanks to indicates a favorable reason for the current state (due to strength and endurance, the athlete won the competition); prepositions indicate an unfavorable reason from-behind, because of(due to an injury, he could not perform. You need: due to scandals or because of scandals). Thanks to The fire destroyed a large area of the forest. (Need: due to fire or because of fire).
Error in choosing a paronym
Among the generals reigned militant mood towards the enemy (Need: militant mood). The floor for the report was presented to the director of the plant. (Need: the word provided). Writer displayed hero truthfully and emotionally. (Need: portrayed hero). Tatiana was brought up romantic and sensual young lady. (Need: sensitive young lady) Under feudalism, the people endured dual oppression. (Need: double oppression). We were transferred to work in backward brigade. (Need: in lagging behind brigade). Everyone is well aware of the early romantic Gorky's works. (Need: romantic works). Graduate student provided dissertation abstract on time. (Need: introduced essay). Early works of the poet understandable and available to everyone. (Need: works understandable) We missed the train independent reasons from us. (Need: by independent reasons from us). The director signed a statement submission me vacation. (need: o providing holidays). Mayakovsky stood by sources new poetry. (Needed: stood at origins new poetry). Ekko shoes dressed on all employees. (Need: put on on all employees).
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Language errors. The ability to find and correct them Objectives: to systematize knowledge on finding and preventing language errors; develop skills and abilities to correct language errors; get acquainted with the classification of language mistakes made in essays, presentations; expand your vocabulary; to achieve active possession of the riches of Russian oral and written speech; learn to relate more meaningfully to the correct choice of words and their forms, to the construction of syntactic constructions.
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Speech norms Speech norms are the rules for the use of words, word forms and sentences adopted in the social and linguistic practice of educated people. The norm is the only possible or preferred version of the correct, exemplary use of the word, form, construction.
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Signs of the norm The main signs of the norm of the literary language are: relative stability; general use; obligation.
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Signs of good speech Speech, the structure of which corresponds to literary and linguistic norms, is called correct. Good speech is characterized by: richness (diversity) of vocabulary and grammatical structure; purity, accuracy; expressiveness.
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Exercise 1 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 1. For a moment the boys forgot. 2. Pechorin has a talent for creative trust. 3. Chatsky has no accomplices. 4. Peter saw in Sasha a compatriot in wrestling. 5. Griboedov gives us a good overview of the image of Chatsky. 6. They began to treat Onegin with respect. 7. Before us there is a petty-bourgeois family. Words for reference: confused, talents, like-minded people, ally, reveals, relates, appears.
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Test yourself. 1. For a moment the boys were confused. 2. Pechorin has a creative talent. 3. Chatsky has no like-minded people. 4. Peter saw in Sasha a comrade-in-arms. 5. Griboedov reveals the image of Chatsky well. 6. Onegin began to be treated with respect. 7. A petty-bourgeois family appears before us.
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Test yourself. 1. Pushkin created the characters of the people of that time. 2. Fonvizin reveals his views in critical articles. 3. Prostakova is rude to her yard. 4. When she learns that the serf Palashka is ill, she becomes furious. 5. Box's mental limitations reach the point of absurdity. 6. Onegin led a passive lifestyle. 7. The people suffered a double oppression. 8. Turgenev received worldwide recognition.
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Exercise 3 Find the mistakes in the sentences. Fix them. 1. She overcame fear and fear. 2. Manilov thought and pondered for a long time. 3. Soon he returned back. 4. Tatyana fell in love with Onegin with a very great love. 5. He was indignant with indignation. 6. The sun shone fiery, like fire. 7. They showed their initiative.
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Test yourself. 1. She overcame fear. 2. Manilov thought for a long time. 3. Soon he returned back. 4. Tatyana fell in love with Onegin. 5. He was indignant. 6. The fiery sun shone. 7. They took the initiative.
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Exercise 4. Correct the sentences, avoiding repetition. 1. Gerasim went to the river. Gerasim saw a puppy in the water. Gerasim took it and brought it home. 2. The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest for mushrooms. The children went into the woods along a field path. The guys went to the forest and picked up a lot of mushrooms and berries. 3. When he began to go out, he began to ask about the incident. 4. The trees are bare, the days are cloudy. 5. Then he came to the river. Then I saw a raft. 6. Buds began to bloom on the trees. The days got longer. The snow began to melt.
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Test yourself. 1. Gerasim went to the river. There he saw a puppy in the water, took him and brought him home. 2. The guys woke up early and decided to go to the forest for mushrooms. They went along the field path and picked up a lot of mushrooms and berries. 3. At the exit, he began to ask about the incident. 4. On cloudy days, the trees are bare. 5. Then he came to the river and saw a raft. 6. The trees are budding. The days got longer. The snow began to melt.
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Exercise 5. Find and correct errors in sentences. 1. When Igor is going on a campaign, other princes are going to. 2. An important role in showing the image of Prince Andrei is played by showing his love for Natasha. 3. Even among Goncharov's outstanding novels, Oblomov occupies a prominent place. 4. Famusov adheres to public opinion. Famusov adheres to the old in everything. He sticks to the old ways. 5. Approaching the estate, he saw a collapsed gate. Entering the house, Chichikov saw a man fiddling with some rags.
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Test yourself. 1. Together with Igor, other princes are going on a campaign. 2. An important role in the life of Prince Andrei is played by his love for Natasha. 3. Among Goncharov's famous novels, Oblomov occupies an important place. 4. Famusov adheres to the old order in everything. 5. Approaching the estate, Chichikov saw a collapsed gate. Entering the house, he noticed a man who was fiddling with some rags.
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Exercise 6. Find and correct errors in sentences. 1. Displaying the landowners in Dead Souls, Gogol also displayed Plyushkin. 2. The insidious courtier Vorontsov sent the poet to fight locusts. The offended poet responded to this with a mocking verse response. Insulted, Vorontsov complained to the tsar. 3. In this game, all players act with a twinkle, boldly entering into game martial arts with physically and technically strong players of the other team. 4. Figuratively speaking, in this image the poet depicted the vices of bourgeois morality and pictures of the ugly poverty of the oppressed people. 5. A veteran went out to try his hand at a trial lap to try out a new car.
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Test yourself. 1. Depicting the landowners in Dead Souls, Gogol also showed Plyushkin. 2. The insidious courtier Vorontsov sent the poet to fight locusts. The offended poet responded to this with a mocking poem. The offended Vorontsov complained to the tsar. 3. In this game, all participants act with a twinkle, boldly engaging in single combat with physically and technically strong opponents. 4. The poet depicted the vices of bourgeois morality and pictures of the unsightly poverty of the oppressed people. 5. On the first lap to test a new car, a veteran went to try his hand.
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Grammatical errors Grammar includes rules: word-formation (rules for the formation of words), morphological (formation of word forms of different parts of speech), syntactic (rules for constructing phrases and sentences).
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Exercise 1 Choose one option from the words given in brackets. Motivate your choice. 1. Experienced lecturers (lecturers - lecturers) were selected to conduct interviews and reports. 2. Many (shops - shops) of the plant are reoriented to the production of new products. 3. The shepherd put his pipe to his lips, and gentle (tones - tones) pipes floated over the meadow. 4. On Levitan's canvas, gentle blue (tones - tones) of the sky convey the transparency of the morning air. 5. Only experienced drivers (chauffeurs - drivers) can drive buses on mountain roads. 6. (Elections - elections) of the governor of the region show that many political opponents conclude (contracts - agreements) on cooperation. 7. A commercial bank issued long-term (bills - bills) to some successful firms. 8. L.N. Tolstoy managed to create unique artistic (images - images). 9. In the summer, many people begin (holidays - vacations). 10. Always fresh in our confectionery department (cakes - cakes).
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Exercise 2 Use the correct form of short adjectives, give a stylistic description of the possible options. 1. This method of treatment is effective ... and painless .... 2. The actor was natural ... in his behavior. 3. Your arrival is very timely ... . 4. The land was deserted, deserted… and lifeless…. 5. The view of the mountains with snowy peaks, colored by the sunset, was majesty ... and celebrations .... 6. The moment was for all celebrations…. 7. The director of the school was responsible ... for each student. 8. The feuilleton, according to Koltsov, is to some extent related to ... correspondence.
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Exercise 3 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 1. The main accounting department serves thirty-two nurseries today. 2. Twenty-three days have passed since the dispatch of the next scientific expedition to the Mir station. 3. Three defective pliers were sold at a reduced price. 4. During the day, the mall sold thirty-three trousers. 5. Twenty-four sleds participated in the dog sled race. 1. By April 15, 1999, an exhibition of a well-known artist in our city is scheduled to open. 2. There are more than one and a half hundred amateur school orchestras in our region. 3. The amazing beauty of the cathedral with three thousand six hundred and eighty-five frescoes, built in the 16th century, is one of the most striking sights of Rome. 4. In the year 2000 and 6, energy consumption by the enterprises of the region will increase by 1.3 times.
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Exercise 4 Indicate cases of incorrect or stylistically unjustified use of forms of tense and mood of the verb; correct the suggestions. 1. While preparing for the Olympic Games, a Chinese weightlifter lifted over 300 kg. 2. Over the past year, athletes have achieved great success. 3. Even at school, the future champion was able to remarkably high jump, climb a rope, pull himself up on the crossbar. 4. In his lifetime, the hunter has seen many amazing things. 5. Boil ¼ liter of milk and dilute 25 grams of soda in it.
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Exercise 5 Eliminate the wrong word order in sentences. 1. At this time, fishing in the rivers and reservoirs of the region is prohibited by all means. 2. In our time, these products are produced at half the cost of labor. 3. The fight against all kinds of violations of labor discipline by the administration of the plant has been intensified. 4. All measures to improve performance in groups have been taken. 5. A helicopter with portraits of astronauts flies over the square. 6. The carpenter made an oak bookcase with four legs. 7. During the transition to new forms of passenger service in railway transport, some difficulties were observed.
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Exercise 6 Choose the desired form of the predicate. Explain your choice. 1. A number of events dedicated to the anniversary of I.A. Bunin, (they will pass - they will pass) in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. 2. The group of students sent for field practice (includes - includes) forty-one people. 3. A number of speakers (insisted - insisted) on a negative answer. 4. Several of our high school students (took - took) part in the city Olympiad. 5. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central Market has repeatedly (applied - applied) to higher authorities with a request to help in organizing outbound trade. 6. Exactly at 6 pm (sounded - sounded) three shots. 7. Most of the composer's works (were created - were created) during the years of wandering.
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Exercise 7 Correct errors caused by non-compliance with management standards. 1. The department of criticism and bibliography of thick journals systematically publishes reviews of emerging novelties of fiction. 2. The representative of the construction organization again assured the customer of his readiness to complete the work on time. 3. The facts, which the author of the letter stated, were fully confirmed during the verification. 4. Students pay attention to notes during lectures. 5. The teacher pointed out that there are a number of errors in the work. 6. He studied well at school due to his abilities. 7. Elderly people from all parts of the city were able to come to this evening. 8. He left the city according to the instructions.
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Exercise 8 Find and explain the errors in the use of the participle. Correct the suggestions. 1. An explanation of these phenomena can be found by taking recent events as an illustration. 2. Having worked for only two months, he had complications with the head of the shop. 3. Having accepted the shift, the drivers on duty are sent by the dispatcher to the facilities. 4. The trading floor was cleared of people, fearing that the ceiling would collapse. 5. By raising the prices of cars and fuel, this directly affects the cost of agricultural products. 6. Boating with young children is strictly prohibited. 7.Using gas stoves, the population must first make sure that they are in good condition. 8. Having found out that the volume of production has decreased, the question arises as to the reason for this. 9. Attaching great importance to the research methodology, a number of experiments were carried out. 10. Studying the process of denationalization, a certain regularity is revealed.
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Exercise 9 Describe the errors in complex sentences. Make stylistic changes. 1. Last Saturday, a conference was held for parents with preschool children at the House of Culture. 2. The speaker focused on the issue that is often raised at such meetings. 3. The speaker who reported these data and turned out to be a passionate patriot of river transport made an interesting comparison. 4. The author rashly remarked to the reviewer that how can you not notice what is new in the book. 5. The main thing to pay attention to is the violation of discipline. 6. Whoever needs additional classes, it is necessary for him to provide them. 7. The collection includes ditties, composed not only in the Smolensk region, but also in other areas that exist in the Smolensk province.
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Exercise 10 Find cases of violation of the syntactic norms of the modern Russian language. Correct the suggestions. 1. Local authorities, the public and citizens of the city are widely preparing to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the writer-countryman. 2. Mass media urge Russians to participate in elections. 3. Facts speak for the possibility of using reserves. 4. The management of the enterprise thanked and rewarded the best employees with valuable gifts. 5. Residents demanded troubleshooting and repairs. 6. I liked the book that I took from the library, which is not far from the school. 7. A clear picture of the state of the planet's ozone layer arises by studying the work of European and Russian scientists. 8. The letter-postcard was delivered to the address, but the subscriber left the indicated place of residence.
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Answers to exercises 1-5 1. lecturers, workshops, tones, tones, drivers, elections, contracts, bills, images, vacations, cakes. 2. effective and painless; natural; timely; deserted, deserted, lifeless; majestic, solemn; responsible; related. 3. the main accounting department is today in thirty-two mangers; about twenty-three days ...; three pairs of defective pliers…; ... thirty-three pairs of trousers; dog sled races were held on twenty-four sledges; by the fifteenth of April; one and a half hundred; with three thousand six hundred and eighty-five frescoes; in two thousand and six. 4. raised; reached; jumped, climbed, pulled up; saw; boil. 5. fishing by any means is prohibited; at twice the cost of labor; on the part of the administration, the fight against all kinds of violations of labor discipline has been intensified; all measures were taken to improve performance in groups; ... a helicopter scattering leaflets with portraits of astronauts; …from oak whatnot with four legs; in railway transport, there were some difficulties in the transition to new forms of passenger service.
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Answers to exercises 6-10 6. will pass; enters, insisted; accepted; applied; sounded; were created. 7. reviews of emerging novelties of fiction; assured ... of his readiness ...; ... which outlined ...; … pay attention to notes during lectures; pointed out that ...; …thanks to their abilities; ... people from all areas of the city; …as directed. 8. if you take as an illustration ...; ... he complicated the relationship ...; changed drivers on duty ...; ... from people for fear that the ceiling will collapse; price increase…; boating with young children…; when using gas stoves ...; …I wonder about the reason for this; … we performed a number of experiments; … we found a certain pattern. 9. ... for parents of preschoolers; ... a question often raised ...; speaker, reported ...; ... to a reviewer who did not notice anything new ...; ... this is a violation of discipline; everyone who needs extra classes should be provided with them; the collection includes ditties composed not only in the Smolensk region, but also in other areas. 10. …prepare to celebrate widely; participate in elections; …talking about possibilities…; … thanked the best employees and rewarded them with valuable gifts; … Troubleshooting and repairs; I liked the book that I borrowed from the library near the school; ... occurs when studying the work ...; …but unfortunately,… .
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Stylistic norms Below are phrases taken from scientific papers, reports, newspaper publications, radio interviews. Given the official nature of speech situations, indicate cases of "mixing styles", comment on them; correct the suggestions. 1. Economic policy at the present time should be more and more focused on such goals. 2. For days, the international forum "World Experience and the Russian Economy" opens in the Kremlin Palace. 3. Progress may appear as early as next year. 4. According to the observation of the author of this work, the need for such an analysis is still topical. 5. Therefore, the threat of mass unemployment is directly related to the possible inconsistency in the processes of release, redistribution and employment. 6. Parliament listened to the reports of the ministers.
Grammar is one of the sections of linguistics, which is divided into morphology and syntax. Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (genus forms, number of nouns, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of the basic syntactic units of phrases and sentences.
Exercises:
1) Choose the adjectives, matching them correctly with the nouns. What factors influence the form of the gender of indeclinable nouns?
Avenue, sconce, meringue, euro, jury, kangaroo, kiwi, kohlrabi, communiqué, coffee, penalties, salami, sirocco, taboo, tsetse, tsunami, Batumi, Kalahari, Mississippi. Answer: wide avenue, crystal sconce, light meringue, collectible euro, strict jury, fast kangaroo, delicious kiwi, unripe kohlrabi, meaningful communiqué, black coffee, repeated penalty, delicious salami, sultry sirocco, primeval taboo, African tsetse, dangerous tsunami, sunny Batumi , the sultry Kalahari, the wide Mississippi.
2) Form the nominative plural from these nouns:
Corps ... (buildings, military units) - housing ... (torso); image ... (icons) - image ... (artistic and literary); order ... (insignia) - order ... (knightly and monastic societies); reason ... (reins) - reason ... (urges).
Answer: Corps (buildings, military formations) - corps (trunks); images (icons) - images (artistic and literary); orders (insignia) - orders (knightly and monastic societies); reasons (reins) - reasons (motives).
3) Open the brackets, choose the appropriate option:
1. Qualified lecturers (lecturers - lecturers) were selected to conduct interviews and reports. 2. Large (flaps, patches) of multi-colored leather lay in the corner of a shoemaker's shop. 4. A boy in a tattered jacket and trousers ran forward, (rags, patches) of his clothes fluttering in the wind. 5. The shepherd put his pipe to his lips, and quiet, iridescent (tones, tones) slowly began to spread. 6. The bright moon rose above the horizon, the sky and the sea turned into soft dark blue (tones, tones). 7. Only experienced drivers (chauffeurs, chauffeurs) can drive buses on mountain roads. 8. Numerous (spotlights, searchlights) brightly illuminated the squares and streets of the city. 9. Representatives of a wide variety of professions ended up in the rest home: doctors, (teachers, teachers), (accountants, accountants), (engineers, engineers), (conductors, conductors) of railway trains. 11. The most important (sectors, sectors) of the institute were reorganized. 12. Five-ton trucks drove out of the gate, (bodies, bodies) they were filled to the brim with bags and boxes. Answer: 1. Qualified lecturers were selected to conduct interviews and reports. 2. Large patches of multi-colored leather lay in the corner of a shoemaker's shop. 4. A boy in a tattered jacket and trousers ran forward, shreds of his clothes fluttering in the wind. 5. The shepherd put his pipe to his lips, and soft, iridescent tones slowly began to spread. 6. The bright moon rose above the horizon, the sky and the sea were painted in soft dark blue tones. 7. Only experienced drivers can drive buses on mountain roads. 8. Numerous searchlights brightly illuminated the squares and streets of the city. 9. Representatives of a wide variety of professions turned out to be in the rest home: doctors, teachers, accountants, engineers, conductors of railway trains. 11. The most important sectors of the Institute were reorganized. 12. Five-ton trucks drove out of the gate, their bodies were filled to the brim with bags and boxes.
4) Form the forms Im.p. from these nouns. plural and R.p. plural Select nouns that have variants.
Orange, accountant, hectare, year, hussar, doctor, boat, kilogram, tangerine, vacation, towel, rail, tomato, cake, Englishman, eggplant, drill, waffle, grenadier, poker, sock, stocking, boot, candle, shoes, heron, manger.
Answer: them. n. pl. r.p. pl. h.
oranges-oranges
bookkeepers
hectares-hectares
years
hussars-hussars, hussars
doctor-doctors
boats-boats
kilograms-kilograms
tangerines-tangerines
holidays
towels-towels
rails-rails
tomatoes-tomatoes
cakes-cakes
English-English
eggplant-eggplant
Buryats-Buryats
waffle waffles
grenadiers-grenadiers
poker-poker
socks-socks
Stocking-stocking
boot boots
candle-candles
shoes-shoes
egrets
nursery
nouns with variants: year-years
5) Which of the two designs: The surgeon performed the operation or The surgeon performed the operation if we are talking about a woman, you will prefer: a) in a strict business speech; b) in scientific speech; c) in oral conversation with friends? Answer: The surgeon performed the operation (a, b) or The surgeon performed the operation (c)
6) Underline the adjectives from which you can form a comparative degree. Form from them simple and complex forms of the comparative degree, if possible.
Big, lively, sonorous, furious, checkered, dexterous, bad, striped, timid, bold, nasty, heavy-duty, ultra-right, purple. Answer: big-more, more/less big
brisk-brilliant, more/less brisk
voiced-voiced, more/less voiced
feisty is already simple. degree comparison
checkered-checkered
dexterous - dexterous, dexterous, more dexterous
bad-worse
striped - exception, no degree
timid-timid, more timid
bolder, bolder
bad - more bad
heavy-duty-superb. degree
ultra-excellent. degree
purple - more purple
7) Open the brackets and choose the correct case form. Indicate the options: Wait (bus, bus), wait (meeting, meetings), wait (decision, solutions), seek (support, support), seek (road, roads), seek (salvation, salvation), seek (glory, fame). Answer: Wait for a bus, wait for a meeting, wait for a decision, seek support, seek a way, seek salvation, seek glory.
8) Correct the mistakes made in the following sentences.
Explain what rules they apply to.
1. In their speeches, one could feel confidence in victory. 2. He was driven by a thirst for action. 3. Great attention should be paid to spelling. 4. First graders already distinguish between sound and letter. 5. The mother was worried about the child. 6. The review of the book briefly outlines its content. 7. In our time, a woman should take an important role in politics. 8. We say that we have reached in the Duma. 9. Many scientists participated in the discussion. 10. After watching the film, work began on a review of it. 11. Absurd, but sometimes insurmountable obstacles to the father in raising children, especially when they know and love them, cripple the child's psyche. 12. We bring the law from beginning to end. Answer: 1. In their performances, one could feel confidence in victory (p.p.). 2. He was led by a thirst for activity (r.p.). 3. More attention should be paid to spelling. 4. First graders already distinguish sound from letters. 5. The mother was worried about the child. 6. The review of the book briefly outlines its content. 7. In our time, a woman should take an important place in politics. 8. In the Duma we talked about what we had achieved. 9. Many scientists participated in the discussion. 10. After watching the film, work began on a review of it. 11. Ridiculous, but sometimes insurmountable obstacles in education, especially when children know and love their father, cripple the child's psyche. 12. We carry out the law from beginning to end.
9) Choose one of the options:
1. The roof was covered (roofing paper - roofing paper). 2. The dressmaker sewed to the sleeve (cuff - cuff). 3. From a vase (sticking out - sticking out) (fresh - fresh) (dahlia - dahlia). 4. On the finger (grew - grew) (thick - thick) callus. 5. The carpenter repaired (aviary - aviary). 6. From severe frost (rail - rail) (burst - burst). 7. The wind clapped (shutters - shutters). Answer: 1. The roof was covered with roofing paper. 2. The dressmaker sewed a cuff to the sleeve. 3. A fresh dahlia was sticking out of the vase. 4. A thick callus has grown on the finger. 5. The carpenter repaired the aviary. 6. The rail burst from severe frost. 7. The wind banged the shutters.
10) Put the words in brackets in the correct form:
1. Both applicants (Petrov) successfully passed the entrance exams to the university. 2. The experience of football coach Oleg (Volk) is being widely introduced. 3. The couple (Sutherland) visited the Russian writer Nikolaev. 5. In the writings of a Japanese scientist (Nikamura). 6. The Cuban chess player (Capablanca) had a unique style of play. 7. Sisters Emma and Katharina (Stolz) have recently returned from a trip to Australia. 8. Our supervisor is in correspondence with the English researcher Barbara (Travers). 9. The Siberian local historian (Belykh) has interesting documents about the history of his native land. 10. The journalist talked with the director of the metallurgical plant Sergey (Maslo) for about an hour. Answer: 1. Both applicants of the Petrovs successfully passed the entrance exams to the university. 2. The experience of football coach Oleg Volk is being widely introduced. 3. The Sutherland couple visited the Russian writer Nikolaev. 5. In the writings of the Japanese scientist Nikamura. 6. The Cuban chess player Capablanca had a unique style of play. 7. Sisters Emma and Katharina Stolz recently returned from a trip to Australia. 8. Our supervisor is in correspondence with the English researcher Barbara Travers. 9. The Siberian local historian Belykh has interesting documents about the history of his native land. 10. The journalist talked with the director of the metallurgical plant Sergei Maslo for about an hour.
11) Correct the sentences, taking into account the norms for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives:
1. This is the simplest way to solve the problem. 2. This example is better. 3. This discovery is the greatest. 4. A worse scenario cannot be imagined. Answer: 1. This is the easiest way to solve the problem. 2. This example is the best. 3. This discovery is the greatest. 4. A worse scenario cannot be imagined
12) Open the brackets, choose the appropriate option, eliminate the wrong forms:
1. Joyfully met after a long separation (two friends - two friends). 2. She painfully fought for her life, afraid to leave without any help (four orphans - four orphans - four orphans). 3. There were (three sons - three sons) in the family, all (three - three) were excellent hunters. 4. The older brothers left, the younger ones waited until their mother (three or three) came for them. 5. When the patient was inseparable (three servants - three servants). 6. The seminar was led (two associate professors - two associate professors). Answer: 1. Two friends happily met after a long separation. 2. She painfully fought for her life, fearing to leave four orphans without any help. 3. There were three sons in the family, all three are excellent hunters. 4. The older brothers left, the younger ones waited for their mother to come for the three of them. 5. Three servants were inseparably with the patient. 6. The seminar was led by two associate professors.
Topic 3. Lexical norms.
Lexical norms are the rules for the use of words in speech: 1) the correct choice of words from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or in form; 2) its use in the meanings that it has in the language; 3) the appropriateness of its use in a particular communicative situation in combinations generally accepted in the language. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.
1) Find sentences in which the words do not correspond to the objects, signs and phenomena that they denote. Fix it
errors associated with violation of lexical norms.
1. The electoral fiesta has begun. 2. He met a galaxy of new computers. 3. The deputies made a decision that contributes to the improvement of the noted shortcomings. 4. Grandma nods kindly with her wrinkled face. 5. This struggle is waged under the thesis of protecting human rights. 6. A presentation of the first issues of the almanac "Vladikavkaz" took place at the regular meeting of the Book Lovers Club.
Answer: 1. The election campaign has begun. 2. He got acquainted with several models of the latest computers. 3. The deputies made an important decision that will help eliminate the existing shortcomings. 4. Grandmother nods affectionately. 5. This fight is carried out under the auspices of the protection of human rights. 6. Presentation of the first issue of the almanac "Vladikavkaz" took place at the next meeting of the Book Lovers Club.
2) Based on explanatory dictionaries, determine the meanings of the following synonyms, their stylistic coloring, as well as their origin in Russian: in which direct and figurative meanings and stable contexts of use they can replace each other, and in which they cannot, and why (give to confirm your answer examples of phrases and sentences with these words):
Restoration - restoration, agitation - propaganda, accident - catastrophe, master - settle in, cooperation - interaction, impulse - push, region - district, reform - change . Answer: Restoration - restoration (Late Latin). Restoration/restoration of the building. Recovery (special)
Agitation (lat.) - propaganda (lat.). Anti-state propaganda/agitation. Promotion of healthy lifestyles. Agitation is the dissemination of any mood in favor of any idea. Propaganda is the spread of ideas.
Accident (French) - catastrophe (Greek). Accident - damage. Catastrophe-1) an unexpected event in novels, dramas, serving as intelligence. 2) a terrible incident. It has a greater expression and tragedy than an accident. Car accident/catastrophe. The strained attitude of the spouses should have finally resolved into some kind of catastrophe.
Learn - live. To master is to learn how to use something. Settle in - explore new places. Master a new computer. Live in a new home.
Cooperation-interaction. Collaboration is participation in a common cause. Interaction (book) - mutual connection; (psychol.) - the process of the direct influence of objects on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditioning and everything. Our company cooperates/interacts with the editorial office of the newspaper "K". After the advent of quantum field theory, the concept of interaction has changed significantly.
Impulse-push (lat.). Impulse-1) a measure of mechanical movement 2) suggestion, motivation. A push is a sharp short blow produced by a movement away from oneself. Give someone a boost. Send electrical impulses.
Region (lat.)-district (French). Region-1) an area, a district, a part of a country that distinguishes itself from other areas by a combination of natural or historical features. 2) a group of nearby countries. An economic-geographical or compositionally close region of the world. The region is a well-known district. certain part of the area.
Reform-change (lat.). Reform is a change introduced by legislation. Change is transformation into something else. Education reform. Changing the meter readings.
3) Find errors in the use of paronymic words, correct them by determining the meanings of the incorrectly used and necessary word in this case according to the explanatory dictionary:
A militant mood reigned in the regiment. The people suffered a double oppression. Predatory destruction of forests led to the formation of ravines. At the end of the meeting, the floor was given to Professor Dyakonov. A lot of facts: climatic and temperature conditions, processing time, the nature of lighting - affect the development of plants. Answer: A warlike mood reigned in the regiment. The people suffered a double oppression. Predatory destruction of forests led to the formation of ravines. At the end of the meeting, the floor was given to Professor Dyakonov. A lot of facts: climatic and temperature conditions, processing time, the nature of lighting - affect the development of plants.
4) Find violations of lexical norms in the following sentences and correct them, determine what types of lexical norms are violated in each case, determine the meanings of misused words from the explanatory dictionary:
He recorded songs of the indigenous aborigines of the North. A new tradition was born in the schools of Syktyvkar. The life of the old peasant woman gradually became intolerable. Today we have guests from Madrid. The nerves of the hunters are tense: a finger at the front sight. On Saturday, the Jaguar boutique will hold a fashion show. Answer: He recorded songs of the indigenous people of the North. A new tradition has appeared in the schools of Syktyvkar. The life of an old peasant woman gradually became unbearable. Today we have guests from Madrid. The nerves of the hunters are tense: a finger on the trigger. On Saturday, the Jaguar Boutique will host a fashion show.
Aborigine is an indigenous person.
1. On Monday there will be a fashion show (model show) by fashion designer Yaroslav Kurylenko called "Flowers of the East". 2. With her ballet charisma, Plisetskaya overshadows those who dance further. 3. The new thriller creates an atmosphere of suspense (tension) in the auditorium. 4. An important role in modern society is played by the creation of advanced technologies, know-how. 5. What is the point of keeping us for eight evenings at the blue screens, waiting for a happy ending?
Answer: 1. On Monday there will be a (model show) by fashion designer Yaroslav Kurylenko called "Flowers of the East". 2. With her charisma, Plisetskaya overshadows those who dance further. 3. The new thriller creates an atmosphere of suspense (tension) in the auditorium. 4. An important role in modern society is played by the creation of advanced technologies. 5. What is the point of keeping us for eight evenings at the blue screens, waiting for a happy ending?
1) Inappropriate - "models-fashion designer" - tautology.
4) Know-how is the secret of production.
6) Find and eliminate errors associated with inaccurate word choice and violation of the norms of lexical compatibility:
1. The company used more advanced equipment. 2. People have a belief in private property, the ability to succeed purely on their own. 3. Now every citizen has the opportunity to own property. 4. The Decree of Emperor Paul I favorably affected the industrialists. 5. Now these functions are reduced in the person of one person. 6. It's time to sum up the results of the meeting. 7. For thirty years, Afanasiev served as a storekeeper and freight forwarder.
Answer: 1. Equipment was used at the enterprise. 2. People have gained confidence in the ability to have private property on their own to succeed. 3. Now every citizen has the opportunity to own property. 4. The Decree of Emperor Paul I favorably affected the industrialists. 5. Now these functions are possible for one person. 6. It's time to sum up the results of the meeting. 7. For thirty years, Afanasiev served as a storekeeper and forwarder.
7) Eliminate speech redundancy and tautology:
1. Federal divisions went deep into the republic. 2. The press is highly positive about the results of the elections. 3. If this is hypothetically assumed, then the situation is seen in a different light. 4. The reform is being carried out with the simultaneous coexistence of old and new governance structures. 5. The initiator and initiator of the movement is the economic association.
Answer: 1. Federal units moved deep into the republic. 2. The press highly appreciates the results of the elections. 3. If this is assumed, then the situation is seen in a different light. 4. The reform is being carried out with the simultaneous existence of old and new governance structures. 5. The initiator of the movement is an economic association.
8) Explain why the following usage is incorrect:
More sophisticated; in the month of May; as soon as possible; mutual cooperation, have a full quorum; see firsthand; meet for the first time; be admitted to a hospital; publish in print; step back; patriot of the motherland; full house; price list; the most optimal; artistic design of the interior; folklore; huge hulk.
Answer: More sophisticated; in May; soon; cooperation, have a full quorum; personally; познакомиться; hospitalize; publish; retreat; patriot; full house; price-list; optimal; interior design; folklore; colossus.
nine). Choose from the words given in brackets the appropriate paronym:
1. He is used to working without strain (methodically, methodically), clearly following all (methodical, methodical) recommendations. 2. We must meet and (negotiate, discuss) those issues that were not (negotiated, discussed) in the agreement. 3. The (critical, critical) analysis of this study was not very (critical, critical). 4. Beware, there is a (angry, malicious) dog in the yard. 5. Everyone who will ride with us on the boat must wear (life, life) jackets. 6. I looked at your (actual, factual) material and find it not very (actual, factual). 7. He showed (economic, master's) interest in solving these (economic, master's) issues.
Answer: 1. He is used to working methodically without strain, clearly following all methodological recommendations. 2. We must get together and discuss those issues that were not specified in the agreement. 3. Critical analysis of this study was not very critical.4. Beware, there is an angry dog in the yard. 5. Everyone who will ride with us on the boat must wear life jackets. 6. I looked at your factual material and find it not very factual. 7. He showed a master's interest in solving these economic issues.
ten). Find and correct errors related to the incorrect use of synonyms, antonyms and paronyms:
1. The old orders and old organizational structures have already been abandoned. 2. Experts in sugar beet growers are confident that the final effect will be significant. 3. This unit can significantly reduce the temperature of the connection of materials. 4. He openly confessed what was hidden from us. 5. Inaccurate facts should alert us. 6. Troekurov had racing dogs in the kennel. 7. Polar explorers drifted on an ice floe. 8. Natasha screamed, numb with fear. 9. Dubrovsky was born into a poor, but rather prosperous family. 10. A strong tuxedo stood over the city - the result of harmful emissions.
Answer: 1. Old order organizational structures have already been discarded. 2. Specialists in beet growers are confident that the final effect will be significant. 3. This unit can significantly reduce the material bonding temperature. 4. He confessed to what was hidden from us. 5. Inaccurate facts should alert us. 6. Troekurov had hounds in the kennel. 7. Polar explorers drifted on an ice floe. 8. Natasha screamed in fear. 9. Dubrovsky was born into a rather prosperous family. 10. There was a strong smoke over the city - the result of harmful emissions.
eleven). Match the following words with pairs with opposite meanings:
Dull, noise, silence, wind, darkens, blossoms, spring, mind.
Answer: dumb-smart
noise-silence
silence-noise
calm wind
darkens-lightens
blooms-withers
spring-autumn
mind-foolishness
12) Indicate the reasons for the occurrence of ambiguity in these sentences and eliminate it:
1. After re-analysis, excellent data were obtained. 2. As an editor, you can leave this term.
Answer:
1. After re-analysis, other data were obtained. 2. As an editor, you can leave this term.
* excellent 1) meaning good 2) different
thirteen). Eliminate speech deficiency in sentences:
1. The language of Shukshin's characters differs sharply from the characters of other authors. 2. The center-left bloc does not yet have and is in great need of a leader.
Answer: 1. The language of Shukshin's characters differs sharply from the language of the characters of other authors. 2. The center-left bloc does not yet have a leader, but it really needs one.
The word is used in an unusual sense.
Wrong choice of word or phraseological unit
It is impossible not to agree with the main pathos of the book. A thousand tanks grappled hand to hand. He easily wielded the Cyrillic alphabet, there was no master more virtuoso for composing messages. It rained heavily yesterday. His heart was pounding, his lips were dry, and he licked them with his tongue. We received a huge number of calls, but not all of them were read. The indigenous people of North America - the Indians - are significantly infringed in their rights. I spent most of the summer months at the dacha. The next day, a discussion of current affairs began. The monument impresses with its bizarre dimensions. The country was divided into three unequal halves. The students listened intently to the teacher's story. A satirical depiction of Russian life is described by Leskov in Bloch. Eugene Onegin differed from other landowners in his exaltation: it was not without reason that “he replaced the old dues with a light yoke for corvee”. If you look closely at these people alive, their impartial features will become noticeable. The images of the main characters are expressively depicted in the novel. The President's words are optimistic. Exams require us to work hard. The new law will make changes, first of all, in the atmosphere of entrepreneurship. The dance of Russian ballerinas shocked the judges. The audience instills confidence in me that I still do a lot as an actor. There are many negative aspects on the image of this politician. The authority of the elders should follow us throughout our lives. Yesenin's image is personified in our minds with a white birch. Chatsky identifies the future Decembrists. I know perfectly well all its advantages and disadvantages, because we have known each other for a week without a year.
Wrong choice of word
leading to the destruction of the meaning of the sentence
I met the professor only twice, so we are on a short footing.
Deputies gain all-Russian fame thanks to scandals. The fire destroyed a large area of the forest.
Error in choosing a paronym
Among the generals there was a militant mood towards the enemy. The floor for the report was presented to the director of the plant. The writer portrayed the hero truthfully and emotionally. Tatyana was brought up by a romantic and sensual young lady. Under feudalism, the people suffered a dual oppression. We were transferred to work in a backward brigade. Everyone is well aware of Gorky's early romantic works. The graduate student submitted the dissertation abstract on time. The early works of the poet are understandable and accessible to everyone. We missed the train for reasons beyond our control. The director signed the application for leave. Mayakovsky stood at the sources of new poetry. Ekko shoes are worn by all employees.
4. Norms of word compatibility are violated
Rumors began in the Duma that a change of government was imminent. When the artist appeared, the applause of the public increased even more. It will take a long time to improve the level of service in stores. Don't be late to buy bonds at the cheapest price! This tradition has revived again in our country. His ambition to become a pilot came true. We have managed to solve these difficult problems. We need to increase our spiritual development. After the revolution, eyewitnesses of that time came forward with memories. The journalist asked the actress a tricky question. It was clear that the question was about changing the head of the bank. The only technical university in our city announced a reduction in student enrollment for next year.
5. Mistakes in the use of a stable combination of words
The murder knocks Raskolnikov out of the norm for a long time. His words played their part. The people do not believe the politicians who sprinkle beautiful phrases with beads. The story of the photocopier box has become the talk of the town. No one is in a hurry to sing incense to us. The guys broke their heads rushed to run to the village. The speaker spoke general phrases and went over from empty to empty. The opponent went into a panic from such an onslaught. The lion's share of deposits was not returned to citizens. The unexpected news put me in an unsolvable impasse. I agreed to this with a grating heart. The military plays an important role in these events. Your offer is not worth a penny. I did not hit my face in the dirt and brilliantly passed the exams. The look of the educator instilled fear and fear in the children. Our athletes are no strangers to achieving success at world championships. I assign a very important role to this meeting, since it can have indelible consequences for the life of our enterprise. Our remarks had no effect on the colleague. This man made a big impact on me. Always and in everything you need to understand the measure. Today, good, unfortunately, has no place to exist. This nomination is of great importance. These two concepts are extremely close to each other. The family plays an important role in a child's life. The governor made the most categorical expressions against political opponents. In a tense situation, the military decided to wave their muscles. The criminals circled the guards like children. No matter how I tried to gild the pill, the boss was very offended. Of all the qualities of a person, honesty and decency are at the forefront.
6. Tautology (repetition of the same or the same root words)
This incredible incident happened to me in my youth. For an unprepared student, the lesson lasts longer. These lines of Leskov are addressed not to a policeman, but to a quarterly. The level of public service will be raised to a higher level. The hotel project was designed by a young architect. The gentle bank of the river is overgrown with dense thickets. The use of mineral fertilizers brings great benefits to plants. The disadvantage of her book is the insufficient development of questions. We are chasing fame and money. On the occasion of the New Year holiday, the President addressed the people with a televised greeting. On closer examination, there is a crisis of culture.
7. Pleonasm (verbosity, the use of words that are unnecessary for semantic completeness)
In Tolstoy, each character has its own individual traits. He told me the autobiography of his life. Contemporary songs cannot be compared with the beauty of folklore. Veterans were given memorable souvenirs and gifts. The parties signed an agreement on mutual cooperation. The performance became possible with the help and thanks to the sponsors. At the end of his speech, the speaker summarized his proposals briefly. We need to mutually help each other, mutually support each other. I memorized these verses very well. Everyone was talking about the scandal, but, nevertheless, there were people who did not hear about it. Racer number 5 is in the lead. The first premiere of the ballet took place in Riga. Everyone was talking about the scandal, but, nevertheless, there were people who did not hear about it. Racer number 5 is in the lead. The first premiere of the ballet took place in Riga. Goodness, conscience, truth seem to be archaisms that have long since become obsolete. The comrades did me a disservice. On closer examination, there is a crisis of culture. The great Russian ballerina Ekaterina Geltser danced on the platform of the stage until almost the age of seventy.
8. Mixing different styles
On the eve of the upcoming battle, the soldiers checked their ammunition and cleaned their weapons. For lack of a red rose, my life will be broken. On the very edge of the pier you stand with your head up. The Rostov family lived in Otradnoye. Answering a question about the content of the dissertation, the applicant scolded his opponent. Pechorin was not a self-possessed person, he could flare up, unfairly swear at Bela.
