Buryats. Story

Evenks are one of the largest peoples of Siberia. This ethnos entered the orbit of Russian statehood in the 16th century with the ethnonym "Tungus", which, not being a self-name, was used to designate Evenks until the 20th century. It is believed that the ancestral home of the Evenks is the Baikal region, the second version claims that the ancestral home of the Evenks in the Baikal region is the Amur region. As a result of the mixing of tribal formations of different origins, three main economic and cultural types of the Evenks were formed - “foot” (hunters), “deer” and “horse”. The latter include the Khamnigans who lived in Transbaikalia and Mongolia. The traditional dwelling of the Evenks was the chum. According to the Evenki language, they belong to the Tungus-Manchurian branch of the Altai language family. Part of the Evenks switched to the Yakut and Buryat languages. Anthropological Evenks represent the South Siberian type of a large Mongoloid race. The first contacts of Evenks with Russians date back to 1605-1609, when the latter reached the Yenisei. The ethnos of the Evenks was then at the stage of formation. Their own ethnonyms: Orochen, Kilen. hamnigan, solon, ongkor, manyagir, kumarchen. murchen. Over the years Soviet power Evenks switched to a settled way of life. Settlements appeared, life changed. At the same time, the traditional culture of the Evenks was lost. In 1991, the Republican Center of Evenk Culture "Arun" and the Fund for the Revival of the Evenki People were established in Ulan-Ude. Today, on the territory of the republic, the Evenk population is concentrated in the northern regions: Bauntovsky Evenk, Barguzinsky, Severobaikalsky, Kurumkansky. Number - 1.6 thousand people 0.2% of the total number of people living in the republic.

The Republic of Buryatia is part of Russian Federation. Representatives of the Buryats are: Ekhirits, Bulagats, Khorints, Khongodors and Selengins.

Religious views in Buryatia are divided into 2 groups - eastern and western.

In the east, Lamaist Buddhism is preached, and in the west, Orthodoxy and shamanism.

Culture and life of the Buryat people

The culture and life of the Buryat people was influenced by the influence of various peoples on their ethnic group. But despite all the changes, the Buryats managed to preserve the cultural values ​​of their kind.

Since ancient times, the Buryats lived in prefabricated portable dwellings, the reason for which was the nomadic lifestyle. They erected their houses from lattice frames and felt coverings. Outwardly, it was very similar to a yurt being built for one person.

The life of the Buryat people was based on cattle breeding and agriculture. Economic activity Buryats was reflected in their culture, customs and traditions. Initially, nomadic cattle breeding was in demand among the population, and only after the accession of Buryatia to the Russian Federation, cattle breeding and agriculture acquired material value for people. Since then, the Buryats have been selling their booty.

In handicraft activities, the Buryat people used mainly metal. Blacksmiths created works of art when iron, steel or silver plates fell into their hands. In addition to aesthetic value, finished handicraft products were a source of income, an object of sale. In order to give the product a more precious look, the Buryats used gems as decoration products.

On the appearance The national clothes of the Buryat people were influenced by their nomadic way of life. Both men and women wore degles - a dressing gown without a shoulder seam. Such clothes were straight, expanding towards the bottom. In order to sew a winter deagle, it was necessary to use more than 5 sheepskins. Similar fur coats were decorated with fur and various fabrics. Everyday dagles were covered with ordinary fabric, and festive ones were decorated with silk, brocade, velvet and plush. The summer attire was called terling. It was sewn from Chinese silk and embroidered with gold and silver threads.

Traditions and customs of the Buryat people

The traditions and customs of the Buryat people are closely connected with their everyday life: farming, hunting and farming. Often from the ancestral yurts came various sounds of animals - ducks, pigeons, geese. And the inhabitants of this house published them when they played various games or simply sang songs. Hunting games include: Hurayn naadan, Baabgayn naadan, Shonyn naadan and others. The essence of these games was to show as plausibly as possible the habits of the animal, the sounds that it makes.

Many games and dances were not just entertainment, but also a kind of ritual. For example, the game "Zemkhen" was arranged so that unfamiliar clans would become closer to each other in communication.

Blacksmiths also had interesting customs. In order to consecrate their forge, they performed the rite "Khihiin Khuurai". If after this rite a dwelling burned down or a person died from a lightning strike, "Neryeeri naadan" was arranged, on the days of which special ceremonies were held.

Traditions, customs and culture of the Buryat people

Language, culture and art

Buryat customs, rituals and traditions

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Introduction

The basis of the spiritual culture of the Buryats is a complex of spiritual values ​​related in general to the culture of the Mongolian ethnic group. In conditions when for many centuries the population of the Baikal region was influenced by many peoples of Central Asia, and later with being part of Russia, due to the fact that Buryatia was at the junction of two cultural systems - Western Christian and Eastern Buddhist - culture the Buryats seemed to be transformed, remaining in appearance the same.

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Family and household customs

A large patriarchal family was the main social and economic unit of the Buryat society. Buryat society at that time was tribal, that is, there was a division into clans, clan groups, then tribes. Each clan led its genealogy from one ancestor - the ancestor (udkhauzuur), the people of the clan were connected by close blood ties. Strict exogamy was observed, i.e. A Buryat could not marry a girl of his own kind, even if the relationship between them was very conditional, in several generations. A large family usually lived as follows - each ulus consisted of several auls. In the village there were one, two, three or more yurts with different outbuildings. In one of them, she usually stood in the center, the elder of the family lived, an old man with an old woman, sometimes with some orphans - relatives.

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Some Buryats, like the Mongols, had a family of their youngest son, an odkhon, who was supposed to take care of his parents. Elder sons with their families lived in other yurts. The whole aul had common arable land, mowing, cattle. Further, their relatives lived in the ulus - uncles (nagasa), cousins. At the head of the clan was the leader - noyon. When the genus greatly increased and generations grew up, because of the interests of its branches, they resorted to dividing it - a rite of departure from kinship was carried out, when the separated family constituted a separate genus - obok. All the elders of the family came to the ceremony. Everyone prayed to spirits and ancestors. At the border - the border of the lands of families - they broke a cauldron and a bow in two, they said: "Just as the two halves of the cauldron and the bow do not form a single whole, so the two branches of the clan will no longer unite."

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So one genus was divided into tribal divisions. Several clans, in turn, made up a tribe; among the Buryats, a tribe is called by the name of the first ancestor. Either the tribe was simply a community of people united by tribal ties, like the Bulagats and Ekhirits, or the tribe had a head - as a rule, the head of the oldest clan, like the Khori - Buryats. Separate groups of clans, in turn, could also be separated into a tribal formation, like ikinats. In the Buryat communities, there was a custom of mutual assistance during migrations, building yurts, rolling felt, organizing weddings, and funerals. Later, in connection with the development of land ownership and haymaking, assistance was provided in the harvesting of bread and hay. Mutual assistance was especially developed among women in dressing leather, shearing sheep, and rolling felt. This custom was useful in that labor-intensive work was quickly and easily carried out by common efforts, an atmosphere of friendship and collectivism was created.

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wedding ceremony

Stages of the rite: preliminary agreement, matchmaking, wedding appointment, trip of the groom with relatives to the bride and payment of bride price, bachelorette party (basaganainaadan - girl's game), searching for the bride and departure of the wedding train, waiting at the groom's house, marriage, consecration of a new yurt. Wedding customs and traditions in different ethnic groups had their own characteristics. According to existing traditions, all relatives of the bride had to give gifts to her during the wedding. The parents of the newlyweds remembered well those who presented gifts in order to later repay with an equivalent gift.

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Children

Children occupy a significant place in the life of Buryats. The most common and good wish among the Buryats was considered: "Have sons to continue your family, have daughters to marry." The most terrible oath consisted in the words: “Let my hearth go out!” The desire to have children, the consciousness of the need to procreate was so great that it gave rise to the custom: in the absence of one's children, to adopt strangers, mainly children of one's relatives, most often boys. Under customary law, a man could take a second wife into the house if he had no children from his first marriage. The father and mother of the child were not called by proper names: the name of the child was added to the words “father” or “mother” (for example, Batynaba - father of Batu). Six or seven days after the birth, the rite of placing the child in the cradle was performed. This ceremony was, in essence, a family celebration, at which relatives and neighbors gathered to give gifts to the newborn. The name of the child was given by one of the senior guests. In families where children often died, the child was given a dissonant name in order to divert the attention of evil spirits from him. Therefore, there were often names denoting animals (Bukha - Bull, Shono - Wolf), offensive nicknames (Khazagay - Crooked, Teneg - Stupid) and such names as Shuluun (Stone), Balta (Hammer), Tumer (Iron).

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Settlement and dwellings

The nomadic way of life has long determined the type of hermetically closed compact dwelling - a collapsible structure made of a lattice frame and felt covering, round at the base and with a hemispherical top. Under certain conditions, the yurt is a perfect design both in practical and aesthetic terms. The dimensions of the yurt correspond to the scale of a person. The internal layout takes into account the interests and tastes of its inhabitants, provides household activities. The Buryat name of a felt yurt is heeyger, and a wooden one is modonger. A yurt is a light, collapsible building adapted for transportation on pack animals.

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The diameter of the yurt reached 10 meters. In the center, to support the ceiling, poles with a beam were installed. The ceiling of the yurt was covered with soaked bark, turf and wood. Inside the yurt was conditionally divided into two halves. In the western part - baruun tala - there were harnesses, tools and weapons, ongons - images of spirits hung on the wall, and in the eastern part - zuun tala - there was a kitchen, a pantry. According to customs, a married woman was forbidden to enter the western half. The northern part of the yurt - khoymor - was located opposite the door. Here, under the protection of fire, they put a shaky (corners) with baby, planted guests. In the middle of the yurt there was a hearth and a togoon - a large cast-iron cauldron. The smoke rose up and exited through a hole in the ceiling. The hearth was considered sacred, and numerous rules and rituals are associated with it. A wooden bed was installed in the northwest side, shelves for utensils were built in or simply placed in the wall of the northeast side. Outside, a porch was sometimes attached, and a hitching post was dug in - serge, the top of which was decorated with carved ornaments. Serge served as an object of special reverence and was an indicator of the family's prosperity, since his absence meant horselessness, poverty.

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Cattle breeding and agriculture

In the economy of the Buryats in the XVII century. nomadic (Transbaikalia) and semi-nomadic (Pribaikalia) pastoralism played a dominant role. Hunting and agriculture were of secondary importance, and the degree of their development depended on cattle breeding. The accession of Buryatia to Russia gave a new impetus to the further development of the Buryat economy: the natural economic structure is being destroyed, commodity-money relations are deepening, and more progressive forms of farming are being formed. Sheep were of particular importance. Meat was used for food, felt was made from wool, and clothes were made from sheepskin.

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Along with cattle breeding, the Buryats had arable farming. Before the arrival of the Russians, it was predominantly hoe, that is, in the same form in which it was inherited from the Kurykans. Later, mainly under the influence of the Russians, the Buryat farmers got wooden harrows and plows, to which the horse was harnessed. Bread was harvested with pink salmon scythes, later with Lithuanian scythes. The Buryats sowed rye, and, to a lesser extent, wheat, oats and barley. Of the large crops, millet and buckwheat were sown in some places. Agricultural work usually fit into the traditional time frame, which was very tight, for example, sowing of spring crops began on May 1 and ended on the 9th.

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Hunting

Individual hunting, widespread throughout the ethnic territory of the Buryats, in the forest-steppe zone was represented by active and passive forms, various methods and techniques: tracking, chasing, luring, ambush, hunting a bear “on a den”. The passive form of hunting, known to the Buryats, was for the production of wild meat and fur animals. The Buryats have long had two types of hunting - collective battling (aba) and individual (atuuri). In the taiga and forest-steppe zone, the Buryats hunted such large animals as elk, deer, and bear. They also hunted wild boar, roe deer, musk deer, hunted squirrel, sable, ermine, ferret, otter, lynx, badger. On Lake Baikal, seals were caught.

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Buryat crafts

Buryat art metal is a culture both material and artistic. It was created by the creative efforts of blacksmiths, whose artistic products served as one of the most effective means of aesthetic design of folk life. The artistic metal of the Buryats was closely connected with the life and life of the people and reflected aesthetic concepts people. The monuments of the jewelry art of the past centuries are iron and steel plates with silver notches and a silver surface with niello patterns. The shape of the plates of varying complexity is a circle, a rectangle, a rosette, a combination of a triangle with a rectangle and a circle, an oval. In order to increase the decorative effect of the plates, semi-precious stones were used - carnelian, lapis lazuli, malachite, as well as coral and mother-of-pearl.

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The Buryats excellently used silver and tin incisions on steel and iron, filigree and granulation, silvering and gilding, engraving and openwork carving, mother-of-pearl inlay and simple cutting of colored stones, burnishing and blackening, casting and stamping. Many items of women's and men's jewelry are cast from noble metals and undergo final processing by forging and grinding. These are silver braids, rings and bracelets. Jewelry is divided into head, braid, ear, temporal, shoulder, belt, side, hand jewelry.

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Food

The nomadic economy also determined the nature of the food. Meat and various dairy products were the main food of the Buryats. It should be emphasized that meat and especially dairy foods were of ancient origin and were of great variety. Dairy products were consumed by the Buryats in liquid and solid form. Tarag (curdled milk), khuruud, airuul (dry cottage cheese), urme (foam), airig (buttermilk), bislag and heege (kinds of cheese) were prepared from milk. Butter was obtained from whole milk, sometimes sour cream. Koumiss was prepared from mare's milk, and archi (tarasun) was made from cow's milk. The abundance of dairy food among the Buryats came from the beginning of spring, when the calving of cows began. Meat food occupied exclusively important place in the food of the Buryats. The value and quantity of its consumption increased in winter. Horse meat was considered the most satisfying and best in taste, followed by lamb. For a change, they used animal meat - goat meat, locust meat, hare and squirrel meat. Sometimes they ate bear meat, upland and wild waterfowl. There was also a custom to prepare for the winter uuse - horse meat.

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Buryat clothing

Traditional men's clothing Buryat - a dressing gown without a shoulder seam - a winter degel and a summer one on a thin lining. Traditional men's outerwear was straight-backed, i.e. not detachable at the waist, with long hemlines that widen downwards. The men's dressing gowns of the Buryats of Transbaikalia and Cisbaikalia differed in cut. For the Trans-Baikal Buryats, the Mongols are characterized by swing clothes with the smell of the left floor on the right with one-piece sleeves. The deep smell provided warmth for the chest part of the body, which was important during long riding. Winter clothes were sewn from sheepskin, 5-6 skins were used to sew one degel. Initially, the degel made of smoky sheepskins was not decorated, fur protruded along the edges of the collar, sleeves, hem and bodice.

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Subsequently, all edges began to be sheathed, edging with plush, velvet or other fabrics. Sometimes degels were covered with cloth: for everyday work - cotton (mainly dalemba), elegant degels - with silk, brocade, semi-brocade, chesusa, velvet, plush. The same fabrics were used when sewing an elegant summer terlig. The most prestigious and beautiful were considered fabrics woven with gold or silver - Chinese silk - patterns, the image of dragons were made of gold silver threads - probably, the traditional love for metal had an effect here. Since such fabrics were very expensive, not everyone had the opportunity to sew a dressing gown entirely from silk. Then expensive fabrics were used for appliqué, bodice trim, sleeves, sleeveless jackets. Men's and women's degels have all genders - upper (urdahormoy) and lower (dotorhormoy), back (ara tala), front, bodice (seezhe), sides (enger). Fur products were sewn using the huberdehe method, sewing loops over the edge, the seam was then closed with decorative braid. Clothing from fabrics was sewn using the hushezhe method - “needle forward”. One piece of fabric was sewn onto another, then the edge of the bottom layer was turned up and stitched again.

Irina Khomyakova
Presentation “Project “Five Treasures of the Buryat People”

PROJECT

« five jewels»

Target project: who are namadnye animals, what are their jewel?

Tasks:

Learn about five treasures of the Buryat people,

Use of different sources to replenish knowledge.

Explore the life of these animals and their relationships in nature.

Instill a love for nature careful attitude to animals

Members: children preparatory group, parents.

Duration project: April-May 2016

Expected result of studying the topic

Discover:

About what animals belong to namadnye animals;

What benefit do they bring to a person.

That everything in nature is interconnected.

Taban khushuun small - five summit animals were the main ones in the nomadic culture Buryat. In the circle of this honorary "five" includes camel, horse, bull, sheep and goat. Our skilful ancestors made leather, belts, whips, products for horse harness, warm, comfortable clothes - dohas, pinigi, mittens from skins. Felt, felt raincoats, various capes, hats were made from wool. From tendons - threads that were used for making bows, for sewing together the edges of coarse clothing, and it was also a healing material. The bones were used to make jewelry and toys. And of course, meat, all the entrails, and animal milk were eaten. Nothing was thrown away as a sign of respect for them. "Five" peacefully coexisted with each other, perfectly preserving the environment, humus: animals did not trample the grass of another animal.

A large number of fairy tales, legends, riddles of songs have been written about them.

Each nomadic animal carries its own meaning, sometimes secret:

The camel is considered the inviolable messenger of the supreme deity,

new territories were conquered on horseback,

the cow gave milk, mother's milk, grandmother's "splashed" establishing a connection with space.

The goat symbolized lightness, good health, strengthened friendship,

sheep - warmth, harmony, fertility.

Related publications:

Synopsis of GCD with children of the second junior group "Review of the Buryat folk costume" Synopsis of GCD with children 2 junior group“Examination of the Buryat folk costume” Prepared by the educator: Nimaeva Darima Garmaevna.

Project "Legends and tales of the Verkhoyansk ulus to familiarize children with the culture of their people" Methodological developments: "Legends and tales of the Verkhoyansk ulus to familiarize children with the culture of their people" In the project "National.

Presentation "Customs of the Ossetian people!" Dear colleagues! for you, I have prepared a multimedia presentation called "Customs of the Ossetian people". I developed this one.

Project "Life and culture of the Slavic people" The purpose of the project: Raising a sustainable interest in the knowledge of the history and culture of the Slavic people. Tasks: To acquaint with history and culture.

The project "Formation of tolerance among older preschoolers through familiarization with the culture of the Shor people" Lives in Siberia.

Project "Household utensils of the Komi people" MADOU "Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 17" Syktyvkar Project on the theme " housewares Komi people "Educators of the middle group.

Project "Culture and traditions of the Russian people" Relevance preschool age pay attention to the spiritual and moral development of children, which contributes.