Broadband Internet access. Broadband access High-speed Internet access

broadband internet

Broadband or high-speed Internet access - Internet access at a data transfer rate exceeding the maximum possible when using dial-up access using a modem and the public telephone network. It is carried out using wired, fiber-optic and wireless communication lines of various types.

If dial-up access has a bitrate limit of about 56 kbit / s and completely occupies the telephone line, then broadband technologies provide many times higher data exchange speed and do not monopolize the telephone line. In addition to high speed, broadband access provides a continuous connection to the Internet (without the need to establish a dial-up connection) and the so-called "two-way" communication, that is, the ability to both receive ("download") and transmit ("upload") information at high speeds.

Allocate mobile broadband access (mobile broadband access) and fixed broadband access. Fixed broadband is based on wired connections, while mobile broadband includes data transmission over wireless connections.

Mobile broadband currently uses WCDMA/HSPA (3.5G generation), HSPA+ (3.75G generation) mobile communication technologies. 4G technologies are also used: WiMax and LTE.

There is also a broadband Internet access technology that operates in DVB-T2 digital terrestrial TV terrestrial networks.

Dial-up Internet access

Dial-up remote access is a service that allows a computer, using a modem and a public telephone network, to connect to another computer (access server) to initialize a data transfer session (for example, to access the Internet). Typically, dial-up refers only to Internet access on a home computer or dial-up access to a corporate network using the point-to-point PPP protocol (theoretically, the outdated SLIP protocol can also be used).

Availability

Telephone communication via modem does not require any additional infrastructure other than the telephone network. Since telephone points are available all over the world, this connection remains useful for travelers. Connecting to the network using a dial-up modem is the only choice available in most rural or remote areas where broadband access is not possible due to low population density and demands. Sometimes dial-up networking can also be an alternative for people on a budget, as it is often offered free of charge, although broadband is now more and more available at lower prices in most countries. However, in some countries, dial-up Internet access remains the main one due to the high cost of broadband access, and sometimes the lack of demand for the service among the population. Dialing takes time to establish a connection (several seconds, depending on location) and perform a handshake before the data transfer can take place.

The cost of Internet access via dial-up access is often determined by the time spent by the user on the network, and not by the amount of traffic. Dial-up access is a non-permanent or temporary connection, because at the request of the user or ISP, it will be broken sooner or later. Internet service providers often set a limit on the duration of the connection and disconnect the user after the allotted time, as a result of which a reconnection is necessary.

Performance

For modern modem connections, the maximum theoretical speed is 56 kbps (when using V.90 or V.92 protocols), although in practice the speed rarely exceeds 40-45 kbps, and in the vast majority of cases it is kept at no more than 30 kbps /sec. Factors such as telephone line noise and the quality of the modem itself play a large role in the meaning of communication speeds. In some cases, on a particularly noisy line, the speed may drop to 15 kbps or less, such as in a hotel room where the telephone line has many spurs. A dial-up connection via a modem typically has a high latency of up to 400 milliseconds or more, which makes online gaming and video conferencing extremely difficult or impossible. The first first-person games (3d-actions) are the most sensitive to response time, making tethered play impractical.

Using compression to exceed 56 kbps

Today's V.42, V.42bis, and V.44 standards allow a modem to transfer data faster than its data rate would imply. For example, a 53.3 kbps connection with V.44 can transmit up to 53.3*6 = 320 kbps using clear text. The problem is that compression tends to get better or worse over time due to line noise or the transfer of already compressed files (ZIP files, JPEG images, MP3 audio, MPEG video). On average, the modem will send compressed files at about 50 kbps, uncompressed files at 160 kbps, and clear text at 320 kbps. In such situations, a small amount of memory in the modem (buffer) is used to hold the data while it is being compressed and sent over the phone line, but to prevent buffer overruns, it sometimes becomes necessary to tell the computer to pause the transmission stream. This is achieved through hardware flow control, using additional hooks on the modem's computer connection. The computer is then going to supply the modem at some higher rate, such as 320 kbps, and the modem will tell the computer when to start or stop sending data.

ISP Compression

As phone-based 56K modems began to fall out of favor, some ISPs such as Netzero and Juno began using precompression to increase bandwidth and support their customer base. For example, Netscape ISP uses a compression program that compresses images, text, and other objects before sending them over the telephone line. Server-side compression is more efficient than the "continuous" compression supported by V.44 modems. Typically, text on websites is compressed to 5%, thus increasing throughput to about 1000 kbps, and images are lossy compressed to 15-20%, which increases throughput to ~350 kbps.

The disadvantage of this approach is the loss of quality: the graphics acquire compression artifacts, but the speed increases dramatically, and the user can manually select and view uncompressed images at any time. ISPs using this approach advertise it as "DSL speed over regular phone lines" or simply "high speed dialup".

Replacement by broadband

Beginning in (approximately) 2000, DSL broadband Internet access replaced conventional dial-up access in many parts of the world. Broadband typically offers speeds of 128 kbps and up at a lower cost than dialup. The ever-increasing volume of content in areas such as video, entertainment portals, media, etc., no longer allows sites to work on dialup modems. However, in many areas, dial-up access is still in demand, namely where high speed is not required. This is partly due to the fact that in some regions the laying of broadband networks is not economically viable or, for one reason or another, is impossible. Although wireless broadband access technologies exist, high investment costs, low returns, and poor communication quality make it difficult to set up the necessary infrastructure. Some dialup carriers have responded to increasing competition by lowering their rates to as low as $150 a month and making dialup an attractive choice for those who simply want to read e-mail or view the news in text format.

With the development of IT technologies, access to the Internet began to be in increasing demand, thus, there was a need for new methods of connection, which became broadband Internet access. With the advent of high-speed Internet, users have more options at minimal cost.

What is broadband internet access?

Many network users, of course, needed the need to receive high-speed and high-quality communication, and best of all, unlimited. Every avid Internet visitor dreams of unlimited traffic and the opportunity to get the necessary information for a small fee.

Broadband access will help satisfy all the needs of Internet users, it is designed to organize access to the network and is actively used by service providers, IP-telephony operators, mobile communications and other organizations.

Broadband Internet access implies the ability not only to access the network at high speed, but also to transfer data from a computer. This is a fundamental difference from the Internet using a modem. The latter operates on the subscriber line principle and is limited to 56 kbit/s transmission. Broadband access is 40 times more efficient - up to 2 Mbps.

Benefits of broadband access

More recently, dial-up access using a modem and a telephone line was the main one. But dial-up access is already outdated, because it blocks the telephone line, and this is not always convenient. High-speed Internet is devoid of this drawback, since it does not affect the line.

The main advantage of broadband access, in addition to high-speed data transmission, is a stable connection to the network and the possibility of "two-way communication", which allows you to receive and send data at high speed in both directions.

Providers as broadband access can also offer DSL using digital telephony, this method, although it allows you to improve the speed of the Internet, however, it is based on the use of the same telephone lines with copper wires. Its advantage lies only in the parallel operation of telephone communications and the Internet.

Broadband Internet access technologies are based on the use of which performs a huge variety of other functions, and satellite communications. At the moment, this is the most promising and reliable way to transfer data.

The convenience of high speed internet

The ability of the Internet user to receive and transmit data of various content at high speed makes life much more convenient. It is impossible to list all the possibilities of broadband access, the main ones are online purchases, applications, ticket booking, online maps and much more.

Broadband access services include digital television services, voice data transmission, and remote data storage.

Broadband, no doubt, can transform the entire Internet. The applications of this access have yet to be explored to help unlock its full potential.

Types of broadband connection

• Wired Access - Based on wired access technologies such as Ethernet.
• Wireless Broadband - Based on wireless technology like Radio-Ethernet.

Varieties of broadband Internet access

In hard-to-reach places, this type of Internet is almost the only way to connect with the world.

2. Broadband Internet access using 3G/4G technology.

4G Internet is cheaper than the previous connection, so it is more logical to choose it, if, of course, there is such a choice. If there is either the first option or the second, then you need to be content with the access that is available.

Networks with 3G / 4G access are not rational to install at a distance of more than 20-30 km from residential areas, so areas that are poorly populated are forced to make do with VSAT.

3. High-speed Internet with access via FOCL.

Access through a fiber-optic communication line uses as a signal carrier e / m radiation of the optical range, as guiding systems - optically transparent fiber.

The main advantage of FOCL is that the lines are not subject to E/M interference and are inaccessible for unauthorized use.

Broadband prospects

Broadband Internet access certainly has great prospects, because Internet users are experiencing an increasing need for high-speed access. Cable and telephone networks are used for this purpose. In the market of the Russian Federation, the most common and promising way of broadband access is ADSL technology, for which telephone networks are used. Turning to this technology, the user can use the Internet, while having an unoccupied telephone line.

However, a large share of the high-speed access market is occupied by home ETTH networks. A fiber optic backbone is connected to the user and Ethernet switches are installed. Compared to ADSL, this method requires more time and money for indoor wiring, but it provides users with the highest speed.

Broadband access as a corporate connection

Why is broadband access essential for solving business problems? Because it provides guaranteed high speed, which saves time. And this is a very important moment in the modern world.

Not only speed is an indicator, because of which it is worth choosing broadband access. It is very important to pay attention to quality. Broadband access is subject to absolutely no disconnections, and other problems that users of other types of network connections have had to face are also eliminated. It also preserves nerve cells.

High-speed Internet is indispensable in the work of companies, it will help to organize the smooth operation of not only each individual employee, but the company as a whole, and this is a really important plus.

Thus, we can conclude that broadband access plays an irreplaceable role in the organization of high-speed Internet access. Whether it's for individual subscribers or corporations, broadband is the future, and it's hard to argue with that.

The Internet has long become the norm for all inhabitants of the planet. Thanks to him, money transactions are carried out, people watch TV shows, study at master classes, learn previously unknown information. However, connecting to the Internet is not easy. You must be connected via a local network, through a mobile provider, or in another way. Internet connection is carried out using fiber optic cable, twisted pair, ADSL, or wireless Wi-Fi.

Cable connection

The most common type of connection is cable. This type of connection is carried out using twisted pair or optical fiber. twisted pair is a cable consisting of four pairs of copper wires. It receives and transmits a signal. Modern providers conduct Internet to apartment buildings in this manner: a router is installed, a wire comes to it and, using a connector, is connected to a distributor, from which wires are already routed to the apartments. At the junction with the computer, the ends of these wires are crimped with a connector.

twisted pair

Optical fiber is already a more modern means of transmitting information at a distance. It is also connected and has almost the same junction boxes as twisted pair, but with the difference that over an optical cable information is transmitted at speeds up to 1 Gb per second, while over twisted pair only up to 100 Mb / s.

Connecting FTTB or optics to the house is a connection to the World Wide Web using fiber optics, and distribution to the apartment is done using twisted pair.

Twisted pair connected either directly in the system unit, or in home wifi router. Using this connection, it is possible to provide users' apartments not only with the Internet, but also with a telephone and digital television.

GPon is gigabit link. It provides users with high-speed access up to 1 gigabit per second. The cable is connected in the user's apartment to a special media converter, which in turn receives data and distributes it to the user's devices. Such equipment began to appear in our cities quite recently.

The local network

The principle of local connection is to connect several computers at home or in a factory to one network, for which the provider allocates an IP address. This address can be static or dynamic.

When connected with dynamicIP, the provider automatically assigns you the necessary settings at certain intervals. Nothing is required of you, just plug the cable into your computer and connect to the Internet.

StaticIP differs from the first one in that the provider issues the settings to the user and he already configures his computers, network card and Internet access. The positive side of a static IP is that it's handy for online services that ask you for an IP address. The router most often automatically determines the IP.

This technology is called Ethernet.

VPN network

A virtual private network or VPN is a technology for encrypting data. Thus, your data is protected at the time of transmission. They safely and safely reach the provider. Working with a virtual private network is most often implemented in several ways:

Combined connection

This type of connection combines several types of connections at the same time. Usually the first is a virtual private network, and the second is a dynamic or static IP. Such a connection is rarely used, as it is the most difficult.

Phone line

Now the world is dominated by cable connection, and the telephone line is gradually becoming a thing of the past. But in such remote areas from large cities or desert areas, it still has its own meaning, because it is not advisable and expensive to pull the cable there.

Internet through a home phone is transmitted over a telephone line several types of communication:

• ADSL, SHDSL, VDSL are varieties of Digital Subscriber Line or DSL. ADSL uses a telephone line to transfer data and connects to a computer via a modem and cables. In addition, with the help of this connection, not only the Internet works, but also the phone. Truth, throughput this type of connection is very small compared to modern cable installations. If the first one uses asymmetric data transmission, SHDSL in turn uses symmetric duplex transmission. The speed of such a connection on one pair is no more than 2.3 megabits per second. VDSL is ultra high speed digital subscriber line. This technology is used when connecting fiber from the provider to the user switch, and from the latter via a twisted pair cable to the system unit. With the help of this technology, a high data reception rate is achieved over short periods.
• DIAL UP (dial-up access) is the oldest type of data transmission over a telephone line. Transmission speed about 56 kilobits per second. You cannot make phone calls at this time, otherwise the connection to the Internet will be disconnected. The modem is connected to the telephone line and to the computer. The modem is connected by number, and the user gets access to the network.

TV cable DOCSIS

Access is via TV cable. It is brought into the apartment for the subscription and distributed to the TV and modem, or immediately goes to the computer. 300 megabits per second is his maximum speed. But this type of connection is not common.

This type of data transmission has become the most popular lately. After all, no cables or routers are needed. Most importantly, you must have a phone with you that supports 2G, 3G, 4G and is in the coverage area of ​​​​the communication provider.

2G- the slowest telephone connection technology. Previously used on the first smartphones. Its speed is measured in kilobits per second. It was also called GPRS, which replaced the GSM standard

3G (3 rd Generation) - this connection model is also already outdated, but still in use. Its speed reaches 40 megabits per second.

4G/LTE is a new network connection format that maintains speed data transfer up to 300 megabits per second.

5G is replacing all standards. This type of connection is still being tested. But they are committed to introduce it in Western countries by 2020. He has already passed the first test with great success. In Russia, the first tests of 5G technology will be held during the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Satellite Internet

Satellite Internet is the most expensive. There are two types of such network entry - one-way and two-way. At unilateral transmission takes place over a terrestrial channel, and when bilateral The exchange takes place via satellite. The speed at the same time reaches tens of megabits per second.

WiMax or WiFi

WiMax is a connection by means of highly focused microwaves. This type of network access is used on long distances and provides a broadband connection, and it also uses the MAC address protocol.

Wi-Fi is needed for broadband Internet access within the office or at home. He operates on unlicensed bands. This type of communication is more common and adapted to the average user.

FAQ

Now we understand how communication with the World Wide Web takes place through our devices. But many users ask questions about what is broadband access, open internet or others. So let's take a look at the most common ones.

Open Internet is often used by providers in the names of tariffs. This is the internet which is charged after the end of the traffic, which is included in the subscription fee.

Broadband access (broadband) is access to the network at a speed much more than the speed of a modem or telephone network.

Some are interested in what networks are. There are three connection types:

• LAN– local computer networks. These networks are mostly owned by one organization and have a coverage of several kilometers or tens of meters. Such networks can be connected to each other through a ring. Or in line mode using routers. The second way is much more convenient and efficient.
• Regional networks. Their coverage reaches 100 kilometers. Usually these are city, regional networks.
• Global. In fact, this is an Internet network that connects all the computers in the world into one big web.

In addition, you can highlight division by the method of communication (wired and wireless), the method of control (with centralized and decentralized control) and by the composition of computing facilities (homogeneous and heterogeneous).

And finally, if you want to know the type of connection your computer has to the Internet, for this you need to right-click on the computer icon in the lower right corner of the screen and open network control center and general access.

In the window that opens, click " Change adapter settings».

On the screen you will see a window where all your connections will be displayed.

The one without the red X icon is the current connection. To find out in more detail, it is better to contact the provider, or determine the type based on the above methods.

Broadband Internet access(abbreviated as broadband access) is also called high-speed access, which reflects the essence of this term - access to the Network at high speed - from 128 kbps and higher. Today, when even 100 Mbps are available to home subscribers, the concept of "high speed" has become subjective, depending on the needs of the user. But the term broadband access was introduced at the time of widespread dial-up access (dial-up), when a connection is established using a modem connected to the public telephone network. This technology supports a maximum speed of 56 kbps. Broadband access involves the use of other technologies that provide significantly higher speeds. However, a connection such as ADSL technology with a data rate of 128 kbps also applies to broadband access.

From the history of broadband technology development

Approximately in the early 2000s. dial-up technology (dial-ap) has been actively replaced by xDSL technologies (ADSL, HDSL, etc.), which provide a significantly higher access speed. For example, ADSL2+ technology allows you to download data at a maximum speed of 24 Mbps, and give - at a speed of 3.5 Mbps. To obtain access using xDSL technology, a modem and a telephone line are also used, however, unlike dial-up access, the line is not fully occupied, that is, it remains possible to use both the telephone and the Internet at the same time.

Broadband today

Today, broadband Internet access is provided by various technologies - both wired and wireless. The former include the xDSL technology family, the DOCSIS technology (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications - data transmission over a television cable), (data transmission in computer networks using twisted pair, optical cable or coaxial cable), the FTTx technology family (fiber to the x - optical fiber to point X) and PLC (Power line communication - data transmission using power lines). As for FTTx, there are two basic varieties, although, in fact, they differ little from each other - (fiber to the building - fiber to the building) and FTTH (fiber to the home - fiber to the house).

Today, wireless Internet access technologies, especially mobile ones, are being actively introduced and developed. Fixed wireless access is provided through satellite Internet, technology and fixed. However, many cellular operators and wireless providers already offer. develop technologies of the "third generation" () and higher, which include communication standards such as, etc. Mobile WiMAX competes with these technologies. In the near future, we can expect the emergence of services based on the latest generation technology - and (3GPP Long Term Evolution), which provides data transfer up to 173 Mbps for reception and 58 Mbps for upload.

Broadband operators

The largest broadband access operator in Russia is the company "", represented in all regions of the country. Rostelecom, through the acquisition of a number of RTOs (interregional communication companies), provides broadband services using various technologies. According to the iKS-Consulting analytical agency, as of the end of the 1st quarter of 2011, Rostelecom occupies 36.1% of the Russian broadband Internet market in the segment of private users. The top three also includes "" (""), with market shares of 9.5% and 8.3%, respectively. These operators provide Internet access both through wired and wireless "third generation" technologies. So, for example, MTS, having acquired the company "", became a major operator of Internet access services using ADSL and ADSL2 + technologies, and. Beeline, in addition to wireless access and mobile communications services, provides the Home Internet service using FTTB technology (fiber to the building - fiber to the building).

In fourth place with a market share of broadband access of 7.7% is the operator "", providing Internet access services under the brand "Dom.ru" using FTTB technology. The Akado company closes the top five of the Russian broadband access market with a share of 3.8%. The operator provides Internet access using DOCSIS and Fast Ethernet technologies.

The remaining Russian broadband providers occupy less than half of the market - 34.6% fall to their share.

Penetration of broadband services

According to iKS-Consulting, in the first quarter of 2011 the penetration of broadband Internet access in Russia reached 36%, the number of subscribers in the private segment amounted to 19 million users. But it should be taken into account that in the local markets, local players - for example, providers in St. Petersburg or providers in Moscow - can occupy significant shares, overtaking these large players in the total subscriber base. In St. Petersburg, among such players: "" (InterZet), "" (brand "", which, however, is now part of Rostelecom), ("SkyNet"), etc. In Moscow, one can mention such companies,.

Currently, the main networks for accessing the Internet are broadband networks or. They replaced dial-up telephone lines, when the connection was made using a modem, which provided a maximum data transfer rate of only 56 kbps, and even then, provided that the wired connections to the PBX were of high quality.
To date, providers providing broadband Internet access services most often use the following technologies: ADSL, Ethernet and FTTx.

The very first technology of high-speed access to the Internet, which was widely used, was ADSL or, translated from English, asymmetric digital subscriber line. It arose on the basis of DSL technology, which was intended for the transmission of video over telephone networks, but did not receive proper development. The difference between ADSL was the presence of asymmetry in the communication channel - the speed of receiving information on the client side was significantly higher.
Ordinary wired telephone lines were used as a communication line, a modem was connected on the user's side, which worked with the equipment installed on the PBX. The functioning of ADSL equipment in the frequency range much higher than the voice one ensured the normal operation of classical telephone communication. The absence of costs for the laying and installation of connecting highways determined the relative cheapness of this method of high-speed access to the Internet at that time.

ADSL technology provided the maximum speed of incoming traffic up to 24 Mbit/s, the data transfer speed was significantly lower - up to 1.5 Mbit/s. The actual numbers were often much lower, as they were determined by the parameters of the connecting line.

At present, the priority direction of organizing broadband access to the Internet is the use of twisted pair (Ethernet technology) and fiber optic communication lines (FTTx technology).
A twisted pair cable is a cable with wires twisted in pairs in an insulating, usually plastic, sheath. Depending on the operating frequency, the cable is divided into several categories.
For 100…1000 Mbit/s networks, CAT5e category twisted pair is most commonly used.

The advantages of twisted pair networks are their low cost and ease of installation.
Disadvantages:

1. Due to losses in copper conductors, the cable has a limitation on the length of the laying.
2. Weather exposure.
3. The need for lightning protection.
4. If it is necessary to increase the speed of the network, it is necessary to replace the entire backbone with a cable of a higher category

All these shortcomings are deprived of broadband access networks built on fiber optic communication lines. Currently, this type of construction of wired networks is the most promising. There are two types of networking on fiber optic communication lines.

The first one is called Fiber To The Home or FTTH. In this option, the fiber-optic line reaches the apartment or house, where the switching equipment is installed directly. This type of connection is able to provide the highest possible speed of access to the external network (1 Gbps or more), but it is also more expensive.
FTTH is reasonable to use in villages or small towns with low-rise buildings located at a considerable distance from each other.

The second type of fiber optic link organization is called Fiber To The Building or FTTB for short. The point of this fiber optic communication technology is that the backbone fiber optic line only reaches the building, usually with a large number of apartments or offices, which are wired by twisted pair. The load of one fiber optic line, as a rule, is 150 ... 250 subscribers, for each of which the data exchange rate is 100 Mbps.
This technology of broadband access to the Internet in terms of monetary costs for installation and subsequent operation is by far the best option for providing high-speed communication services.

Recently, wireless technologies have begun to actively develop, which can compete with wired ones in terms of Internet access speed. We are talking about 4G networks. Currently, high-speed WiMAX networks (802.16 standard) and LTE are actively used.

For example, the so-called "fixed" WiMAX, based on the 802.16d standard, provides a network bandwidth of up to 75 Mbps and a signal coverage radius of up to 100 km.
These technologies will be in demand primarily in areas where the installation of wired networks is impossible for one reason or another, as well as for providing mobile broadband access to the Internet.