Icebreaker "Krasin" The icebreaker "Svyatogor" was built at the shipyard "V.G. Armstrong, Mitchell and Co. in the English city of Newcastle by Russian order, the famous Ermak served as its prototype. The new vessel was intended to extend navigation on the White Sea and had the following

Nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" Second half of the XX century. passed under the sign of the scientific and technological revolution, which affected all areas of technology, including shipbuilding. Quite quickly, steam-powered energy was replaced by diesel, and soon scientists and engineers began to think about

III. What is an icebreaker? A clear concept of what an icebreaker is did not develop immediately, and even in the 20th century. different definitions were given. In the most famous Russian encyclopedia of the late 19th - early 20th century, published by Brockhaus and Efron, this definition is missing. Help (article)

§ 2. "Experience-Icebreaker" In 1865, a military engineer, Colonel N. L. Euler (at that time the head of the Marine construction department of the Kronstadt port) tried to implement the initiative of the chief commander of the port in a rather original way. He suggested using for breaking ice

§ 1. "Icebreaker 1" By the beginning of the last decade of the XIX century. Russia had two relatively modern commercial seaports on the Black Sea - Odessa and Nikolaev. In both of them, navigation was interrupted in winter for several weeks a year due to the appearance of ice on

§ 2. "Icebreaker 2" In Libau (Liepaja), along with a significant expansion of the activities of the commercial port, which was considered ice-free and in winter is actually an outport of the port of St. Petersburg, closed for almost 5 months by ice, construction was underway

§ 4. "Icebreaker" 3 The initiator of the construction of an icebreaker for the Odessa commercial port was the Odessa mayor, who annually, starting from 1891, "entered into relations" on this issue with the ministries of communications, finance and internal affairs. The agreement of the three mighty

§ 5. “Avans” and “Saratov icebreaker” Despite the improvement in the design of port icebreakers that appeared in Russian waters in the last decade of the 19th century, the Steinhaus form was used not only in Gaidamak, but also in 2 port icebreakers of the “Hamburg type” -

§ 8. The second icebreaker (“Ob”) and Mendeleev’s icebreaker To the report on the trip to Siberia (1897), S.O. Ob. The idea of ​​a large icebreaker turned into

§ 1. "Vladimir" and "Icebreaker IV" . Due to many events in the history of Russia in those years

§ 5.5. Military icebreaker "Mikula Selyaninovich" The largest in the North in terms of size and power of the power plant were 2 naval military icebreakers "Svyatogor" and "Mikula Selyaninovich", built by order of the Marine Ministry of Russia. Both ships appeared as a result

CHAPTER 8 The Arctic, Allah, and Alsib Far outside the field of diplomacy, military planning, and politics were the practical problems of ending hostilities and fulfilling protocol obligations, and these problems continued to preoccupy the Western Allies. By the middle of 1943

The lead nuclear icebreaker of project 22220 Arktika is being prepared for launching at the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg. The descent from the slipway of the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker will take several hours, but at the same time it will open a new stage in the development of the Arctic region by Russia, rich in energy resources and strategically important for the country's defense. About why Russia needs nuclear icebreakers and what significance they have for the military sphere - in the editorial material of the website of the Zvezda TV channel. Thousands of tons and grams of fuel The new nuclear icebreaker "Arktika" of project 22220, which should not be confused with the icebreaker of the same name of project 10520, has dimensions comparable to a football field - 173 meters long and 34 wide, with a displacement of 33.5 thousand tons. According to Rosatomflot, the new Arktika will be able to overcome ice up to 2.9 meters thick, while moving at a speed of up to two knots (3.7 kilometers per hour). The ship was laid down in November 2013, and it is planned to hand it over to the operator in 2018 year. Its main tasks are escorting ships and caravans in the Western region of the Arctic, towing ships and floating structures in ice and clear water, and participating in rescue operations. grams of nuclear fuel per day. A piston engine for these purposes would require tens of tons of oil. It is for this reason that diesel-powered icebreakers are in principle not capable of providing year-round navigation in the Arctic. “The RITM-200 reactor is the most modern and advanced nuclear installation for surface ships. Firstly, at the moment it is the most powerful nuclear reactor ever installed on icebreakers. Secondly, RITM-200 is able to work much longer and with a much higher average load, and it needs full fuel refueling several times less than its predecessors. And thirdly, it is the safest: this reactor has a much larger "margin of safety" in the event of emergencies," Vladimir Khrustalev, an expert in the nuclear industry, told the Zvezda TV channel's website.
Icebreakers of the LK-60Ya type (project 22220) were developed in the 2000s, but their construction began only in 2013, when the Arktika was laid down. In addition to it, it is planned to build two more such icebreakers - Sibir (laid down in May 2015) and Ural with commissioning dates in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The reason why the construction of nuclear icebreakers has intensified is, first of all, the intensification of Russia's military presence in the Arctic, however, in addition, these vessels are also capable of solving civilian tasks. The Arctic as a sphere of influence The course for the resumption of the lost military presence in the Arctic was taken by the Ministry of Defense several years ago. Since then, six bases have been built on the Arctic islands and mainland Russia: on the islands of Kotelny (the archipelago of the New Siberian Islands), Alexandra Land (the Franz Josef Land archipelago), Sredny (the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago) and Rogachevo (the Novaya Zemlya archipelago), as well as on Cape Schmidt and Wrangel Island. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, a ballistic missile launched from a submarine in the Barents Sea reaches Moscow in less than 15 minutes, which means that air defense systems in the Arctic are part of the country's "nuclear shield". Secondly, it is in the Russian part of the Arctic that up to 40% of all gas and oil in this region is located, and Russia must fight for them. And thirdly, in 10-15 years the Russian Arctic will become the shortest road from Europe to Southeast Asia. Oil tankers and tankers with artificially liquefied gas will go along the sea Arctic route. And the passage of such vessels without icebreakers can lead to a serious accident. Therefore, it is strategically important to control this path.
The development of military infrastructure in the Arctic is the second project, along with the Crimea, in which huge resources are invested, and it is not surprising that almost all defense industry enterprises (and not only) seek to take part in it. Arctic versions of helicopters (Mi-8AMTSh-VA), air defense systems (Tor-M2, Pantsir) are being built, new all-terrain chassis are being developed, ammunition and protective equipment are being tested in the Far North, new equipment for military personnel, firearms are being created and much more. Rosatomflot is also developing its projects. At the moment, the resource of most of the icebreakers on the balance sheet of Rosatomflot ends in five to seven years. We are talking about the icebreakers "Russia", "Soviet Union", "Yamal" and "50 Years of Victory", as well as "Taimyr" and "Vaigach". In addition, on May 5, the repaired nuclear-powered lighter carrier Sevmorput set off on its first voyage in ten years, and it headed for Kotelny Island, where a military base of the RF Ministry of Defense is being created. It is reported that the ship delivered to the island 5.5 thousand tons of cargo - building materials and food.
Icebreaker for the army The extension of the resource of old icebreakers and the creation of new ones is carried out not only for their use for civilian purposes. Thus, in January 2016, Rosatom Director Sergei Kiriyenko and Chairman of the Supervisory Board Boris Gryzlov suggested that Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu consider the possibility of creating a mobile command post on the basis of the Sovetsky Soyuz nuclear icebreaker. personnel is not entirely reasonable, but it is useful to create the infrastructure for its appearance if necessary, ”said Vyacheslav Popov, former commander of the Northern Fleet, member of the Federation Council from the Murmansk region. According to him, this will enable the command, if necessary, to manage forces in the Arctic zone. “In my opinion, this will not be the command post of the Minister of Defense, but of the regional command, in particular the Northern Fleet,” Popov said. Separately, it should be said that Project 10520 icebreakers can be converted into an auxiliary battle cruiser. For at least one of them (“Soviet Union”), the relevant equipment and equipment was partially placed on board, partially in warehouses and mothballed.
Nothing is known about the minister's decision, but already on February 1, a message appeared on the official website of Rosatom that Rosatomflot was planned to be given the status of a federal nuclear organization. It is worth noting that all of the eight FNAOs within Rosatom have or previously had a defense line of activity. In addition to the possibility of year-round navigation, nuclear icebreakers are indispensable in emergency situations. So, in 1983, in the eastern sector of the Arctic, 50 ships fell into an ice trap, including the world's first nuclear icebreaker Lenin. The nuclear-powered ship Arktika helped save the ships, and hence the Arctic settlements awaiting seasonal delivery. Icebreakers are also of key importance for supplying Russian military bases. With their help, the navigation period can be extended from four to five months a year to nine. New icebreakers It should be noted that the launching of the new icebreaker Arktika is the first sign. According to military expert Ilya Kramnik, Russia needs to update its nuclear icebreaker group, otherwise it will be reduced pretty soon: of the relatively new icebreakers, only 50 Years of Victory remains.
“We are building another icebreaker of a similar type, we are planning to build another larger one, which means that we will retain the ability to maintain navigation along the Northern Sea Route. Especially in combination with diesel icebreakers of smaller dimensions, which are designed to work on rivers and in ports. We will retain the ability to supply our Arctic bases, including in difficult conditions, and ensure the passage of commercial ships along the Northern Sea Route,” Kramnik commented. capacity of 110 megawatts (on the shaft) with a nuclear power plant. Currently, the design of this vessel is in the active phase and will be completed before the end of the year.
This type of icebreaker will be able to provide year-round escort of caravans along the Northern Sea Route due to the fact that it is able to break ice up to 4.3 meters thick. It is due to the wide hull that it will steer large-capacity vessels, and the average speed of escorting vessels will increase to 12 knots against six, which are provided by icebreakers of the Arktika type. It is planned to introduce the LK-110 in 2022-2024, and the cost of the program, according to the head of Rosatomflot Vyacheslav Ruksha, will be 2.1 billion rubles.
Photo: Baltiysky Zavod - Shipbuilding / Atomflot / Russian Ministry of Defense

Through the efforts of teams of more than 350 associations and enterprises, one hundred research, design and operational organizations of the country, including the Experimental Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering. I. I. Afrikantova (development of the nuclear reactor OK-900), Production Association "Mayak" (processing of nuclear fuel), Central Design Bureau "Iceberg" - (development of the icebreaker project), Research Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov.

RIA News. Yuri Lushin

The crew of the ship took part in the construction of the icebreaker. This made it possible for sailors to quickly master the new technique.

The crew was headed by an experienced ice captain Yuri Kuchiev. Prior to that, he worked in the Arctic for more than 30 years, sailed on almost all types of icebreakers.

RIA News. Roman Denisov

Icebreaker captain Yury Sergeevich Kuchiev

On December 26, 1972, the ship was launched; on December 17, 1974, sea trials of the ship were completed. On April 25, 1975, the state flag was hoisted on the icebreaker and an act of acceptance into operation of the vessel was signed.

RIA News. Yuri Lushin

RIA News. May Nachinkin

The ship has four decks and two platforms, a forecastle and a five-tiered superstructure, a platform for landing a reconnaissance helicopter, and three four-blade fixed-pitch propellers are used as propellers. The nuclear steam generating plant is located in a special compartment in the middle part of the icebreaker.

To enhance the ice-breaking ability, the ship has ballast and trim systems, which allow changing the bow and stern draft when the ice breaks. Towing operations were provided by a stern electric towing winch. The control and management of the technical means of the power plant were carried out automatically, without a constant watch in the engine rooms, rooms for propulsion electric motors, power plants and switchboards.

RIA News. Yuri Lushin

Control over the work and control of the power plant was carried out from the central control post, additional control of the propeller motors was brought to the wheelhouse and aft post. The wheelhouse is located on the top floor of the superstructure.

RIA News. Roman Denisov

Running (captain's) bridge of the icebreaker "Arktika"

Since 1975, the Arktika icebreaker has served to escort ships along the Northern Sea Route.

In 1977, he completed an experimental scientific and practical flight to the North Pole. On August 9, 1977, the nuclear-powered ship under the command of Captain Yuri Kuchiev, after recharging the reactors and carefully preparing, left Murmansk and headed for the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya. The expedition was led by the Minister of the Navy of the USSR Timofey Guzhenko.

More than 200 people took part in the expedition. The tasks of the scientists included not only reaching the North Pole and conducting a complex of studies and observations, but also testing the capabilities of the icebreaker, its resistance to constant collisions with ice.

RIA News. Roman Denisov

The central control post of the nuclear icebreaker Arktika.

Having passed the Vilkitsky Strait, the Arktika turned north in the Laptev Sea. On August 15, the icebreaker entered the polar region. On August 17, having overcome the thick ice cover of the Central Polar Basin, where the ice thickness reached three meters, at 4 o'clock in the morning Moscow time, the ship reached the geographic point of the North Pole in active navigation. In 7 days and 8 hours, the icebreaker covered 2,528 miles.

RIA News. Roman Denisov

The crew and members of the expedition of the icebreaker marked this event with a solemn ceremony of hoisting the State Flag of the USSR on a ten-meter steel mast mounted on the ice. A metal board was lowered to the bottom of the ocean at the point of the North Pole to a depth of about 4 thousand meters with the image of the State Emblem of the USSR and the inscription: "USSR. 60 years of October, a/l" Arktika ", latitude 90 ° -N, 1977".

During the 15 hours that the nuclear-powered ship spent at the North Pole, scientists completed a set of studies and observations. The divers inspected the screws, they were in order, and the icebreaker went home to Murmansk.

RIA News. Yuri Lushin

The icebreaker "Arktika" is paving the way for ships in the area of ​​Cape Kharasavey in the Kara Sea.

For the first ever voyage of a surface ship to the Pole, the nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika was awarded the Order of the October Revolution, the entire crew of the icebreaker, members of the high-latitude expedition, as well as a large group of specialists who provided the expedition, were awarded orders and medals. Captain Yuri Kuchiev, chief mechanical engineer Oleg Pashnin, senior foreman of the nuclear steam generating plant Fidus Askhadullin became Heroes of Socialist Labor. The head of the expedition, Timofey Guzhenko, was also awarded the high rank.

Arktika owns another unique world achievement: from May 4, 1999 to May 4, 2000, the icebreaker

Nuclear icebreaker "Arktika"

The nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika is the first icebreaker of project 10520, which went down in world history as the first surface ship to reach the shores of the North Pole and did it on the surface.

Arktika is the legendary nuclear-powered icebreaker that went down in world history as the first surface ship to reach the shores of the North Pole and did it on the surface. From 1982 to 1986, the nuclear-powered ship was known as Leonid Brezhnev and was the lead ship of an entire design series, on the basis of which subsequent modifications were designed.

From the very beginning, the nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika was developed specifically for escorting ships in the Arctic Ocean. However, this was not the only purpose, because it had to carry out all kinds of icebreaking work, while it has a number of unique features that distinguish it from other similar machines.

• Due to its outstanding technical characteristics, the atomic icebreaker was able to break through ice blocks, the thickness of which was four meters;
• On clear water that the Arctic developed significant speed indicators up to 21 knots, which allowed the ship to move long distances without problems;
• The hull of the nuclear-powered ship, which is a barrel in shape, was designed from alloyed steel of a high degree of strength.
• On the sides, in the waterline area, the Arctic is reinforced by a specific ice-type belt. In addition, the vessel is characterized by a shaped stern, which makes it possible to freely tow other ships and icebreakers, as well as ensure safe docking with other icebreakers.

History of creation

The beginning of work on the nuclear icebreaker Arktika began on July 3, 1971 within the walls of the Baltic Shipyard, which is located in Leningrad. More than 400 associations and organizations participated in the development of the icebreaker. Also, an equally significant role is assigned to research and design departments. The Arctic was launched in mid-December 1972, but only two and a half years later, namely in April 1975, the ship was finally ready for commissioning.

Subsequent operation

The first voyage of the nuclear ice drift Arktika to the North Pole took place in 1977. This project turned out to be the first large-scale experiment in which Soviet scientists had to implement an impressive list of goals. It was necessary, first of all, to reach the so-called geographical point of the North Pole, that is, its shores. In addition, it was necessary to carry out numerous studies and observations regarding the presented geographical point. An equally important task facing the nuclear-powered icebreaker was to test the operational capabilities of the Arctic, the degree of stability of the vessel during permanent and prolonged collisions with ice blocks. The participants of the described expedition turned out to be more than 200 people, who were instructed and trained long before the actual start of the expedition. Given the goals set for the team, they needed to realize them, which was of tremendous importance for the design and construction of ships of that time, as well as for the experimental field.

On August 9, 1977, the nuclear-powered icebreaker left the port in the city of Murmansk. It is necessary to note the following features of the route: from there the ship headed for the archipelago called Novaya Zemlya, in the Laptev Sea the ship made a turn to the north, eight days later, that is, on August 17, at 4 o’clock Moscow time, having successfully passed the ice of the Central Polar Basin (thickness three meters), the ship reached its goal - the shores of the North Pole.

In honor of the presented historical event, a metal board was lowered to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, we are talking about a depth of 4000 meters. The inscription on it reads: "USSR. 60 years of October, nuclear icebreaker Arktika, latitude 90°-N, 1977.

Specifications

• Year of construction - 1975
• Length - 148 m
• Width - 30 m
• Board height - 17.2m
• Draft - 11 m
• Displacement - 23,000 tons
• Deadweight - 2750 tons
• The power plant is two reactors with a capacity of 171 MW each.
• Cruise speed - 20.8 knots
• Crew - 150 people
• Passengers - 100 people

The current state of the ship

The Arctic served the navies of the USSR and Russia for a total of more than 30 years. So, after the specified period of time, namely in 2008, it was decommissioned. Its disposal was originally planned, which was to take place in 2015-2016. However, by a decision of the country's leadership, the presented decision was canceled.

Today, the nuclear-powered icebreaker is located in a special dock of FSUE Atomflot in Murmansk. It should be noted that absolutely all radioactive waste has been removed from the ship. It was thanks to this that the ship was turned into a museum and put into operation in this form. It can be visited by everyone who wants to get acquainted with the life, history and structure of the legendary nuclear icebreaker.

Additional facts

Icebreaker Arctic, as of today, belongs to the world achievement. It can really be considered unique, because from May 1999 to May 2000, namely 12 months, the ship worked without a single port call. These are unprecedented figures that not a single nuclear-powered icebreaker in the world could demonstrate. It is noteworthy that by that time the ship had served for 25 years (this is the period of its operation under the project), which makes the presented fact even more sensational. An equally interesting fact is that the first foreign ship to reach the North Pole was able to do so only 15 years after reaching the Soviet Arctic.

It is also noteworthy that the nuclear icebreaker was equipped with a system of physical protection. It made it possible to completely exclude unauthorized entry by any of the outsiders. We are talking directly about the onboard part of the vessel, as well as about its premises. Considering all this, it is safe to say that the Arctic is a unique vessel, the achievements and technical characteristics of which deserve special attention.

The project of the nuclear icebreaker Arktika under construction, project 22220.

On April 25, 1975, the nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika was put into operation, which in 1977 became the first surface ship in the world to reach the geographic point of the North Pole. Nuclear-powered ship Arktika (from 1982 to 1986 Leonid Brezhnev) head ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

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